Search

Minimization of samples for infrared spectral measurement was attempted by the use of a Japanese folkcraft, hand-made paper, impregnated with liquid paraffin. By this method, it is possible to measure 0.1 mg. of a sample. This hand-made paper was also used for paper chromatography and the developed paper was submitted directly to infrared spectral measurement. Component of Penicillium islandicun and inorganic sulfate ion were determined by spectral measurement of their chromatogram.

A new solvent system was given for the chromatography of food preservatives; benzoic acid, salicylic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and it's esters, p-chlorobenzoic acid, sorbic acid, resorcinol and β-naphtol with the ascending method on Toyo Roshi No. 50 paper at 20-25°. Cyclohexanol-ammonium carbonate buffer gave results in 30 hours. Spots were detected by absorption when the paper was examined in ultraviolet light and with color reagcnts of the methyl red or diazo spray reagent. Rf values for this solvent were listed for these substances. Each substance was separated except in the case of mixture of benzoic acid and sorbic acid. However in this case, these two substances were identified by measuring spectrophotometrically the alcohol solution extracted from the part containing the substances on paper chromatogram.Horizontal paper electrophoresis on Toyo Roshi No. 51 paper for 1.5-2 hours at 20V per cm with buffer consisted of dimethylformamide, pyridine, acetic acid and water (pH 5.6) or of butanol, ammonia, acetic acid and water (pH 5.0) was useful. MNC (the ratio of the migration of the substances of New Coccine) and colors given with the methyl red, FeCl3 and diazo spray reagents were tabulated adding dehydroacetic acid to above substances. Data was also given for citric acid and tartaric acid.Sake (Japanese wine), soy etc., was acidified with HCl, extracted with ether, purified as ammonium-salts and submitted to paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis with similar technique.

Modified paper chromatography procedures for the analysis of fatty acids produced by anaerobic bacteria are described. Both ethylamine and hydroxylamine derivatives of fatty acids were prepared from inoculated anaerobic culture broth. The derivatives were spotted on chromatography paper and developed with appropriate solvents. Paper chromatography is a valuable alternative to gas liquid chromatography as an ancillary procedure in the identification of anaerobic bacteria in the clinical bacteriology laboratory.

The effect of hemicellulose contents in pulp on beating rate and strength of paper made from it was studied.In this study two methods were used, one the adding method (adding isolated hemicellulose to the standard pulp) and the other the extracting method (removing hemicellulose stepwisely).In the former when the hemicellulose is isolated with drastic agents, chemical nature of hemicellulose is liable to change, so that it is impossible to say that the isolated hemicellulose will act in the same manner as it does in the original state. Therefore extracting method was employed in the present research.For the preparation of chlorite holocellulose, thin pieces of beech and aspen wood were treated with hot acidified sodium chlorite. These chlorite holocelluloses were treated with KOH solution under nitrogen gas, in order to minimize the oxidation of cellulose. For hemicellulose extraction, KOH solutions of various concentration (from 0.3 to 20%) were used in order to get a series of pulp in which the hemicellulose content was stepwisely arranged.The beating rate and the sheet strength of this series of pulp were examined. From the result of this study, it was concluded that there appeared to be the optimum hemicellulose content in pulp as for as the paper strength was concerned. Other observations were also made with regard to the result observed.

Paper chromatography is very helpful in the identification and comparison of antibiotics, but very few results from the application of this technique have been published so far. The awakening of interest in the search for antibiotics which are active against fungi pathogenic to plants and animals makes the investigator aware of the scant information that is available to help characterize such agents. A knowledge of the Rf values of the known antifungal agents would help advance the search for such therapeutic materials. Often these values, in conjunction with the biological inhibitory activities, are the only criteria by which one can determine whether the unknown agent appears to be a new material. When the Rf data are obtained for shake cultures, one can eliminate many previously described antibiotic-producing organisms from further study, thus allowing more research to be applied to antibiotics which are new and different. The studies reported in this paper should serve as a guide to the identification of some of the known antifungal antibiotics.

Examination of urinary product of rabbits administered with MHB, by filter paper chromatography, indicated that ureide, 3-OH-MHB, 3-keto-MHB, 3-keto-nor-MHB, and unknown compounds (MHB-M (VI)) were excreted. An excellent method for the separation of these compounds is the use of a buffered filter paper and butanol saturated with borate-NaOH buffer (pH 11). For detection of the located metabolites, 1% solution of sodium periodate and 1% solution of potassium permanganate were used and ultraviolet spectrophotometry was adopted for the characterization of barbiturates.

〓 (R=2-サフトール-6, 8-ジスルホン酸, 2-ナフトール-3, 6-ジスルホン酸, 2-ナフトール-6-スルホン酸, 2-ナフトール-7-スルホン酸, 2-ナフトール-8-スルホン酸) についてスルホン酸基の置換位置または数と塩析効果の受けやすさとの関係を, 塩化カリウム水溶液または含アルコール, 塩水溶液を展開液とした塩析型ロ紙クロマトグラフィーのRf値等により検討した。さらにベンザルレブリン酸の3種の位置異性体をその2, 4-ジニトロフェニルヒドラゾンにしたものをロ紙電気泳動または塩析型ロ紙クロマトグラフィーにより明確に分離した。

Effects of mono-valent cations on dielectric properties of oil-impregnated paper were studied by the same method as that of un-impregnated paper.(1) In the range of this work, effects of mono-valent cations on the dielectric loss at low temperature (about 20°C) is not observed.(2) It is obvious that the order of cations which influences badly on the dielectric properties of oil-impregnated paper is same as that of un-impregnated paper. The order is as follows;(3) In order to compare the dielectric loss of oil-impregnated paper with that of un-impregnated paper, a value of tan δt/tanδu is obtained. Those values of the paper treated with NH4-salts are by far larger than those of the paper treated with other three electrolytes.

CHANG (1955) reported the lowering of the blood hemoglobin of chicks due to free gossypol feeding and postulated that free gossypol in the diet leads to interference with the synthesis of the proteins of the blood in these chicks. In view of the useful information that has been obtained in recent years using the electrophoresis technique in the study of normal and pathological sera, an experiment was planned to study the electrophoretic patterns of serum samples obtained from birds fed a normal diet, as well as from birds fed free gossypol in the diet. An electrophoresis cell using filter paper strips, as originally designed by Durrum (1950) and marketed by Spinco, was employed. Later it was discovered that the resolution of the globulins of chick serum is very poor on filter paper. More serum samples were obtained from birds used in a study of the effect of protein level on …

This paper describes the method for the separation and identification of zinc dithiophosphates having alkyl or aryl substituents by partition paper chromatography.Of a variety of solvent systems examined, the solvent system of cresyldiphenyl phosphate (stationary phase)-90/10 isooctane•n-cetane (mobile phase) was most suitable for the separation and identification of zinc dialkyldithiophosphates. Their Rf values with this solvent system increase with the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group. Among zinc dialkyldithiophosphates having isomeric alkyl groups respectively of straight primary, branched primary and secondary, the Rf values increase in this order. The solvent system of liquid paraffin-isopropyl alcohol was found to be satisfactory for partition paper chromatography of zinc dialkyldithiophosphates having long chain alkyl groups.A large difference in the Rf values between zinc dialkyldithiophosphates having isomeric alkyl groups respectively of primary and secondary, was observed when the solvent system of polyoxyethylene octylphenylether (E. O. 10mol)-n-heptane was used and similarly, a large difference in the Rf values between zinc dialkyldithiophosphates having isomeric alkyl groups respectively of straight primary and branched primary, was observed when the solvent system of chlorinated paraffin-isopropyl alcohol was used. It is effective especially for the analysis of mixtures of zinc dialkyldithiophosphates to use these solvent systems together with the solvent system of cresyldiphenyl phosphate-90/10 isooctane•n-cetane.It was found that zinc diaryldithiophosphates can be distinguished from zinc dialkyldithiophosphates by the solvent system of chlorinated paraffin-isopropyl alcohol and identified by the solvent system of cresyldiphenyl phosphate-90/10 isooctane•n-cetane or liquid paraffin-isopropyl alcohol.Zinc dithiophosphates in commercial antioxidants and EP hydraulic oils could be identified by the above mentioned solvent systems.

A multiple solvent paper chromatography system is described which tentatively identifies most of the known mammalian acid mucopolysaccharides, when these are examined singly. Certain mucopolysaccharides may be identified with reasonable certainty in complex mixtures of such substances. Protein contamination of significant degree does not appear to interfere with these methods. These chromatographic systems appear to be most useful for the rapid, tentative identification of acid mucopolysaccharides where only limited samples are available.

A simple paper chromatographic method was found to be effective for the study of phenylketonuria and tyrosyluria. It proved to be much more reliable than conventional tests for the detection of abnormal amounts of ketoacids in urine and was suitable and convenient for following the effects of dietary variations on the excretion of these compounds. Information obtained about ketones other than those of primary importance to the conditions studied included confirmation of the excretion of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid in phenylketonuria. A modification of the method applicable to histidinaemia was devised.

A method for the determination of urinary normetadrenaline and metadrenaline is described whereby these 3-O-methoxy metabolites of noradrenaline and adrenaline are separated by paper chromatography before estimation by Pisano's method. Results in 80 normal subjects are given.

Simple paper chromatography of urine obtained in the Figlu test has been found satisfactory for determining excess excretion of the imidazole metabolites of histidine. It has been confirmed that examination for these in addition to formiminoglutamic acid is necessary for a full assessment of this test. When excretion of the latter is not abnormal in folic-acid and/or vitamin B(12) deficiency, that of urocanic acid, a glycine conjugate of urocanic acid and/or imidazole propionic acid, is usually raised. An abnormally high excretion of hydantoin-5-propionic acid after histidine has also been found in these deficiencies, and its estimation may be of additional use in the evaluation of the Figlu test.

Various isomers are always present in commercial samples of R-, G- and Schaeffer acids.According to our experiments, high-voltage paper electrophoresis seems to provide the best separation and determination of these isomers on the micro scale.The procedure was as follows.Known quantities of samples (ca. 100g) were submitted to paper electrophoresis by using borate buffer (pH 10) as an electrolyte, in the condition of 75V/cm.As soon as 10 minutes of separation time elapsed, the separated zones were cut off wet, extracted seperately with borate buffer solution (pH 10) as rapidly as possible on the water bath, the quantities of dyes in extracted fractions were fluorophotometrically determined in comprison with standard naphthol-sulfonic acids.Commercial samples were examined according to this method. The results are shown in Table 5.

Microbial penetration of sterile packs was studied using single-wrap (two layers) muslin, double-wrap (four layers) muslin, and two-way crepe paper (single layer) to wrap 20 gauze sponges (2 by 2 inch). These packs were stored in the central sterile supply departments of two hospitals and processed for sterility at predetermined intervals. Microorganisms penetrated single-wrap muslin as early as 3 days and double-wrap muslin and single-wrap two-way crepe paper in 21 to 28 days stored in open shelves. The time required for microbial penetration was at least twice as long when closed cabinets were used. Single-wrap muslin packs stored in sealed, impervious plastic bags remained sterile for at least 9 months. All sterile materials in pervious wrappers should be handled as little as possible and then only with extreme care and caution. Closed cabinets offer more protection than open shelves, and single wrappers are not recommended.

A comparison was made on the pulping characteristics, especially the behavior of hemicelluloses during the cooking in production of paper grade pulps, by means of calcium and sodium base acid sulphite, sodium bisulphite, and two stages sodium base sulphite cooking consisting of the 1st stage bisuiphite and the 2nd acid sulphite cooking. These pulps were made from mixed softwoods (spruce and fir), mixed hardwoods and birch of Hokkaido.1. In sodium base acid sulphite cooking, the rate of delignification is significantly faster than that with calcium base liquor of the same SO2 content (Fig. 1). Compared with calcium base unbleached sulphite pulps of the same Sieber number, sodium base sulphite pulps are higher in screened yield (Fig. 2) and degree of polymerisation (Fig. 11), but nearly equal in total yield, brightness (Fig. 12) and polysaccharide composition (Fig. 13).The rate of hydrolysis of polysaccharides in cooking liquors is greater in calcium base liquor (Fig. 7 and 8), while the amounts of polysaccharides are richer in sodium base liquors when the pulps are obtained at equal delignification (Table 5).2. In bisulphite cooking, the rate of delignification is so under slower than that in acid sulphite, and considerably longer time at high temperatures (above 155°C) is necessary for production of unbleached pulps poor in lignin. Shortening the times to maximum temperatures (Fig. 3) increases screenings and decreases the screened yield, especially in the cooking at high temperature (165°C), unless penetrating pretreatment (Va-Purge) of chip or disk refining treatment of the cooked chip are carried out. In this process, the decrease of the total yield accompanied by increase of delignification (below 55 of Sieber no.) is greater, especially in hardwood, than that in acid sulphite cooking (Fig. 4).The amounts of carbohydrates in bisuiphite cooking liquors are significantly poor than those in acid sulphite liquors (Fig. 7 and 8, and Table 5), and it seems that this is due to conversion of most part of carbohydrates dissolved in the bisulphite cooking liquors to sugar sulphonates. A considerable amount of furfural is found too, in the over-cooked bisulphite spent liquors of hardwood (Fig. 9 and 10). The formation of furfural may prevent the delignification. Degree of polymerisation of both softwood and hardwood unbleached bisulphite pulps at low lignin content (below ca. 60 of Sieber no.) is considerably lower than the other pulps at the same Sieber number (Fig. 11). These results show that the bisulphite cooking is not suitable for the production of the unbleached pulps poor in lignin.When compared at equal total yield, the unbleached bisulphite pulps are superior in brightness and rich in xylan, but remarkably poor in uronic acid.3. Two stage sulphite cooking of softwood gives a remarkably small amount of screenings even in production of strong unbleached pulps, thus the screened yield increases to 60% (Fig. 6). The unbleached pulps obtained by this process are somewhat superior in brightness, and the content of each polysaccharide is nearly equal to those in normal acid sulphite pulp.

We have investigated the role of polymerization degree on the surface microstructure of insulating paper for power cable by means of the electronmicroscope.When the pulp of _??_ 1, 650_??_445 is beaten to SR 40°, in the case of _??_ 1, 650, the surface is covered with S1 wall layer and internal fibrillation of S2 wall layer is incomplete. In _??_ 1, 270, it is clarified that most part of the S1 wall layer is separated, and fine internal fibrillation parallel to the fiber axis is found. In such a microstructure, the values of the mechanical and electrical properties are found higher.Under the _??_ 1, 000, fiber was partially cut and broken during beating, and then mechanical strength of paper was lowered. Moreover, it appears that the fibrillation of S1 and S2 wall layer is disproportionate. But most of the S2 wall layer is internally less fibrillated, and the microstructure on the surface disordered.

High rates of acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) reduction (nitrogenase activity) were observed in woodroom effluent from a neutral sulfite semi-chemical mill under aerobic (up to 644 nmol of C 2 H 4 produced per ml per h) and under anaerobic (up to 135 nmol of C 2 H 4 produced per ml per h) conditions. Pasteurized effluent developed C 2 H 2 reduction activity when incubated under anaerobic but not under aerobic conditions. Activities were increased by addition of 0.5 to 3.0% glucose or xylose. Enrichment and enumeration studies showed that N 2 -fixing Azotobacter and Klebsiella were abundant, and N 2 -fixing Bacillus was present. Of 129 isolates of Klebsiella from pulp mills, lakes, rivers, and drainage and sewage systems, 32% possessed nitrogen-fixing ability.

I investigated amino acids composition of the protein from the tuberculous pus plasma in 3 cases and free amino acids in the tungstic acid filtrates of tuberculous pus plasma by a paper-chromatographic procedure. 1) I found tuberculous pus plasma proteins do not essentially differ from usual proteins regarding the qualitative composition. 2) In 3 cases of closed tuberculous abscess never punctured free amino acids were not detected. 3) Free amino acids were present in the protein-free filtrates of tuber-culous pura of 5 closed abscesses often punctured before. 4) The number of the free amino acids found there, however, far less than that of the corresponding amino acids in hot true pura. There is a striking contrast between tubercuous and non-tuberculous true pura.

1. The estimation of unsaturated fatty acids of three varieties of linseed oil is carried out by the paper chromatography technique using131I for saturating the acids. 2. The relationship between the total and individual unsaturated fatty acids content on one side, and the maximal spot activity on the other side, is linear and can be used as standard reference line. 3. Determination of the Rf values of the three occuring unsaturated fatty acids, depends mainly on the change of the specific activity of the iodinating mixture.

Metabolism of the antioxidant, 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (BHT), was studied in a rabbit. After administration of 0.5g./kg. of BHT by mouth, 37.5% of it was excreted as glucuronides, 16.7% as ethereal sulfates, and 6.8% as free phenols. α-Hydroxy-2, 6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, 3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4, 4'-ethylenebis (2, 6-di-tert-butylphenol) were identified by paper chromatography from the rabbit urine 24 hours after the administration of 0.5g./kg. of BHT. Unchanged BHT was isolated from the feces, but not from the urine.

An attempt has been made to review the literature that has accumulated during the last twelve years on the subject of paper chromatography of higher fatty acids. The various modifications that have been applied to the technique have been considered and their merits and limitations discussed. The important modifications are mainly concerned with the stationary and mobile phases and the use of different reagents for identification and estimation. This technique has also been successfully applied to the quantitative determination of the components of “critical pairs” of fatty acids in biological materials.

A method was described whereby the ether-and water-soluble DNP-amino acids are separated by one-and two-dimensional paper chromatography. The method was applied, as examples, to the N-terminal group analysis of bovine plasma albumin and qualitative amino acid analysis of parotin.

The protein and lipid electrophoresis patterns of lymph and various body fluids have been examined. Chylous fluids produce a characteristic lipid pattern with a dense deposit at the origin and a lipid trail. The value of centrifuging turbid fluids at high speed before electrophoresis is stressed.

The paper chromatography of more than 30 kinds of natural and synthetic coumarin derivatives was studied using 8 different solvent systems. The relationship between Rf values and structure of compounds in regard to the properties of the developing solvent systems was discussed. The separation of coumarin derivatives by multibuffered chromatography was also studied.

A method to exclude mites and other contaminants from test tube cultures is described. It consists in covering the mouths of the tubes with cigarette paper which is applied by pressing the flamed r...

Tlie sclxuntion and clraractcrization of vitamins Al and An nnd related compoundsby reversed-pllasc paper cliromatogrnpl~y as well as ly thin-lqxr chromategraphy have hen rcportccl carlicrl * $. Thin-lnycr chromatography has also been used for the separatinn and charncterizatio11 of carotenoids from natural sourccs3~ ‘1. I-Iowcver, 130tr.rc,1~1~ofib scrvccl that carotenoid misturcs cannot be separated on a sin& aclsorhnt with ;1 sin& solvent. The scparntion and clctermi1wtion of carotenoid alclclydes from plants, microorganisms and animnl tissues have lxxn carriecl out by nicans of thin-layer clirf.~li~ato~apI~~U. Apocarotcnals awl apocarotcnoic acid have been detected in ornnges by the same technique’*

PROF. K. P. LINSTEAD kindly sent me a manuscript copy of the communication by Burstall, Davies, Linstead and Wells1, and I should like to comment on this work in relation to my own.