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Presents abstracts to articles presented at the 1948 annual meetings of the Association of American Geographers in Madison, Wisconsin. "Geographical Work in the Bureau of the Census," by C. E. Batschelet; "Delimitation of Urban Areas for the 1950 Census," by Margery D. Howarth and August J. Nogara; "Some New Climate Maps of China," by Charles Y. Hu.

The paper discusses whether market-achieved city size is greater or less than optimum city size when externalities such as pollution are present. Optimally taxing or controlling pollution may or may not lead to a decline in production of polluting goods. Moreover, taxation reorders production and consumption patterns in the city so that the minimum net effect on welfare of city inhabitants is the decline in pollution. Since pollution taxation increases the welfare of city inhabitants, city size rises with immigration from the rest of the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes some adaptations made by the small town newspaper in Washington to the social and cultural changes occurring in the rural environment. Among these adjustments are: a stability in numbers has been reached, although at the expense of some loss of per capita circulation strength; a reduction in the number of two-newspaper towns; an increase in the size of the newspaper page; a shift from Saturday to Thursday as the second most important day of publication; a decreased interest in political parties and policies; a concentration on local news, particularly of persons and organizations. These trends suggest certain observations on the process of change and adaptation in social institutions, which by nature are slow to change: (1) adjustment to change is forced upon an institution by the inroads of competing agencies; (2) the stimulus to change comes from without, not from within the institution; and (3) changes in any one of the four elements of any institution, (a) rank and file membership, (b) leadership, (c) physical structure and equipment, and (d) pattern of attitudes lending sanction to the operation of the institution, will evoke changes and adpatations in the structure and functions of the institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section presents abstracts of articles on industrial location and foreign currency published in the August 1965 issue of The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science. The paper Trends in the Location of Industry in Ontario, 1945-1959, by Keith A. J. Hay discusses that the process of economic development invariably produces changes in the regional pattern of industrial location. These changes can be traced over time by an examination of the spatial distribution of manufacturing input and output. This method of analysis may be used to answer certain questions concerning the relative concentration of industry between rural and urban areas, changes in aggregate production relationships and the sensitivity of regional locational trends to change in growth rates in the national economy. On the other hand, the article titled The Foreign Currency Business of Canadian Chartered Banks, by Ronald A. Shearer draws together available information on the foreign currency operations of Canadian chartered banks, including some data on interest rates which are not otherwise readily available. The paper is largely descriptive and institutional. It does extend previous analyses of the forces which have influenced the growth of foreign currency operations and it explores some of the domestic implications of these operations.

A study of neighborhood newspapers within a large city illuminates the role which this specialized medium plays in the social process, and underlines the thesis that the image of a source held by it's audience has a strong influence in enhancing the impact of communications from that source. The neighborhood newspaper is found to represent an auxiliary, rather than a competitor, to the daily press in the minds of its readers. It is not believed to be commercialized, it is not seen as politically partisan but rather as an agent of community welfare and progress, and it often acts as an extension of the personal and social contacts of its readers. The urban community press is defined as including any weekly English language publication addressed to residents of a specific locality or area of any metropolitan district. Coordination and the maintenance of consensus within the urban community has been closely associated with the development of interrelated systems of mass media, of which the community press is a part. The community press, long recognized by certain types of commercial advertisers, politicians and community leaders as a relevant media of communication, has been neglected by students of urbanism.

This paper reports a test of Burgess' concentric zone and Hoyt's sector hypotheses of urban residential structure using the structural dimensions suggested by Shevky and Bell. Residential areas in four cities were studied. Each city was selected because it possessed a roughly circular total shape and because its population was between 200,000 and 500,000. The results indicate clearly that Burgess' concentric zone hypothesis is essentially supported with respect to urbanization but not with respect to social rank (or prestige value as this dimension is termed in this paper), while Hoyt's sector hypothesis is supported with respect to social rank (prestige value) but not with respect to urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to suggest a procedure for constructing a city theology which effectively deals with the two major problems confronted in developing such a typology (1) the selection of dimensions 'along which cities vary in a relatively uniform way, and (2) the formation of homogeneous groups of cities on the basis of these dimensions jointly considered. The procedure suggested in this paper consists of uniting findings from previous research on the "selection of dimensions" problem with hierarchical grouping cluster analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Institute of African Studies at Fourah Bay College organised a symposium on the city of Freetown which brought together scholars from a wide range of disciplines to discuss the history and present social and economic structure of Freetown, under the joint directorship of Professor Eldred Jones, head of the Department of English at Fourah Bay College, and Christopher Fyfe, Reader in African History at Edinburgh University. A similar project on Ibadan was undertaken at the Institute of African Studies at the University there in 1963 and the collected papers are soon to be published by Cambridge University Press under the editorship of Peter Lloyd, Akin Mabogunje, and Bolanle Awe. More recently the University of Dakar held a series of discussions about Dakar and the resulting papers are to be published by Présence Africaine. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The change of residence is a subject of strong and growing interest in urban sociology. This interest is based on the fact that mobility is the proximal cause of many changes in the demography and social structure of urban areas. A common technique used to study the reasons for individual and family mobility is to ask people the reasons for their contemplated or completed moves. This paper reports the results of such a study in a central city area. It suggests that the cause of mobility may be different for moves of different lengths and different directions, and thus integrates some of the simpler theories advanced in the literature. Perhaps the best-known explanation for residential mobility is change in family size. The purpose of this paper is to call attention to the likelihood that change of residence may be a more complex phenomenon than has been assumed in previous research and that various forms of change of residence may require different explanations. The results suggest that distance and direction of move may be useful as classificatory principles in the further analysis of residential mobility.

There is widespread view that rural-to-urban migrants are saturating the ghetto areas of large cities and disproportionately contributing to poverty in urban areas. In this paper, data from the 1967 Survey of Economic Opportunity are analyzed to explore both dimensions of the presumed relationship of rural-urban migration and the plight of cities: the location of rural migrants in urban areas; and the extent of their contribution to urban poverty. The location and poverty of rural-urban migrants is compared with that of indigenous urbanities in nonmetropolitan and in ring and central city portions of metropolitan areas by size. White-black differences are emphasized and the relationship of poverty and previous or prolonged urban experience among migrants is also examined. The findings indicate that urban poverty and the plight of cities are the consequences of broader structural features of our society—the handicaps of age, of being a female head of household, or of the status ascribed to blacks—and not the product of rural-urban migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When all the fire companies in a region are engaged in fighting fires, protection against a future fire is considerably reduced. It is standard practice in many urban fire departments to protect the exposed region by relocating outside fire companies temporarily to some of the vacant houses. In New York City, situations requiring such relocations arise ten times a day on the average. The Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY) currently makes its relocations according to a system of preplanned moves. This system was designed at a time when alarm rates were low and is based on the assumption that only one fire is in progress at a time. Because of the high alarm rates currently being experienced in parts of New York City, this assumption is no longer valid, and the preplanned relocation system breaks down at the times when it is needed most. This paper describes a computer-based method for determining relocations that overcomes the deficiencies of the existing method by utilizing the computer's ability to (1) store up-to-date information about the status of all fires in progress and the location and activity of all fire companies, (2) generate and compare many alternative relocation plans quickly. The method, which will become part of the FDNY's real-time Management Information and Control System (MICS), is designed to be fast and to require little computer memory. After giving some background of the problem and the objectives of relocation, we give the problem a mathematical programming formulation and then describe the heuristic algorithm to be used for generating relocations in the MICS. The remainder of the paper is devoted to a discussion of an example illustrating how the algorithm works, a rigorous test of the algorithm using a computer simulation model of Fire-Department operations, and a description of the current use of... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes a general equilibrium model of an economy where production and consumption occur in cities. The study examines under what situations the equilibrium size differs from the optimum. The optimum city sizes are defined as those which maximize potential welfare of participants in the economy. The authors determined the city sizes' equilibrium through location or investment decisions of laborers and capital owners. Population agglomeration of cities is observed because there are technological economies of scale in production or consumption.

This article presents the author's comments on the article "The Rural-Urban Variable: An Urbanite's Perspective," by Leo F. Schnore. Schnore asserts that the central thesis of this article is that rural-urban divergences in the U.S. are still substantial and worth studying. The author says that this proposition is not new. It is avowed openly by many rural sociologists and, at least tacitly, by most through the kinds of research they pursue and the action programs they often supplement. Schnore's thesis is somewhat unorthodox, for it is the author's impression that Richard Dewey's article "The Rural-Urban Continuum: Real But Relatively Unimportant," more nearly states the typical urbanite's evaluation. Although Schnore's claim may be more congenial to rural sociology as a profession. appraising its validity requires heavy lending of ideas from the position which underlies Dewey's evaluation. Without attempting to classify Schnore's indices in Dewey's schema, the author suspects that sociologists like Dewey might be willing to subsume all of them as only specific aspects of one or another of the five structural qualities Dewey is willing to admit as invariant concomitants of size and density.

A variety of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics is known to vary consistently along the rural-urban continuum in highly developed nations such as the United States. Relatively little is known, however, about such variations in underdeveloped countries. In an effort to throw further light on this subject, the present paper examines the relationship of selected socio-demographic variables defining "urbanism" to a rural-urban continuum constructed for Taiwan. The results of the analysis suggest (1) that the theoretical applicability of the continuum concept is just as valid for under-developed areas as it is for countries such as the United States, and (2) that from a methodological point of view, a more realistic approach to the construction of a rural-urban continuum is one that utilizes both population size and administrative type in the classification of communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since World War II urban areas in the United States have experienced a gigantic expansion. A number of problems have accompanied the growth—among them are a transportation lag, urban blight, and urban sprawl. Attempts to deal with these problems continually demonstrate our need for a better understanding of the complexities of metropolitan structures. For instance, when an individual selects property in a particular residential area, what influences his choice? Certainly land prices are one of the influencing forces but what determines land values? This paper, which given results of a study conducted at The RAND Corporation under the sponsorship of the Ford Foundation describes and tests a model of residential land values in Los Angeles County. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives a model in which two urban emergency service units (such as fire engines or ambulances) cooperate in responding to alarms or calls from the public in a specified region of a city. Given the home locations of the units and the spatial distribution of alarm rates, it is possible to specify which unit should respond to each alarm by defining a response area for each unit. The average response time to alarms and the workload of each unit are calculated as functions of the boundary that separates their response areas. The boundaries that minimize average response time and the ones that equalize workload are determined. Some boundaries can be dominated, in the sense that another boundary improves both workload balance and response time. The set of undominated boundaries is found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the relationship between intelligence and occupation and, secondly, relates occupation to various aspects of migration. The relationship between occupation and test intelligence has been the subject of considerable investigation. There tends to be a hierarchy of occupational structure which is closely related to test intelligence, whether the classification is based on the subject's parental occupation or on his own occupation. The material for the investigation consists of the Ohio State University Intelligence Test scores for about 5,000 boys and girls who were high school seniors in 116 Missouri communities in 1939-41. There seems to be a distinct tendency for the brighter boys and girls in rural areas and small towns of Missouri, to find their occupational levels in the higher prestige occupations, especially the professional groups, while those who perform more poorly on tests are more likely to become manual worker and farmers with somewhat lower rankings on the prestige scale.

In the last two decades most of the Western world has experienced a striking marriage boom. The annual number of marriages and marriage rates have been at a higher level than before in the United States, most of Northwestern Europe, and among the European populations in the countries of the British Commonwealth. Many features of the sharp fluctuations in marriage rates can be explained by reference to events of the period. Thus all the belligerent countries had a conspicuous peak in marriages in the early postwar years. The decline in the age at marriage has been very rapid, and the marriage pattern revealed in recent data for several Western countries is unprecedented in the period for which statistical records exist. The extent to which different socio-economic groups have participated in this change in marriage patterns may give important clues to its significance. The present paper deals with the contrasts between urban and rural areas and with analysis by level of education.

Although the objective of the large study of which one facet is here reported was to test certain hypotheses with respect to causal factors in integration, this paper is not concerned with causes. But something must be said on this subject in order to make clear why the data concern only four cities. The studies through 1946 indicated that there was great variation among large American cities in integration as measured positively by welfare effort and negatively by crime, and that more than three-fifths of the variance was attributable to two causal factors—degree of heterogeneity of the population in terms of nationality and race, and in- and out-migration of the population. It was also found that the residual, unexplained variance in integration was much greater for some cities than for others. It was presumed that other causal factors were working strongly in the cities whose integration scores could be predicted least accurately from their population composition and mobility scores.

The paper develops and tests the thesis that differential commitment to the scholarly perspective explains differences in involvement in traditional Judaeo-Christian religion. Utilizing data from a probability sample of full-time faculty in rank at all accredited colleges in a midwestern urban area, the study developed a scale to measure differential commitment to the scholarly perspective. Correlations between scholarly perspective score and religiosity scores supported the thesis. These relationships were stable when controlling for sectarian and nonsectarian types of school milieux. Quality of respondent' educational background did not explain the relationships between scholarly commitment and religiosity. Rather commitment to the scholarly perspective accounted for some of the relationship between quality of education and religious involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades limited research attention has been given to those smallest population centers, beyond the individual farmstead, commonly referred to as hamlets. Alluding to this fact, the following statement made in 1943 by the geographer, Glenn T. Trewartha, is still indicative of the situation: "… one of the most numerous and widespread settlement types in the United States, the unincorporated hamlet, does not deserve the near oblivion that has been accorded it by geographers and other workers in the social sciences." The lack of research interest may be attributed partially to the dimunition of the farm population and rural institutions and the increasing significance of industrialization and urban development. Because of these and other changes, students of society may share the opinion that hamlets are rapidly disappearing and consequently not worthy of study. Various studies, however, are not in agreement concerning whether or not hamlets have increased or decreased in size and numbers. According to Fuguitt, the contradictory findings stem from the fact that previous researchers have not made "a clear distinction between (1) changes in population size categories over time, and (2) changes in individual places over time." In a study based on Census data, Fuguitt examined Wisconsin's incorporated small towns for the period 1880-1960. He simultaneously analyzed the two analytical components indicated above through the use of the Markov model. His general conclusion was: "While fewer small towns are being 'born' these days, they aren't 'dying,' but are growing up to be big towns, in some cases." Although it is possible, as Fuguitt also suggests, that small unincorporated places are declining in size and number, there is little reported data to suggest they are rapidly diminishing as a rural collectivity or settlement center in contemporary society. In general, the purpose of this paper is to make a contribution to our descriptive knowledge of hamlets. Initially, an effort is made to determine the main activity pursued by the principal family supporters within or near the hamlet area. Secondly, based on the major activity pursued by each resident family's primary income recipient, a statistically derived typology of hamlets is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a regional interpretation of manufacturing as an urban function in the United States. But this interpretation is supplemented by the notion of a national systems of cities, which believes that urban and metropolitan functions are inter-regionally organized. This paper examines the occurrence of manufacturing activity in the larger urban and metropolitan centers of the West North Central geographic division, as defined by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Using manufacturing activity as the dependent variable (Y) and an indication of accessibility as the independent variable (X), the regression of Y on X was computed for each groups as well as the correlation coefficient. Deviations of the actual percentage engaged in manufacture from the predicted percentage were computed for each city. On the basis of study three groups were identified: diversified manufacturing centers with metropolitan functions, diversified manufacturing centers with few metropolitan functions and specialized manufacturing centers. The second major grouping includes the regional metropolises and the regional capitals.

The main trend in urban/rural migration is a continuous gain, in net terms, of towns from villages and large cities. But this is a result of two distinct migration streams associated with the process of family formation. While before marriage there is positive net migration from villages to both large cities and towns (and from large cities towards towns), after marriage there is a tendency for couples to move towards villages. This is explained by the desire of families, particularly those belonging to the middle class to move out of the urban centres to better accommodation in smaller communities. Considerable variations in migrations within and into regions are observed. These reflect the continuation of long-term trends in internal migration (as described in Part I of this paper) in particular, population dispersal from Greater London and larger distance migration into the Southern and Eastern regions. Some social characteristics of migrants and non-migrants are compared. Associations between the intensity of internal migration on the one hand, and occupational status, education, social mobility and family size on the other are observed. An attempt is made to assess the extent of migration associated with the marriage process. Although this process increases mobility, its relative contribution to total adult mobility appears to be only slight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the implications of outmigration as a means for easing the difficulties. The importance and the role of industrial relocation in aiding depressed areas is fully realized, but limitations of space demand this partial treatment of solutions to the depressed area problem. It will be therefore assumed throughout the paper that no government authority is trying to encourage the relocation of industrial activities in the depressed area. Two distinctions can be made as to the nature of depressed areas for the purposes of analysis. The first pertains to the environment. Depressed conditions may be present in an urban-industrial setting but they also frequently exist within rural milieu. A second distinction concerns the scale of the depressed area. The depressed community consists of an individual city, a county or a state economic area, the latter division being creation of the United States Bureau of Census. Such communities may be black spots in an otherwise fairly prosperous area or they may form part of a larger depressed area that could be labeled a depressed region. This larger entity might comprise, for example, an economic sub-region (another division being used for a unit breakdown of the nation by the United States Bureau of Census), a large metropolitan area, or a river basin. This distinction is arbitrary and in several other respects unsatisfactory. It is essential nonetheless because the outmigration will affect the two types of area in differing ways: what may be relevant and important in the case of a community may have less applicability and significance at the regional level.

This paper attempts to answer several questions about urbanization in New Zealand: (1) How have the paradoxical phenomena of a high level of urbanization and an agriculturally oriented economy coexisted in New Zealand? (2) How do the levels of urbanization in New Zealand and in the other "new countries" of British origin (Australia, Canada, and the United States) compare? (3) Why has New Zealand never had a single dominant metropolis as is commonly found in other countries of its size? (4) How have the sources or urbanization--reclassification, differential natural increase, and migration--influenced the process of urbanization in New Zealand? (5) How has New Zealand's small population affected its urban proportion? (6) What factors underlie the phenomenal rate of urbanization of New Zealand's Maori population during the past generation? The analysis covers the period from 1861 to 1971. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the theoretical link between the social differentiation of population groups in modern industrial society and the residential differentiation of such groups and suggests alternative methods of analyzing urban residential differentiation by outlining the results of a study of social areas in Melbourne, Victoria. The paper is primarily concerned with a limited model of urban society and is restricted culturally and temporally to the modern industrial city which emerged as a consequence of the industrial revolution. One criticism of social area analysis has been that, while its underlying theory is mainly concerned with understanding social differentiation in modern industrial society, the main empirical concern among social area analysts has been with a problem of a different, although related order, the residential differentiation of socially differentiated groups. The first section of the paper discusses the general processes through which the three constructs of social rank, urbanization and segregation come to have a spatial referent. The second section of the paper reports an empirical test of the Shevky-Bell schema using 1961 census data for Melbourne. A two-staged component analysis is used to test for the existence of the three hypothesized dimensions of residential differentiation. A more efficient method of classification is used to derive a typology of residential areas using two component scores for each area.

This article discusses the impact of disguised and overt unemployment in underdeveloped economies. The concept of disguised unemployment has been a recurring one in the literature on underdeveloped countries. The apparent existence of excess labor, particularly in agricultural areas, has promoted the view that one of the keys to development lies in a removal of these laborers from the farm scene to urban areas where their efforts will be to greater avail. Such a sharp difference of opinion between those who consider disguised unemployment to be an important factor in underdeveloped economies and those who deny that there is evidence of its existence is by no means a unique phenomenon in economic literature. If a country is so poor that an increase in consumption will increase the working vigor of the labor force, entrepreneurs will find that the quality of the thing they are purchasing, labor hours, is not independent of its price, the wage rate. In the present paper, the reason for the simplifying assumption that there is a constant relationship between the ability to work and actual work effort lies in the difficulty of confining the concept of disguised unemployment to underdeveloped countries if this assumption is not made.

This paper reports a study which developed and empirically tested a simulation model of the process by which zoning ordinances are altered to adapt to the changing needs and conditions of a city. The perceived decision rules of the participants are reported in the form of flow charts which utilize language similar to that used by the participants. The body of the paper indicates methods which were used to translate these judgmental rules into a form suitable for a computer. The model was tested by allowing the computer to decide the one hundred twenty-five proposed changes in the zoning map of the City of Pittsburgh during the period 1963 to 1965 inclusive. The results were good in the sense that the computer model decided most of the cases in the same way as did the human participants. Additional tests and managerial implications are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section presents abstracts of studies on economics which were published in the December 1964 issue of the South African Journal of Economics. The paper titled Index-Regulated Loan Contracts, by Joan Knox, examines schemes which suggest that it should be possible to contract long term loans not only in units of currency of but also in units of general purchasing power as measured by an index. The paper titled Patterns of Urban Bantu Labour: Some Findings of a Sample Survey in the Metropolitan Area of Pretoria, by G. M. E. Leistner, aims at establishing the basic patterns, trends and determinants of the labour situation in Pretoria as related to its hinterland which is the Northern Transvaal. The paper titled American Whalers in South African Waters, by Alan R. Booth, looks at the history of the emergence of U.S. whalers in South Africa.

This section presents abstracts of studies on politics and economics which were published in the 1964 volume 74, issue 1 of Revue D'Economie Politique. The paper titled Area Development: A Geographical Projection of the Society of the Future, by P. Massé, looks at key elements that affect the acceleration of urbanization. The paper titled A Model of the Geographical Dispersion of Economic Activity, by J. Tinbergen, constitutes a contribution to the solution of the problem which grouping in centres of enterprises is optimal. The paper titled Problems of Regional Economic Growth in the U.S., by Forest G. Hill, explores the basis structural changes in the economic structure of the U.S. and its impact on economic growth and development.

Presents a response article regarding the invalidity of the author's prediction equations. Validity of modified model; Removal of hypothesis on suburbanism-Conservative vote causal link; Establishmenf of functional relationships.

The article, through the example of Nashville, Tennessee, convinces that progress in urban geography will be made only by a comparative study of a large number of urban centers. The study in this article is concerned with the commercial district or business area but more particularly with the retail section of the commercial area. The quality of buildings and business in general is the highest from Fifth to Seventh. Most of the buildings are new and are the largest in the retail business sections of the city.

The article presents a section of abstracts related to area analysis. They include "Los Angeles marketing atlas," and "Retailers' problem: Reviving a sick old downtown."

The article reports on the development of a model that uses existing data and theory to determine commercial structure in depressed urban neighborhoods. The model, which is based on the problems of neighborhoods in Cleveland, Ohio, and other cities with populations of at least 50,000, offers assistance for marketing-related dilemmas. The author proposes that the development of large retail chains and other service stores in depressed urban neighborhoods is dependent on short and long-term consumer demand. Government enterprise programs that are used to stimulate small businesses in the U.S. are also discussed.

This article focuses on Wharton School of Finance and Commerce of University of Pennsylvania. The major research project in the Department of Industry is the "Racial Policies of American Industry" study, a three-year program sponsored by the Ford Foundation. It is directed by Herbert R. Northrup, chairman of the Department, and will continue through 1969. The first major study, "The Negro in the Automobile Industry" by Northrup, has been published by the Industrial Research Unit and is available from the University of Pennsylvania Press. Northrup is also working on studies in the aerospace, pulp and paper, and air transport industries, and is directing student studies in the petroleum refining, trucking, coal mining, and tobacco industries. In addition, he is supervising an in-depth investigation of coalition bargaining. Armand J. Thiebolt, Jr., instructor in industry, is making an investigation of the Negro and other minority groups in the banking industry. Charles R. Perry, assistant professor of industry, is engaged in a study of racial employment policies and practices in department stores in seventeen major urban areas, also a part of the Ford-sponsored research program.

Using data from three national surveys, this paper focuses on two questions pivotal to the issue of rural-urban differences. First, defining rurality in terms of residence, do attitudinal differences remain among the rural and urban residents independent of differences generated by other potent variables? Second, will any increase in the predictive utility of rurality be generated by use of a composite definition (residence plus lifestyle)? On the bases of the close and consistent behavorial and symbolic association of abstinence with rural life and consumption with urban life, drinking of alcoholic beverages was selected as the indicator of rural-urban lifestyles. Rural-metropolitan residence held its own in the company of other established predictors in explaining differences in attitudes. Further, the addition of a lifestyle indicator clearly increased the predictive utility of the rural-urban variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we briefly review relevant research on the culture of poverty and set our findings within the general context of culture of poverty arguments. Data from a community survey in a Southwestern city are analyzed using Oscar Lewis' four major culture of poverty dimensions: 1) the individual, 2) the family. 3) the slum community, and 4) the community's relation to society. In our study a sample of 271 black respondents was divided into two groups, here termed the "poor" and the "non-poor." In noting all the broad traits studied in all dimensions taken together, some support for Lewis' culture of poverty was found in less than half of the cases; and in several cases our findings were in direct opposition to culture of poverty predictions. In addition, we have suggested that the majority of those traits that did lend support to Lewis' argument might be better classified as situational conditions of poverty rather than as a part of a bonafide "culture" of poverty. The findings of this paper may call into question the use of the "culture of poverty" perspective as a basis for policy decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the rural-urban dialogue and its implications for focus and identity of rural sociology. It may not be an overstatement to contend that one's appraisal of rural sociology as a field as well as his optimism or pessimism as to its future depends to no small degree on his stance in this dialogue. The major purpose of this paper is to sketch three essential steps in the conceptual refinement of the rural-urban notion. These include making the concept universally applicable; declaring the population dimension as prior but relating it explicitly to culture and social structure; and stating the normative and ideological context in which the concept is used. Appropriately, several presidential addresses at the annual meetings of the Rural Sociological Society have focused on the accomplishments and future of the field. In addition, especially within the last two decades, a considerable volume of other papers have dealt critically with and subject matter and practice of rural sociology.

This paper represents one of the reports on a series of studies dealing with mobility of high school graduates from villages and towns in different sections of the United States. The choice of high school graduates as subjects for a study of mobility leaves much to be desired in presenting the total picture of mobility from any community. Even if one restricts oneself to the movement of the younger generation, the choice of sixth graders would be preferable to that of high school graduates since practically all members of the community have experience at that lower school level whereas a much smaller percentage finish high school. The communities chosen for study are rural non-manufacturing towns with a substantial excess of youth beyond the number who can be absorbed in the limited work opportunities of the locality. The present study indicates that not only do the great majority of high school graduates not rise above the status level of parents but that many sons fall below that level.

The paper is one chapter from a larger study called "Success and Failure of Adult Probationers in Wisconsin." The problem is to compare the behavior of rural-farm probationers, rural-nonfarm probationers, and urban-nonfarm probationers with respect to certain traits in their history. These traits were age of conviction, factors in the family background, factors associated with the circumstances and conditions of the crime and of the trial, crime for which convicted, length of sentence, and period on probation. Rural- farm and urban-nonfarm differ most strikingly in their behavior on probation. The critical ratio of the standard error of difference to the actual difference between their mean violation rates was 6.8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent of absentee ownership of small businesses in the black ghettoes of three large American cities and to derive quantitative estimates of the impact that absentee ownership and management have on social and economic conditions in such areas. Non-ghetto businesses are compared with ghetto businesses to separate the effects of common business conditions from the fact of location in a particular area. Data are from & survey of 659 small businesses in Chicago, Boston, and Washington, D. C. The findings support the contention of critics that absentee owned or managed businesses dominate the economy of the black ghetto. However, the same conclusion also applies to non- ghetto, low-income white areas. The paper concludes with estimates of the degree to which absentee owned or managed businesses control the flow of important resources in the areas studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All urban communities are searching for revenues but the fiscal dilemma of the large and especially the older cities is particularly critical. The financial trials of the suburbs are well chronicled in local community papers. However, the white suburban commuter with his new split-level, his swimming pool, country club membership and multiple car ownership is either unwilling to support the public sector, particularly the central city or is unaware of the problem and its long-range effect on his own security. The large and older cities frozen geographically long ago, burdened with the ills of its residents African Americans, poor whites immigrants, as well as by the coming and going of the white suburban motorcar commuter--face a bleak fiscal future. It is the purpose of this paper to suggest some untapped revenue sources available even at this late date. To lay the groundwork for these proposals, several significant factors are presented and examined. Overall, this is a good statement of the specific problems of Providence, Rhode Island, as well as that of many other cities. The income tax solution proposed, however, brings us head-on with some very astute people--those who commute to work in the city. They are a group of affluent white persons who have taken advantage of both their affluence as well as the sizeable housing, tax and highway subsidies to take up residence in the gas-light suburban communities, still using the city as their place of employment, while carefully avoiding financial responsibilities to the city.

What changes in public health nursing service in the home have taken place as result of crisis situations in various American cities? This paper based on mail questionnaire responses presents some tentative answers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]