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The "View now" link directs to the finding aid only. Please email wvrhcref@westvirginia.libanswers.com or call 304-293-3536 for more information about accessing collection A&M 3054 Squire Bosworth, Physician, Papers, 1786-1964. The day book and papers of Dr. Squire Bosworth and family. Squire Bosworth was one of the earliest physicians of Randolph County, and his day book records details of his medical practice indicating common procedures and remedies as well as charges and costs during the early nineteenth century. Bosworth was also a deputy and county clerk of Randolph County, and included among the papers are court documents. Along with his son, Squire Newton Bosworth, the family acquired interests in landholding which is reflected in deeds, surveys, correspondence and tax receipts from Texas and West Virginia. Among the correspondence is an 1885 letter from William L. Wilson surveying his Congressional re-election possibilities.

The "View now" link directs to the finding aid only. Please email wvrhcref@westvirginia.libanswers.com or call 304-293-3536 for more information about accessing collection A&M 3163 Daniel Hale, Physician and Conservationist, Papers, 1953-1975. The correspondence, scrapbooks, articles and speeches of the collection document the later portion of the life of Daniel Hale (1912-1975), a Princeton physician and conservationist, who was a creator of the board of the Southern Soil Conservation District, and a founder of the Mountain Resource Conservation and Development Area. Correspondents include Robert C. Byrd, James Kee, Arch A. Moore, Jr., and Jennings Randolph.

Under conditions in which insulin molecule has a maximal positive charge, comparison of paper chromatographic and paper electrophoretic behaviors was performed between fish and beef insulins. In 33 per cent acetic acid fish insulin migrates faster than beef insulin, whereas it shows lower Rf when is chromatographed using acetic acid-butanol-water (1:3:4) solvent.

It has been a most common practice at the paper mills that the method called the acidic fixation in lower PH (PH 4-4.5) was applied to size the paper, however, due to the excess of aluminum sulphate would decompose alkaline earth filler such as calcium and magnesium carbonates and destroys its sizing effect.After a long carefull studies and experiments were carried out we have finally succeeded in produce the neutral sizing agent which produced excellent sizing effect even in the nearly neutrality (near to PH 7.0).For the example, we mixed with about 10-40% of precipitated calcium carbonate into the pulp in the beater adding with the neutral sizing of about 1-4% and the aluminum sulphate of 1-3%, then we are able to observe the perfect sizing effect on the tissues and printing papers. In other words, the test result of Stoickigt method was indicated about 30-50 seconds (60g/m2).Also, it is known to manufat cure the high grade none-filled paper (such as writing, bond, name-card paper etc.) made with the process called the acidic sizings, in this connection the required amount of aluminum sulphate is to be limited approximately between 1/4-1/5 as to compare with previous method. Assuming as to obtain size of 2 per cent it only required between 0.4-0.5 percent of aluminum sulphate are sufficient.Many tests carried by actual operation at the various paper mills, we are convinced more from those data and results, this is more effective medium for paper sizing than any other sizing agents. In this field and many Japanese paper mills are to start using and adopting the neutral sizing for the purpose, therefore we are prepared to state the merit and advantages of this material as follows.1) In the past a most important filler for the papers are those of various clays, however to obtain with the whiteness (above 95 %) and perfect filling effect many paper mills are able to use of those calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate as the filler from now on.We recommend to use it for high grade tissue paper such as air mail and india paper which are required more translucent. It also can be used for a suitable common writing paper making because resistance against the Perker's fountain ink which consist of high degree of PH2) In the manufacturing Japaness paper by the cylinder paper machine, this neutral sizing agent will give much satisfaction for the reason of it's nature which will not destroy the fibre dispersing ability of mucilages (abelmoschus manihot) which will be able to adjust the uniform suspension of long fibres to coagulation in the acidic reaction of rosin and aluminum sulphate sizing.3) On account of the neutral nature in sizing, the durability and preservation of paper could be maintained and gain many other benefits by using it.4) It is known fact that a close relationship exists between the rate of dryness of paper and or printing ink and in this connection the expert on this subject recently recommended of the neutral slightly alkaline fixation for the sizing. (Ref. A. Voet : Ink and Paper, Part II pp 193 5) 5) This neutral sizing agent is a quite effective and ideal method and proceed with the method of neutral size, it will not only save a larger amount of aluminum sulphate but also save a big amount of fluorescent dye which intended to improve the whiteness of papers thus by using it themanufacturing cost will be sufficiently reduced. (In the case of the size produced under the acid condition will have a tendency of change of the red shade) 6) Due to the neutral nature of itself, this will definitely help to reduce the erosive action on the machine wire thus prolong the life of the wire.The neutral size is a sort of high-free rosin soap which is produced under a special saponification, process and it was prevented the coagulation of rosin particles by using the protective colloids.

Paper chromatography is very helpful in the identification and comparison of antibiotics, but very few results from the application of this technique have been published so far. The awakening of interest in the search for antibiotics which are active against fungi pathogenic to plants and animals makes the investigator aware of the scant information that is available to help characterize such agents. A knowledge of the Rf values of the known antifungal agents would help advance the search for such therapeutic materials. Often these values, in conjunction with the biological inhibitory activities, are the only criteria by which one can determine whether the unknown agent appears to be a new material. When the Rf data are obtained for shake cultures, one can eliminate many previously described antibiotic-producing organisms from further study, thus allowing more research to be applied to antibiotics which are new and different. The studies reported in this paper should serve as a guide to the identification of some of the known antifungal antibiotics.

Coagulations of paper mill wastes were investigated by the use of polyelectrolytes. Nonionic polyacrylamide was the most effective for the purification of wastes. The suspension of pulp fiber was rather dispersed by the addition of anionic polyelectrolytes, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, and sodium polyacrylate. No remarkable effect of pH was seen for the coagulation of polyelectrolytes. The possibility to using polyelectrolytes for the purification of paper mill wastes was recognized in the case of the wastes suspending large fibrous colloid.

In this paper we reported on the problem of petroleum resin emulsion sizing which was chiefly treated for the application in beater sizing. As the results of application in beater sizing it is obtained that the amount is 0.252% on pulp weight, as compared with rosin size showed slowly sizing effect, and increased paper stiffness.The required amount of aluminum sulphate are sufficient 1%.

Cernik, A. A., and Sayers, M. H. P. (1971). Brit. J. industr. Med., 28, 392-398. Determination of lead in capillary blood using a paper punched disc atomic absorption technique. Application to the supervision of lead workers. The presence of lead in blood is the most incontrovertible evidence of absorption but hitherto the need for venepuncture has limited its determination in the supervision of industrial workers. Micro-methods using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) have, however, made possible the development of a sufficiently reliable test using a drop of blood obtainable by ear prick for use in the field for screening purposes. A micro-sampling method by AAS is compared with a routine polarographic procedure (POL) using venous blood (corr. coeff. = 0·990). The pipetting of microlitres of blood can be eliminated by spotting the blood onto filter paper, allowing it to dry in air, and then using a punched-out standard disc of dried blood for analysis instead. Correlation of this method (PD) with the micro-sampling technique (AAS) is good (r=0·981). The PD method using capillary blood also correlates acceptably with the micromethod using venous blood (r = 0·913). A pilot field study using capillary blood estimated by the PD technique showed that with this method blood can be collected by ear prick in factories for monitoring workers in the lead industry, thus eliminating the need for routine venepuncture.

A simplified procedure for filter paper electrophoresis is described in which disturbing factors such as evaporation, heating, buffer concentration gradients, and pH changes in the electrode vessels were reduced to a minimum. Artificial mixtures of highly purified proteins could be separated and the components isolated. The application of the method to a variety of studies on serum proteins is demonstrated. Protein concentration in paper segments was determined by two different methods of protein estimation. Curves were obtained showing the same five major peaks for normal serum as found by the classical methods of free electrophoresis. Comparisons were made of the areas of the various components under the curves obtained with the different methods. Two dimensional electrophoresis was applied to serum and serum components. It proved of value in demonstrating the heterogeneity of fractions such as the γ-globulin of serum. The polysaccharide dextran was used as an index of the extent of electro-osmotic flow during the course of the various experiments. The ratio of the distance of electroosmotic flow and the distance of protein migration was shown to be constant for a given type of paper. For serum albumin on Munktell 20 paper this ratio was 0.35. A formula for mobilities applicable to liquid in a highly porous supporting medium is presented. Mobility values for human serum albumin at various pH levels on paper showed approximate agreement with those obtained in free solution giving a similar isoelectric point.

This paper is a report of 1) comparative fluoride levels accumulated by lime-treated filter papers exposed in duplicate shelters, 2) the statistical relationship at each of 20 exposure sites between the average monthly filter paper fluoride level for the growing season and the total fluoride level accumulated in heterogeneous ground cover vegetation at each site during the growing season, and 3) the reliability of the lime-treated filter paper technique in measuring the relative intensity of fluoric pollution from one year to another.

A simple quantitative chromatographic method is described for the separation of epitetracycline and tetracycline in pharmaceutical preparations. The method is applicable qualitatively to human serum and quantitatively to the biological determination of tetracycline in urine. Whatman's modified cellulose phosphate cation-exchange paper is developed by the descending technique using 0·1 per cent w/v ammonium chloride solution. The spots are located as yellow fluorescent spots under ultra-violet light and ammonia vapour, eluted in 10 per cent w/v ammonium chloride, and the extinction determined at 356 mμ. The method is not suitable for the separation of chlortetracycline or oxytetracycline from tetracycline.

The effects of unplasticized and plasticized synthetic resin coating on the bursting strength (BS) of papers were studied.The commercial kraft papers were coated with two kinds of commercial vinyl latices (PVC latex and PVC-polyvinyldene chloride latex) of various cone. under various drying conditions.When the coated papers are dried below the film-forming temp. Tf of latices (M. Fujii and Y. Otsuka ; Chem. of High Polym., Japan, 12, 93 (1955) and see Report I), the BS of the papers are smaller than the BS of untreated paper, but the curing effect is great. Too much plasticizer content decreases the BS, in spite of good film are formed.The authors have discussed the experimental results from the Tf of the latices and the strength of resin mass, and have succeeded to show the important nature of Tf of latices for the paper coating (see Report I, II, III and IV).

Air pollution in Tajimi city and Kasahara town, where many china factories are located, was observed by the filter paper method at 15 observation points from June, 1964 to May, 1965. In Tajimi city and in Kasahara town, 256 and 131 china factories exist, respectively, and heavy oil is used in most of these factories as fuel. From the results of this investigation, it was shown that sulfur oxide values in agricultural area were the lowest, 0.02-0.22 mg SO3/day/100 cm2 paper, and in commercial and industrial area, the values were 0.04-0.72, and 0.05-0.68 mg SO3/day/100 cm2 paper respectively. Sulfur oxide values were the lowest in September and October, but were the highest in November, December and January. Nitrogen dioxide values at these observation points were comparatively high, 0.01-0.09 mg NO2/day/100 cm2 paper, and increased in winter, too. Chloride ion values were very low, and fluorine values were relatively low.

By the application of the crossing paper electrophoresis, antigen-antibody reactions could be detected on the filter paper. Antiserum was applied on a line on the anodic side of the filter paper and antigen was applied on a line drawn obliquely to the former on the cathodic side. By the electrophoresis, the antiserum was separated into its components and crossed over by the antigenic proteins. Antigen-antibody precipitates occurred in the zone of γ-globulin of the antiserum.The line of precipitate formed by the reaction of egg albumin with its homologous antiserum was dissolved and moved, if excess of egg albumin had crossed with it. The antiserum obtained in the earlier stage of immunization, however, showed a line of complex, which was not dissolved by the excess of egg albumin. The complex was suspected not to be precipitate. Thus it was inferred that the anti-egg albumin antibody of the earlier stage would be “incomplete”, which would become complete precipitin afterwards.The cross reactions of the anti-hen's egg albumin with heterogenous antigens, egg albumins of duck, goose, guinea hen, and quail, could also be deteced.By the crossing paper electrophoresis of bovine serum and its rabbit antiserum, at least 6 lines of pricipitate were detected. Two-dimensional application of the method was also carried out: The antiserum alone was first separated on a line in the first dimension. Then the antigenic bovine serum was applied on a line vertical to the first one. And the second electrophoresis was carried out to the 2nd direction vertical to the first one. The proteins of bovine serum migrated into the zone of γ-globulin of the antiserum to form lines of precipitate. By the two-dimensional technique, however, the sensibility of the method could not be raised. A comparison with the technique of Garbar's immunoelectrophoresis was made.The cross reactions of the anti-bovine serum rabbit antiserum with heterogenous antigens, human, swine and goat serum, were detected by the method.

A simple and highly sensitive method for the identification and quantitative estimation of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentration in urine is described. 5-HIAA was concentrated following extraction into ethyl acetate, and separated from other indolic acids by paper chromatography. A color reagent, p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde, was used to detect 5-HIAA on paper, in concentrations as low as 0.1 µg./cm.2 Urinary excretion levels could be measured below the normal range as well as in the normal range and above.

In order to improve the performance of a commercially available charcoal filtel paper (Toyo Roshi, Type CP-20) and of a charcoal cartridge (Toyo Roshi, Type CHC-50) for collecting airborne radioiodine under high relative humidity, the charcoals were impregnated with triethylenediamine (TEDA), stannous iodide (SnI2), potassium iodide (KI+I2) or else with potassium thiocyanate (KSCN). The impregnated charcoals were examined for their dependence of collection efficiency on the properties of airborne iodine, on the sampling period and on the face velocity, and the results were compared with unimpregnated charcoal as reference. The airborne radioiodine used as samples was obtained from the exhaust ventilation systems at the 131I production plant, and from the fuel reprocessing test plant, both belonging to the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute.The charcoals impregnated with TEDA or SnI2 were found to show greatly improved performance compared with the unimpregnated charcoals; the collection efficiency of the charcoal cartridge and of the charcoal filter paper was maintainted at levels above 85 and 80%, respectively, over a period of 14hr of sampling. It was found, however. that the collection performance was impaired by the presence of chemically reactive gases such as NO2 and organic vapor. The charcoals impregnated with (KI+I2) and with KSCN showed almost no improvement in their collection efficiencies.

In spite of many attempts to modify the filtrate reaction of Brdicka's cancer test, none of them gave better results than the original one. We already reported that in patients with acute leukemia the first maximum of Brdicka's filtrate wave was often higher than the second maximum. Such phenomenon presumably depends on the high contents of polysaccharides in molecules of these blood mucoproteins. In this paper further efforts were made to clarify the factors influencing on the shape of the protein double wave, and to find out the polarographic characteristics and clinical significance of electrophoretically separated mucoprotein with special reference to the wave form. Among many experimental conditions, the temperature in polarographic cells was found to be most sensitive factor to affect the protein wave shape, so that all experiments were carried out at the constant temperature (20°C±0.05). Serum mucoprotein was evidently separated into two fractions, M1 fraction an M2 fraction, by paper electroyhoresis in McIlvaine's buffer of pH 4, 4. These two fractions showed polarographically different shape each other. The M1 fraction, the most rapidly anodic moving one, showed left side elevation in shape; in other words, the first maximum was higher than the second maximum. On the contraly, M2 fraction showed right side elevation in shape; the second maximum was higher than the first maximum. Furthermore, it was very interesting from clinical point of view that the characteristic shape of M1 fraction was to some extent variable depending on diseases. From the clinical observation on 259 cases including 119 cases of cancer and 11 cases of leukemia, it was revealed that in neoplastic patients the wave shape of M1 fraction showed clearcut difference from those in normal; Δh (distance from the second maximum to the first maximum) of M1 fraction in neoplastic patients was larger than that in normal. Thus, the cancer detection rate has markedly elevated as compared with the original filtrate test, namely from 77% to 90%o in our study.

The relationship between physical properties of paper, especially stiffness and/ or rigidity, and printabiltiy was investigated.The samples studied were 32 fine papers which were manufactured on a midget Fourdrinier paper machine according to the experimental design previously planned, including several factors which were considered to affect the physical properties of paper.The printing experiments were carried out on a M-3 type laboratory printing press, using four plates comprising a solid and half-tones.As the first step of this study, a numerical expression of printability was investigated. Result was obtained that reproducibility which was tentatively designated to the value obtaining from the following equation had highly significant correlationship to the printability (order, ranked by a functional examination).Reproducibility=WPG/WOG (1-α/100) WPG : Brightness of printed surfaceWOG : Brightness of original paperBoth measured by the Hunter Multi-PurposeReflectmeter, using green filter.χ : Area of half-tones of used plateAt the second step, inquiries were carried out into the correlationship between printability and physical properties of paper including stiffness and/or rigidity, smoothness, compressibility, oil absorbency etc. In this case, reproducibility was used as a printability value.Further, relations between reproducibility, coefficient of ink transfer and printed opacity and printing conditions were analysed.Furthermore, the correlations in some combinations among five physical properties comprising Youngs' modulus, compressibility and stiffness of three types, such as Clark (softness, rigidity and stiffness), Olsen and Gurley, were made clear.Following conclusions were obtained.1. In the scope of these experiments, there was no correlation between stiffness of paper and printability.2. Other physical properties which correlated to printability were only the properties indicating smoothness of paper.3. Reproducibility related merely to the properties of ink used, i.e., tack and film thickness on the plate.4. Although coefficient of ink transfer have been affected by the type and tack of ink, film thickness and printing speed, printed opacity referred not to printing speed. Further, it was made clear that in these two properties there was a reverse tendency in each other.5. In five physical properties of paper concerning stiffness or the like, it was indicated that highly significant correlations have been found in seven combinations, for example, in the case of Gurley stiffness vs. Clark stiffness plot, 0.9065 was obtained as the correlation coefficient, Olsen stiffness vs. compressibility, -0.7283.

CHANG (1955) reported the lowering of the blood hemoglobin of chicks due to free gossypol feeding and postulated that free gossypol in the diet leads to interference with the synthesis of the proteins of the blood in these chicks. In view of the useful information that has been obtained in recent years using the electrophoresis technique in the study of normal and pathological sera, an experiment was planned to study the electrophoretic patterns of serum samples obtained from birds fed a normal diet, as well as from birds fed free gossypol in the diet. An electrophoresis cell using filter paper strips, as originally designed by Durrum (1950) and marketed by Spinco, was employed. Later it was discovered that the resolution of the globulins of chick serum is very poor on filter paper. More serum samples were obtained from birds used in a study of the effect of protein level on …

A sample of 147 men drawn from the workers in a pulp mill was compared with one of 124 men from a paper mill. The former included those exposed to chlorine and to sulphur dioxide. No significant differences were found in respiratory symptoms or in simple tests of ventilatory function in the two samples, but men working in chlorine had a somewhat poorer respiratory function and more shortness of breath than those working in sulphur dioxide. The working population of both mills together had a lower prevalence of respiratory disease than that of the male population of Berlin, N.H., previously studied, suggesting that working populations may not be representative of the general population. Further, a low prevalence of disease in a working population exposed to pollutants may not indicate their `safety9 in general populations.

1. In this paper the writers deal with a survey of chlorophylls and carotenoids in rice plants by means of paper chromatography, using 20 materials of cultivated strains and mutant lines. 2. The extractioh of leaves was made with a liquid (methanol : acetone=3:1 solution). And the ascending development of spot area carried out 40 minutes with a solution (toluol : petroleum benzine =2:1) in a chamber regulated at 1-2 'C. Thus 5 coloured areas were separated in order of chlorohyll b (yellowish green), chlorophyll a (blue gleen), two xanthophylls (yellow) and carotene (orange yellow) frcm the original point (Fig. 1). 3. Although the Rf value of carotene pigment was invariably having no relation to the amount of spot sample, but others increased according to those amounts. However, in this present experiment, the coloured areas in all the pigments in question increased rectilinearly depending upon the amount of spot sample (10-120 r)Consequently this method seemed to be used for the quantltatrve analysis of leaf pigments (Tabs. l-3, Figs.2-3).

A paper chromatographic method for the analysis of barbiturate in blood is presented. The Rf values and ratios of 8 standard barbiturates are given and compared with the values obtained from patients suspected of having taken barbiturate overdoses.

A method for paper electrophoresis of hemoglobins in a discontinuous buffer system is presented. Tris-EDTA- borate buffer 0.12M., pH 9.1, is applied to the paper. Barbital buffer 0.06 M., pH 8.6, is used in the buffer vessels. The discontinuous buffer system enables the detection of hemoglobin A2 in small samples of hemolysate. Resolution of abnormal hemoglobins is superior to that in barbital or Tris-EDTA-borate buffer alone. It offers special advantage for the examination of aged samples of hemoglobin. Reasons for the behavior of the hemoglobins in this buffer system are discussed.

In order to protect wooden boards from weather and wear, to mask their defects and to improve their paintability, studies on the effect on wooden boards of overlaying them with phenolic resin impregnated paper (Phenolic resin sheets) have been carried out by many workers. This paper is a review of the previous papers which have been reported by the author on the phenolic resin sheet overlaid on plywoods.The phenolic resin sheets, or the kraft paper (Base paper) varying in thickness and in resin content, were overlaid on both sides of lauan plywoods either on the strength of their own resinousness or with the use of film glue. The plywoods thus overlaid with the phenolic resin sheets and other plywoods as they were both left exposed outdoors for six years in Tokyo facing south, inclined at 45 degrees to the land surface. The weathered plywoods were respectively examined after the six years' exposure in respect of their water absorbing property, mechanical properties and adhesion strength.From the results it is concluded that by overlaying wood with phenolic resin sheets the two factors mentioned below give the wood effective weather resistance power.(1) Ninty grams per square meter or more solid resin in the overlaying material.(2) Sixteen kilograms per 15 millimeters wide or stronger tensile strength of the cured resin sheet, including the strength of the film glue when it is used, in the cross-grain direction of the face veneer.

This article is an attempt to throw more light on the problem of choosing plotting positions for the frequencies related to ordered sample values. The problem is particularly pertinent where special-scale graph paper is used such that a straight line indicates conformance of data to type of distribution assumed to apply. Such graph paper is often briefly referred to as “probability paper.” The types of distributions here considered are the normal and the extreme-value distribution of Type I, with the accent on the extreme-value case. Various methods of determining plotting positions have been put forward and there is confusion of thought in judging what plotting convention is optimum. An optimum criterion proposed by Chernoff and Lieberman has received wide attention. Blom in a recent book develops further criteria [2]. To clarify the problem the author has analyzed the purposes to be served in plotting data on probability paper. With a specific concept of the purpose to be served in mind, it bec...

A simple paper chromatographic method was found to be effective for the study of phenylketonuria and tyrosyluria. It proved to be much more reliable than conventional tests for the detection of abnormal amounts of ketoacids in urine and was suitable and convenient for following the effects of dietary variations on the excretion of these compounds. Information obtained about ketones other than those of primary importance to the conditions studied included confirmation of the excretion of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid in phenylketonuria. A modification of the method applicable to histidinaemia was devised.

Rm values have been determined for four homologous series of androgen esters, using a Bush paper chromatography system, to assess the value of the ratio of the solubilities in the individual solvents (solubility ratio), as an estimate of distribution coefficient. The distribution coefficients were proportional to Rm values in all four series, and for three of these the proportionality constant was the same. Limitations in the use of RM values to predict biological effects have been pointed out.

A method for the determination of urinary normetadrenaline and metadrenaline is described whereby these 3-O-methoxy metabolites of noradrenaline and adrenaline are separated by paper chromatography before estimation by Pisano's method. Results in 80 normal subjects are given.

Among the factors affecting the stiffness of paper, the effects of density, loading and basis weight were studied on the hand-made sheets. A formula and a diagram, by which the effect of basis weight on the stiffness can be calculated independently of pulp variety, beating equipment and pulp freeness, were derived and the concept of stiffness factor was defined as follows.log S =log a+1.832 log WStiffness factor=S(100/W)1.832where S=stiffnessW=basis weight in g/m2 α=α constantAlthough “Koshi”, one of the Japanese traditional methods evaluating paper quality is not a mere stiffness but it depends on the sense of human being, a formula evaluating “Koshi” was derived and it was named “Composed Stiffness”.Composed Stiffness= [S- (1.0-D)× 86.7]× D×T.S.where S= StiffnessD=Density in g/cm3 T.S = Tensile strength in kg

Filter paper has been tested as a medium for the collection of blood samples for the subsequent elution and analysis of phenylalanine, tyrosine, glucose, and urea nitrogen. The use of paper did not measurably alter the precision of the above methods. The paper punch as a means of quantification has been compared with the more commonly used technic of volumetric measurement. The precision obtained with punched spots was found to be similar to that found with measured spots for the above four procedures and for weighed samples. The hematocrit value was found to have an influence on the volume of blood contained in a punched spot. Differences in spreading through filter paper between 100 individual blood samples tested did not seem to be responsible for a variance in excess of that introduced by the analytic procedures themselves.

The pulp and paper industry has fallen on evil days since 1929. It is still our largest manufacturing industry both in value of output and amount of payroll, and still ranks second only to wheat among the export staples on which our economic life is built: in the calendar year 1934, wheat provided just over 20 per cent, of the value of our exports; pulp and paper, 17¼ per cent, a gain of 4¼ per cent, since 1930. Unhappily it is also second only to wheat in the calamities which have overtaken it. In 1933, its salary payments were barely 68 per cent, of the pre-depression figure, its wage bill not quite 50 per cent., its bond and debenture interest payments less than 15 per cent., its dividends about 9 per cent. Mr. C. P. Fell, in his valuable chapter in The Canadian Economy and its Problems, says that “mills having 58 per cent, of the total Canadian [newsprint] capacity are in bankruptcy or receivership, or are passing, or have recently passed through, some form of reorganization; … they include five out of eight of the larger newsprint manufacturers in North America.”The general decline in prices and consumption will explain only a small part of the disaster. It is tempting to dismiss the rest as no more than an instance of the common plight of all export industries; especially as the only section of the pulp and paper industry in a reasonably satisfactory financial position is the small group of firms producing fine paper and specialty goods for the protected home market. But this explanation also is hardly adequate. The Canadian wheat grower has had to contend against the vagaries of nature, against foreign tariffs, quotas, and other such restrictions, against a considerable expansion of home production in his chief markets, and against the formidable competition of exporters from countries with depreciated exchanges. The Canadian newsprint manufacturer, on the other hand, faces no such obstacles. On the contrary, he has free entry into the United States market, and, until the worst of the depression was past, enjoyed the advantages of a depreciated exchange, netting him at times as much as $8.00 a ton, and an average of $3.00 in 1933. It is necessary, therefore, to look deeper to discover why the industry has suffered such exceptionally severe losses.

Various isomers are always present in commercial samples of R-, G- and Schaeffer acids.According to our experiments, high-voltage paper electrophoresis seems to provide the best separation and determination of these isomers on the micro scale.The procedure was as follows.Known quantities of samples (ca. 100g) were submitted to paper electrophoresis by using borate buffer (pH 10) as an electrolyte, in the condition of 75V/cm.As soon as 10 minutes of separation time elapsed, the separated zones were cut off wet, extracted seperately with borate buffer solution (pH 10) as rapidly as possible on the water bath, the quantities of dyes in extracted fractions were fluorophotometrically determined in comprison with standard naphthol-sulfonic acids.Commercial samples were examined according to this method. The results are shown in Table 5.

Bentonite can be used as a sizing material and when it is used in rosin sizing, it can improve the weakness of rosin sizing and increase size. In this experiment, the standard process of hand-made paper screening is first determined, explained, and then the precision of size test is obtained. It is shown that size degree should be represented by statistical method. According to this method, we obtained the following results and made considerations on them.(1) Sizing can be made by bentonite only. In this case both lodding and sizing effects are obtained.(2) When bentonite is added in rosin sizing, it increases size degree and makes rosin size more stable and firm.(3) This characteristic is due to its property of lyophile colloid and the larger the swelling degree is, the better.(4) When acidic clay (SANSEI-HAKUDO) is used, it can prevent, to some extent, the decrease of size in steam drying, but sizing is apt to be mottled.

A study was conducted to determine a more efficient means of preparing paper resistant to liquid penetration through addition of rosin and papermakers' alum to cellulose. Paper sizing is accomplished by depositing a hydrophobic aluminum-rosin precipitate on the cellulose fibers. In order to optimize the interaction with cellulose, it is necessary that the precipitate be positively charged. It was hoped that proper control of the particle size and the electrokinetic potential of the precipitate prior to addition to the pulp would result in a more efficient sizing of the cellulose fibers. The appropriate conditions were determined under which a highly dispersed stable positively charged colloidal suspension of rosin acid in the presence of aluminum salts could be prepared. Considerable differences were observed with Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 and Al(NO 3 ) 3 as a result of the presence of the divalent sulfate ion. A series of sized paper handsheets were prepared using preformed positively charged aluminum rosinate suspensions and their resistance to liquid penetration was determined. Inferior results were obtained with the preformed suspensions when compared to the normal means of in situ sizing where rosin size is added to the cellulose suspension followed by alum. Further paper handsheet trials were carried out in an attempt to determine the reasons for decreased sizing efficiency obtained with the preformed precipitate. The results are discussed in terms of the most important mechanisms involved in the sizing of paper.

Based on our method for the qualitative test for steriod hormones by paper chromatography Fujisaki, et al.(1953) the quantitative determinations of several steroids were investigated. It was found that within a certain range of the amount the logarithms of each spot area of estrone, α-estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone, Δ5-androstendiol, methyltestosterone, mcthylandrostendiol and androstane-17β-ol-3-one were directly proportional to the logarithms of the amount of the hormone, thus rendering the quantitative assay possible.

It is reported that fluorine is emitted to the atmosphere from various industrial process such as the manufacturing of aluminium, clay bricks, phosphate fertilizers and steel. Fluorine concentration in air of china manufacturing area and in raw materials of china were measured. Alkaline paper method was applied for measuring fluorine in air, and modified distillation method was used for fluorine in raw materials of china. From the results of this investigation, it was shown that fluorine content in green body and glaze of china materials were 3.4-16.3mg/100g, and the content in manufacturing were less than 3mg/100g. More than 90% of fluorine in these raw materials was volatilized by firing in the process of china manufacturing, therefore it was supposed that measurable amounts of fluorine was emitted to the atmosphere in china manufacturing area. Fluorine values in the air in china manufacturing area were 3.1μg/d/100cm2 paper, and these vulues were 4 times as high as the values in Gifu city-commercial city. In the nearest observation point to china factories, the values were 20 times higher than to that in Gifu city. From these results, it was concluded that china manufacturing was the main source of fluorine emission.

The penetration of liquid through a vertically suspended filter paper was studied by measuring the weight increase with a strain gauge tensiometer for several organic liquids and aqueous solutions. The plot of penetration rate K=h⁄t1⁄2 (h, height of liquid rise and t, time) against (σ⁄η)1⁄2 (σ, surface tension and η, viscosity coefficient of wetting liquids) showed two straight lines, one for organic liquids and the other for aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Both these lines passed the origin, suggesting Lucas-Washburn formula to hold. The plots for ethyl alcohol-water mixtures showed behaviors intermediate between those two linear relations. The aqueous solutions caused swelling of fibers and reduced the mean capillary radius of the filter paper, resulting in a decrease of the penetration constant P=K⁄(σ⁄η)1⁄2 but with a rather large K value. The plots for penetration of water through an untreated paper fell far below the straight line obtained for aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate....

Studies were made of the properties of “yezomatsu” (spruce) holocellulose fibers and “yezomatsu” sulfate pulps, from which the alkali-soluble hemicelluloses were extracted with various concentrations of aqueous alkali; the relations between strength properties of the handmade-sheets and the removed hemicelluloses were investigated. The compositson of the alkali-soluble hemicelluloses was also studied quantitatively by the chromatographic method. Results were as follows :1) Swelling degree (retention of water) of pulp was proportional to the paper strength and was more affected by D.P. than by the content of hemicelloses. It may be possible to some extent to estimate the strength properties by determining the amount of water which is separated from the swelling pulp by the centrifugal method.2) Breaking length and bursting strength increased with the amount of retained hemicelluloses. A certain hemicellulose (such as xylan, mannan) did not seem play any effective role relative to the strength properties of paper.3) Over-all strength of paper was high when the hemicelluloses were partially removed from the pulp with aqueous alkali (e. g., ca. 0.5%).4) The ratio of static strength (breaking length, bursting strength) and dynamic strength (tearing strength, impact strength) of paper can be controlled by the amount of the hemicelluloses retained in the material.

The alkaloids selected were atropine, cocaine, codeine, morphine, dionine, dilaudid (dihydromorphinone), heroin, strychnine, ineperidine and papaverine. After the alkaloids (100 pig. in a 2.5% solution of appropriat.e solvent) had been applied at the bottom of rectangular sheets of filter paper, they were chromatographed in a container made from a conventional aquarium covered with a heavy glass plate. Since variations � � �