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The effect of head's and wife's educational attainment, health and the number of the head's dependents under 18 on the amount of time spent in the labor force by white and black male heads of both poor and nonpoor families is investigated in this paper. The technique employed is multivariate regression analysis using disaggregated data from the 1967 Survey of Economic Opportunity. While educational attainment has a positive effect on the supply of labor of nonpoor heads, it has an insignificant effect on the black poor and a nonlinear effect on white poor heads. The health of head and wife has a very important effect on the ability of the poor to supply labor services while for the nonpoor the health effect is insignificant. For both the poor and non poor, there is a positive relationship between family size and the supply of labor. Evidence is also presented to indicate that the black husband's and wife's labor market activity are substitutes while they are complementary within white families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper suggests a new way of thinking about public goods. By making assumptions about the utility functions of consumers along the lines suggested by the work of Lancaster and Muth on the technology of consumption we obtain a new formulation of the public goods problem which appears to have some interesting implications. In one sense it can be seen as a special case of the original formulation by Samuelson, so that it is not inconsistent with his analysis. On the other hand it makes it possible to give a more precise analytical representation of properties that have for long been associated with public goods, and to derive Samuelson's "polar case" as the limiting case of a more comprehensive definition. It also suggests a more meaningful notion of the benefits derived from public goods supply, thereby providing some theoretical underpinnings for the extensive empirical work on that problem. Moreover, the formulation can easily be extended to cover congestion externalities, which are closely related to public goods supply, but which have so far not been satisfactorily integrated with the basic theory. Throughout the paper we are concerned with collective or public consumers' goods. The case of collective producers' goods, which has some important similarities with the present analysis, has been discussed in another paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a discussion on the research paper "Using the Resources at Hand More Effectively," in the context of fundamentals of economic development in underdeveloped countries, by Arnold C. Harberger, a professor at the University of Chicago, published in the May 1959 issue of the journal "American Economic Review." As maintained by Harberger, economic growth can be maintained by eliminating monopolistic, political and capricious intervention with the free forces of the market and by accelerating the application of the best known techniques. However, "misallocation" is not only quantitatively unimportant but is very nearly irrelevant to the development problem. Harberger's recipe is not supposed to work unless it is accompanied by drastic structural change, involving wholesale transfers of population from peasant agriculture to industry, which market forces alone and unaided will not produce. Such transfers require simultaneous industrialization and agricultural revolution and so necessitate substantially capital accumulation and government intervention in the allocation of resources.

The transportation problem with stochastic demand is considered when penalties are paid for each oversupplied and undersupplied unit of product. The transportation plan minimizing the total transportation costs plus total expected penalty cost of both kinds is to be found. The paper presents a method of solution which is preceded by a development that replaced the original cost function with a controlled linear approximation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a situation allowing free or relatively free mobility of populations, it is customary to consider migration as in some degree a function of economic opportunity. Such interpretations frequently overlook, or only inadequately recognize, is that economic systems and economic relationships always fit into a broader institutional pattern. Economic opportunity, for example, is meaningless except in circumstances allowing occupational shifts, and relatively free access to the means of economic advancement. This is clearly demonstrated in the case of the differential immigration to the North and South during the ante-bellurn period, when both sections had labor shortages. Thus, Northern industrial development, creating a labor demand larger than the natural increase of the population could supply, was aided by an influx of immigrant manual laborers. But the South also had a labor shortage, and the immigrants were not forthcoming in anything like adequate numbers. The similarity of the strictly economic situations is further supported by the evidence that real wages for similar kinds of labor were at least as high in the South as in the North.

Investors in mining and petroleum enterprises in Latin America were once forced to sponsor services extraneous to essential operations for lack of a reasonable alternative. Housing, medical care, schools and stores had to be provided for employees when business activities were located far from centers of population. Where local community facilities were nonexistent the industrial concern had no choice but to extend its normal responsibilities. "If anything needed to be done the company had to arrange to do it, and in this way it started on a course of self-sufficiency for itself…. Today, however, the companies have come to resent the legal imposition of "social overhead" functions which restrict the flexibility of business operations by saddling the firms with special obligations. Changed economic and social circumstances lead this writer to conclude that the time has indeed come for the Latin American governments to begin the direct administration of these services. This paper describes the problems presented by the definitiveness of current procedures and discusses some of the difficulties inherent in the shift to public subsidization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the economic growth, industrial trends and future of California and the Pacific Coast region of the United States. The market is described as benefitting from the war industries of aircraft and shipbuilding and population growth, but also having great potential. The production growth of the iron, steel and steel related industries in California are tracked. Industries with local markets and national markets are discussed. According to the author, California's economic development in the periods before and after World War II has been faster than the rest of the United States.

The article addresses the importance of effective management of modes of transportation and infrastructure in developing nations. The article focuses on managerial intensity in both industrial transportation management as well as government management of transportation, including the design and construction of infrastructure and the regulation of the transportation industry. Additionally, the article addresses the social goals which invariably are tied to government management of transportation. The author develops several hypotheses and conclusions, advocating simple, less intensive management of transportation systems that foster entrepreneurial education and minimize costs.

The article refers to economic activity in California with a focus on the Southern California economy and its shifting economic base. Statistics from the California State Development Plan show wages in four regions--Northern California, Bay Area, Central California, and Southern California--and in eight public or private sector industries. Data shows the growth rates for salaries and wages during the period of 1959 to 1963 and the ranking of industries. A long-run structural trend in Southern California is toward service industries, which will be the base economy with support from the manufacturing industries. The investment-employment relationship, export multiplier, preconditions for service exports, diseconomies, and obstacles to accelerated economic growth are mentioned.

The author reports on the place the family car has played in the lives of people in the United States. The way cars have impacted the building of roads and freeways in the U.S. is mentioned. The way the structure of the American family has impacted how automobiles have been viewed by people is discussed. The author's opinions regarding the way in which automobiles have been able to fulfill the needs of the family but have been unable to meet the needs of society are discussed. The problem which has arisen regarding the selling of mass transportation to car owners is mentioned.

The article focuses on state-owned business enterprises in underdeveloped nations. It comments on the use of foreign assistance programs to enable developing nations to become self-sufficient. It states that private foreign enterprise is often viewed as akin to colonialism and mentions that many developing countries are former colonies. It suggests that state-owned business enterprises do not need to represent a commitment to socialism. It states that the U.S. is in a position through financing state enterprises to improve the country's performance, possibly through a combination of education and conditions stipulated with loans and grants used for state enterprises.

The article discusses the relation between mass communication and the political system. The relative omission of policy outcomes may, in large measure, account for the static quality of much of the more general literature on mass communication and for its

This article focuses on different methods of maintaining capital may well be comprehensively examined and appraised. There are two main views on which maintenance of capital may be based. The first part of this article will briefly judge the more uncommon, less advantageous one. The second part will then evaluate the ramifications of the usual view. According to one viewpoint, the object in maintaining capital should be to preserve the same proportion of the total social capital as was possessed at the time the capital was originally invested. The second objection to relative maintenance of capital is that it is liable to prove unsafe as a practical basis. An ingenious plan that would automatically effect, among other purposes, maintenance of relative capital while utilizing the present system of money is that proposed by one economist. Under such a plan, intended to distribute productive shares in the economic process according to a standard of social justice and business progress would be adequately met by the existing price measuring-unit because changes in the general price level would tend to indicate a productivity change wherein the entire country both should and would share.

The purpose of the article is to survey those factors that currently affect the availability of new, publicly-subscribed equity capital in the context of World War II. At the end of the war when their will be a decline in government spending it seems certain that the public interest will require that employment in non-defense industry be stimulated, that production of goods of a nonmilitary character be expanded, and that economic opportunity and competition between business concerns be fostered. To accomplish the above mentioned objectives a flow of equity capital into industry more rapid than the current rate of such investment, more rapid than that which has existed during the past ten years, and greater than that which can be supplied by retention of earnings, will be essential. When public policy turns toward increasing the volume of venture capital available to business, the programs then formulated will of necessity be framed with reference to at least some of the factors here discussed.

The article discusses issues related to the national income and product of the Soviet Union in 1937. It attempts to accomplish two related tasks. The first is to set up for the Soviet Union a series of national economic accounts and second task involves a methodological question on which national income literature does not seem entirely clear but for which it may be permissible momentarily to assume a common understanding. These two tasks, needless to say, add up to a sizeable project, and it is restricted to one particular year of 1937. In general 1937 was a prosperous year by Soviet standards. The Second Five Year Plan, which ended in that year, had met with very real success in every sphere; not only in heavy industries, which of course had first priority, but also in agriculture and consumers goods industries. The expansion of heavy industries continued after 1937, but consumer prosperity was brought to a close when after Munich the Russians shifted their defense preparations into high-gear. As of 1937, the collectivization of agriculture in the Soviet Union had been practically completed.

The article discusses the application of the theory of population change to the theory of capital. One of the earliest, and one of the most persistent views of the nature of capital is that it is regarded as a sustaining fund, which supports factors of production during a period of production. The basic idea of a "process" of production is that goods are embodied services; services which are "bottled" and in the course of being carried from a factor of production, where they originated, to an ultimate consumer, where they are given up. Thus from all factors of production at a point of time there proceeds a flow of services which may be called "real outgo," or current input. Output is the flow of services into consumption and it is measured by the total net money expenditures of the owners of all factors of production. It is true that input is embodied in the expectation that it will later be released as an equivalent item of output; but this expectation is not necessarily fulfilled. Perhaps the most significant feature of the actual system of production is that the disposal of current input determines to a considerable extent the survival grouping of that input.

Discusses the concept of capital. Medieval view of capital as an interest-bearing sum of money; John B. Clark's explanation of the genesis of capital; Objections to Clark's conception of capital; Distinction between private and social capital; Objections to the concepts of private and social capital; Restatement of the capital concept.

The article focuses on the status of public works during the economic depression in the U.S. from 1929 to 1938. The government's role as direct provider of jobs, especially during depressions, has often been exaggerated both by those who favor and by those who oppose any strengthening of this role. The impression is widespread that there was a considerable expansion of public works during the last depression. Strangely enough there is no sup-port for this assumption in the facts. Rather, if all public construction pro-grams are included, even those based on work relief, there appears to have been a sizable decline in public works expenditures. This decline was offset, but not much more, by the non-construction work relief programs undertaken outside of the regular public works field.

This article discusses an approach in the planning of agricultural infrastructure in Jordan from the 1950s to 1960s. Agriculture supports about three-fourths of the population of Jordan, although its contribution to the gross national product is proportionately much less (about 20 percent) than the contribution of industry and service sectors. Foreign aid funds have had a marked effect on the non-agricultural sectors by stimulating commercial and construction activities. The chief source of trouble in Jordan's agriculture, as in most of the Middle East, is in the erratic rainfall pattern from year to year and season to season. For example, the 1955-1956 season had 17.6 inches of rainfall, the 1959-1960 season had only 7.5 inches. Jordan has a long summer drought, beginning usually in May and lasting until October. Aspects of Jordan's basic resource inadequacy is stressed in the article. A scatteration of projects in agriculture is likely to have less income-generating impact, at least in the short run, than a few projects which strike at this main source of instability. Jordan's total crop output was less in 1960 than in 1952, despite a decade of development effort, and this is an indication of the need for re-evaluation, particularly in view of the 2.5 to 3.0 percent annual population growth forcing the food demand. This article stresses that an adequate planning would solve the country's deficit. This includes introduction of complex irrigation systems and proper training of farmers in adopting new systems.

Previous research has demonstrated that socioeconomic differentials in fertility are heavily influenced by couples with rural background. These studies show an inverse relationship between fertility and socioeconomic status for couples of rural background, but no relationship for urban- origin couples. The effect of urban background on rural fertility differentials has not been examined. This study investigates the potential effect of urban-origin couples on socioeconomic differences in fertility in rural areas. Data from the 1967 Survey of Economic Opportunity are analyzed to show that rural socioeconomic fertility differences are not influenced by the presence of persons of urban background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determination of an optimal strategy for reinforcing arcs and nodes in a multi-commodity network is discussed. This strategy will maximize the effort required by an attacker to render the network useless. Under certain assumptions this problem is shown to be equivalent to the problem of maximizing the capacity of the minimal multi-commodity disconnecting set for the network. An algorithm for determining an optimal reinforcing strategy under these assumptions is presented, and computational results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study "The Economic Problem of Germany," by Alvin Johnson and Ernest Hamburger. A critical evaluation of the study has to begin with its title. Economic considerations were secondary to the men who planned the Potsdam declarations. This had to be the case. When one analyzes a national problem from the economic point of view, one looks for ways to maximize the economic opportunities of a particular country, or of a group of countries. Whereas it is practically correct to say that the purpose of the Potsdam plan is to minimize the economic opportunities of Germany, without much attention being paid to the negative effects, which such a policy was bound to entail for other countries. Those who had a share in preparing the Potsdam declarations are quite explicit on what held top priority among their considerations. In the words of the Foreign Economic Administration, security from German aggression should be the primary United States objective in the treatment of Germany.

This section presents a list of books on transportation and communication.