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The paper examines occupational mobility or fluidity among scientists in the Soviet Union. The problem of fluidity is inseparably linked with the problem of adaptation to the work organization. The occupational stability of workers is affected by the type and conditions of their work, which are determined by a complex of objective and subjective factors and their interaction. Objective factors include: type of scientific institution and rank in the profession, length of service, and age. A combined analysis of these factors reveals that the highest stability index is in the 40-45 age group and the lowest in the 25-30 age group. Subjective factors influencing worker stability include wishing to realize career plans by transferring to another institution, questions of promotion and pay, and working conditions. Men's and women's motives for transfer are identical, although their coincidence of motives varies. Correlation analysis shows that stability depends most on age, nature of work with respect to ability, and the prospect of promotion. In sum, efforts should be made to eliminate excessive occupational mobility among scientists in the interest of increasing scientific efficiency. (JR)

The article focuses on the significance of keeping the scientific literature, with the increasing growth of scientific activity. According to sources, the volume of published literature increases every year and many professional scientists conclude that it is not their concern but it is for librarians to undertake the management of what has been considered as information crisis. Thus, the librarians are supplied with substantial technical advice showing how computers not yet designed makes rapid searches through catalogues still to be compiled. However, that kind of self-critical domestic help is not yet ready to be provided by the technical community to soften the edge of the crisis.

Information about the conference of scientists and scholars titled "Science and Freedom" held from July 23 to 26, 1953 in Germany is presented. Professor Michael Polanyi presented his paper "Pure and Applied Science and Their Appropriate Organization" which set the theme of the conference. Professor Samuel Allison presented "Academic Freedom and State Security," and John R. Baker's paper "Scientific Authority and the System of Scientific Publication."

The article presents a response to the letter addressed to David E. Lilienthal, chairman of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, requesting a statement about policies about the general subject of atomic research which includes the questions on the restrictions on free publication imposed on authors of scientific papers in the field of nuclear research and to what extent the scientist are permitted to discuss their work freely. The statement which defines in general terms the policies of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and an outline of its current program is presented.

The article discusses the history of the development of hydrogen bomb in the U.S. Accordingly, the history of hydrogen bomb and the thermonuclear weapons can be traced using textbooks and research papers on fundamental physics. Former assistant Secretary of the War, John J. McCloy claimed that in 1962, an invention of a powerful hydrogen bomb will be made which will be ten times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan. However, during the development problems especially on building thermonuclear bomb had been encountered.

This paper reports on a study conducted in an industrial research laboratory, which examines the sources of strain that might be expected between scientists and managers. It further examines some of the mechanisms that appear to reduce the development of these sources of strain. Of seven hypothesized sources of strain, only two were evident. The absence of other sources of strain seemed to be due to separation of major functional roles within the organization, similar attitudes and backgrounds of scientists and managers, and mechanisms neutralizing the restraining effects of external demands placed upon the organization. Two general hypotheses conclude the paper. First, managerial dependence upon scientists leads to a modification of traditional bureaucratic devices in operating large research organizations. Second, administrative and managerial structure acts as a filter of organizational uncertainty, enabling the scientist to work in an apparently stable organizational world, less disruptive than it appears from a managerial perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents one of the papers discussed at the convocation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, on the impact of science on human activity held on April 1, 1949. It is said that because of science, the western world no longer possesses the sense of common values which gave coherence to human activities in earlier ages. In this paper, the author examines some of the spiritual implications of the commitment of the scientist on his program of dealing with the universe and considers some of the consequences of the new insights which have been acquired in carrying out the program thus far.

This paper describes a three and a half year study conducted over the course of the Apollo lunar missions with forty -two of me most prestigious scientists who studied the lunar rocks. The paper supports the Merton-E. Barber concept of sociological ambivalence, that social institutions reflect potentially conflicting sets of norms. The paper offers a set of counter-norms for science, arguing that if the norm of universalism is rooted in the impersonal character of science, an opposing counter-norm is rooted in the personal character of science. The paper also argues that not only is sociological ambivalence a characteristic of science, but it seems necessary for the existence and ultimate rationality of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Rural Sociology has published a number of papers written by social scientists from outside the United States, it appears that many such social scientists have not known that it was appropriate for them to submit papers for consideration by the Journal's Board of Editors. Just as membership in the Rural Sociological Society is open to any person in any country who is employed in the field of rural sociology or who is interested in promoting the development of rural sociology through research, teaching, or extension work, so it is the intent of Rural Sociology to be an international medium of communication in the field of rural sociology. The Board of Editors takes this opportunity to invite the submission of papers to the Managing Editor by rural sociology workers outside the United States. The Board of Editors takes this opportunity to invite the submission of papers to the Managing Editor by rural sociology workers outside the United States. The Annual Meetings of the Rural Sociological Society was called to order at 11:00 a.m. by Howard W. Beers, president. Minutes of the September 2-3, 1951, meetings are published in the December, 1951, issue of the Rural Sociology accepted as printed.

Profiles Albert Perry Brigham, a geographer and geologist in the U.S. Realization of Brigham that human and economic relations compelled a broader knowledge of an a greater sympathy for the people of other countries; Titles of scientific papers written related to the topic; Description of the feelings of the author when he took part in the Transcontinental Excursion of 1912.

Profiles Albert Perry Brigham, a human geographer. Revelation of Brigham's deep interest in human geography; Titles of scientific papers and books he has written during his entire career; Views of other professor regarding Brigham's work.

Information about several papers discussed at a symposium on the Science and Man in the Americas, a second discovery of America is presented. Among the topics mentioned are the innovation in science and technology to the problems and prospects of the people in the Western Hemisphere. A forum for warnings about the rising competition of coastal nations for control of ocean resources is provided. The conference featured several scientists, scholars, medical and public health experts and engineers.

The article discusses the author experience of how he became a physicist. He grew up in a cultured home with a strongly scientific atmosphere. He and his sister used to visit their father at his laboratory which was full of instruments, microscopes, microtomes and others. He told his experiences together with several notable scientists such as Hermann Weyl and Albert Einstein.

The purpose of this paper is to suggest a generalized formulation of one set of generic conditions that strongly motivate a scientist to participate in the goal-reward pattern of science. These conditions are the differential associations of the scientist with colleagues who guide his induction into science, colleagues who continually make known to the scientist that it is his job to advance knowledge. The impact of these differential associations on generating degree and firmness of motivation to advance knowledge varies according to their diversity of scope but not to the duration of the associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the basis of work integration between the scientist and his supervisor in an organization devoted to basic research. The analysis uses a three-dimensional model of role integration: 1) mutual attractiveness, why they get together; 2) reciprocity; and 3) autonomy, how they stabilize working together. The recognized competence in research of both parties is shown to be a source of mutual attraction, reciprocity in work and maintenance of autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on various news on atomic energy. On September 11, 1947, the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission adopted its second report to the Security Council. The suggestion to dissuade the development of atomic power was presented before the Senate Atomic Energy Commission by some nuclear scientists. The Acheson-Lilienthal report proposed that the development of fissionable materials should be conducted under international sponsorship.

The following article represents a veteran newspaperman's approach to the perennial problem of communication in the world of science. Mr. Lynch has earned the respect of journalists and scientists alike, because of his constant attention to accuracy and clarity in science reporting. Winner of several writing awards, he also earned for his paper — the Milwaukee Journal — a merit award from the Soil Conservation Society of America. Here, in his typical succinct style, he deals boldly with the basic theme of achieving better communication between scientist and lawman, and, indeed, between scientist and scientist. This article is based on a talk entitled, "Do They Dig You Daddio or Are You Way Out?" which the author gave at a national seminar on water resources problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about several papers discussed at the "17th Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs" is presented. Some 200 scientists attended the conference to discuss and evaluate past activities for world peace. Several issues are presented including the nuclear nonproliferation treaty, cooperative education programs, world food supply problem and international scientific projects.

The author comments on the science-versus-press controversy whereby scientists are conceived to be bad copy, inaccessible, unintelligible and uncooperative, or the press being thought to inaccurately sensationalize scientists and misinterpret their discoveries in the interest of a good story. He states that there are not supporting statistics for the accusation that the press is too often inaccurate and sensational. He says that publishers and editors agree that the press is not perfect, committing errors over and over again. Science writing is getting better and better every day in every way and the reporting of scientific discoveries is no longer the easy task as it was some years ago.

Data from probability samples of U.S. formal, physical, and biological scientists show that more than sixty per cent have been anticipated by another scientist in the publication of a discovery at least once in their careers, and about one-third were concerned about being anticipated its their current work. Disciplinary differences in rates of being anticipated and concern about being anticipated are discussed and to some extent explained. Individuals are likely to be anticipated if they publish much and have their publications cited often, and they are likely to be concerned about being anticipated if they are young and if they have been anticipated previously. Being in competitive situations induces scientists to shift specialties and to be secretive about their research, although those working with collaborators arc less secretive. Correlates of competitiveness are presented for both 1,718 individuals and thirty-five scientific specialties as units of analysis. The paper concludes by discussing the functions, dysfunctions, and future of competition in science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the role of the scientific community in a less developed country (LDC) in furthering that country's development? In this paper I will try to develop a perspective on this question by describing the view of underdevelopment and the development process that tends to be held by development economists and then contrasting the economist's view with the one that tends to be held by the natural scientist. The development economist, by and large, has placed less weight on organized science as a factor in development than has the natural scientist; while the natural scientist may overestimate the role of science in development, the economics community may underestimate it. In any case, the reasons for the differences are well worth exploring. What is the role of the scientific community in a less developed country (LDC) in furthering that country's development? In this paper I will try to develop a perspective on this question by describing the view of underdevelopment and the development process that tends to be held by development economists and then contrasting the economist's view with the one that tends to be held by the natural scientist. The development economist, by and large, has placed less weight on organized science as a factor in development than has the natural scientist; while the natural scientist may overestimate the role of science in development, the economics community may underestimate it. In any case, the reasons for the differences are well worth exploring.NNWhat is the role of the scientific community in a less developed country (LDC) in furthering that country's development? In this paper I will try to develop a perspective on this question by describing the view of underdevelopment and the development process that tends to be held by development economists and then contrasting the economist's view with the one that tends to be held by the natural scientist. The development economist, by and large, has placed less weight on organized... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is directed primarily to the professional genius of social scientist Samuel A. Stouffer as revealed by the book "Social Research to Test Ideas," with particular emphasis on Stouffer as a scientist. Stouffer's work and contribution can best be understood in the light of his view of science in general and social science in particular. He perceives social science as emergent, rather than arrived. Stouffer's view of science is identical with that of the physical or biological scientist. For Stouffer, the realm of science is to be differentiated from the realm of action. Although seeking immediate solutions to the problems of the world can lead to contributions to science, greater progress can be achieved, in the long run, by concentrating on problems arising from disciplinary research. In view of Stouffer's own major contributions to social science while he was engaged in research focused on highly important real problems, the depression, the status of the Negro, the military, communism and civil liberties, etc.

Profiles Albert Perry Brigham, a geographer and geologist in the U.S. Titles of books he has written during his entire career; Views of the author regarding his lectures conducted outside the U.S.; Names of scientific journals where his work has been published.

Profiles Albert Perry Brigham, a geologist in the U.S. Titles of scientific geological papers Brigham has written; Educational background of Brigham; Names of professors under which he learned about geology.

Although the labor market for scientists and engineers is characterized by sophisticated methods of job search, those methods are little used because they are ineffective; the highly trained professionals turn to the same informal processes of job search as do production workers. This study explains that phenomenon by considering job search as a process of information transmittal with greater reliance placed on those search strategies that transmit the most information at lowest cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]