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This is to illustrate our experience of developing mangrove for the use of coated paper and woodfree printing paper. Mangrove species harvested in South-east Asia are generally lager in wood density and have very thick fibrous membranes which deteriorate papermaking suitability, although they cause no problem in cooking and bleaching with sulphate pulping process. When paper is made from hardwood pulp only, which is the case with KANZAKI, papermaking suitability of mangrove pulp has to be more improved. We achieved this purpose through beating by the use of refier of stone bar.

After having given the causes and aspects of pitch trouble in various spots at Takasago mill of the Mitsubishi Seishi Co. the writer remarks that the extent of trouble may depend upon the kinds of pulp and paper made from, and suggests such curable methods as seen below : 1.Adding 24% of bleaching powder in beater and after treating for 2 hours, to make paper without washing.2.To blend both clay and size in beater after light beating.On judging from the results of his testing, he says that the chief cause of pitch troubles will lie rather in quality, but not in quantity, and it is judged by the degree of stickiness of pitches in pulp, for which test its tackiness ought to be measured.He suggests the following temporary methods as being effective for mill practices : 1.For the separation or isolated pitches washing out; dispersing and washing ;saponification ; salting out in beater ; Having on dandy roll sticked, etc.2.Hardening of soft pitches.3.Setting pitches on fiber.4.Co-operation with pulp makers.

Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. has developed a new form of binder, identified as a Gohsenol p-200, specifically designed for vinylon fibers.The effects of PVA powder as a bonding agent of vinylon paper have been mentioned in practice. The manufacture of vinylon paper on a pilot fourdrinier paper machine by using PVA powder as a bonding agent by the beater addition were studied.Physico-chemical properties of vinylon paper by using PVA powder is better than that of PVA fiber.PVA powder is convenient to handle and paper-making readily in the mill. For the most efficient results, care should be taken to select the preferred PVA powder for the specific need.

In this country, Bagasse was first used as raw materials for paper in 1881, in Shizuoka Prefecture. As to Japanese type paper, two kinds of Bagasse paper were made, one of which was made from Bagasse only. The other was white paper which was made from mixtureof Bagasse and Mitsumata. These products were displayed at the Second Industrial Exhibition.As to European paper, Bagasse was first used as raw materials in February, 1919, by Taiwan Sugar Manufacturing Company. This company made packing paper with 86 inch Fourdriniar paper machine. Several other companies followed this example, and the future of Bagasse paper in Japan was promising.

The body paper of hat was prepared from a 50/50 blend of SWP (synthetic pulp of polyethlene type, Mitsui Zellerbach K. K.) and NBKP, and was carried out beater coloring with organic pigments and alum experimentally. The vat-lined two ply paper was dry creped and worked upon and formed the sample into the summer millinery experimentally.According to an end user (milliner), the colored summer millinery well satisfactory an aethetic sense for practical usage. The physical properties of dry creped SWP two ply with pigments are shown in Table 2. Light fastness and waterbleed fastness or water-resistance are shown in Table 3.

A simple linear model is constructed for production, use and recycling of various paper and related products. This model is used to estimate the maximum feasible recycling rate given the current state of pulp and paper technology. Parametric linear programming is used to investigate the effect of the efficiency of collecting, sorting and transporting waste paper on the fraction recycled.

The writer invented the improved Vat for a cylinder paper machine for making paper with high speed. The construction and the method is as follows : in front of the cylinder moved, a head-box is fitted higher, with a nozzle at the outlet over the width of cylinder face, whose lip is capable to adjust in opening. With a suitable high speed, made by the hydraulic head standing in the head-box, the stuff stream rushes into the stuff pool and agitates uniformly the stuff before the eylinder mould. And at the instant, the cylinder picks the fibres from the stuff on its surfaee, making good even paper web. (Pat, applied in Japan)

The cleaning of the suction roll was some of the operating problems facing in every paper mill. Unless the clogged suction roll were cleaned, the suction efficiency might be deteriorated. And the suction roll has so many holes that cleaning was almost impossible.Machine tenders found that the high pressure jet water would spurt out the stock and other foreign matter, thereby cutting down the time and labour. As it happened, engineers at Asahi Iron Works Company in Osaka, has been thinking about the same problem. Last year, Asahi Iron Works had introduced to Honshu Paper Company and Seiko Isuzu Automobile Company, the “Paper Mill Washer”. Seiko Isuzu is manufacturing a new type high pressure water pump as car washer since for years before.Distinctive features of the pump are : two special modified elliptic gears which are arranged and combined properly in the casing, the increased out put considerably per revolution and the highest overall efficiency. Capacity of the pump is up to 10 gallons per minute at 330 r.p.m.. Derivery pressure is up to 250 pound per square inch.This pump is used as a main component in the washer. The portable type is extremely easy to handle and to move from place to place. And is very quiet but efficient operation. A cohered pulp is spurt out thoroughly by spraying or jetting. Also it is fitted in removal of strongly cohered pitch, dirty grease and machine oil. Therefore, it is applied to cleaning the machine frame, stock chest, flowbox, etc.

Coagulations of paper mill wastes were investigated by the use of polyelectrolytes. Nonionic polyacrylamide was the most effective for the purification of wastes. The suspension of pulp fiber was rather dispersed by the addition of anionic polyelectrolytes, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, and sodium polyacrylate. No remarkable effect of pH was seen for the coagulation of polyelectrolytes. The possibility to using polyelectrolytes for the purification of paper mill wastes was recognized in the case of the wastes suspending large fibrous colloid.

The writer makes it clear that the difficulties Japan's paper industry is facing are in the shortage of raw materials, that Japan need not be worried about her equipments of production and that she can meet the demand of her own to some extent if she will make good and wise use of pulp and paper, investigate substitute raw materials and put the result into, practical use. The writer suggests that Japan should afforest rapid growing trees and utilize her rich production of rice and wheat straws.

In a previous paper (‘Philosophical Transactions,’ A, 1897, vol. 189, p. 137) we have drawn attention to the fact that the disturbance set up in a liquid by the impact of a rough sphere falling into it, differs in a very remarkable manner from that which follows the entry of a smooth sphere. In the present paper we describe further experiments, made with the object of ascertaining the reason of this difference, and give the conclusions reached. It appeared desirable, in the first place, to take instantaneous photographs of the disturbed liquid below the water-line. These were easily obtained by letting the splash take place in an approximately parallel-sided thin glass vessel (an inverted clock-shade) illuminated from behind. The liquid surface when undisturbed was about level with the middle of the camera-lens, which was focussed for the sphere when under water. The general arrangement of the optical apparatus will be suffi­ciently understood from the accompanying cut (fig. 1). The method of timing the illumination was that already described ( loc. cit. ).

The Gakunan District lies on the southwestern foot of Mt. Fuji. It is the leading pulp and paper industry center with a production of over 16% of Japan's total, Silk, the leading product here in the former day, was replaced by pulp and paper. Of late, however, machineries are becoming important. Before 1880, agriculture, especially rice cultivation, was the dominant productive activity in the district, There were small rural industries such as brewery, silk, Japanese paper and others related to agriculture. All of them were ubiquitous all over. A mechanized silk manufacture sparked an incipient industrialization. A small silk mill, which was built at Omiya, a trade center, in 1886, was the first seat of mechanized industry in the district. The President of the Bank of Omiya was given a major credit for the establishment of this silk mill. It was ten years later, however, than the establishment of mills in the advanced silk production regions in Japan. The mill employed 75 women. An increase of number the of silk mills resulted in a rapid increase of employees, even up to 1200 in 1900, and the district could be said to have been specialized in silk. All silk mills were established by the natives of the district such as land owners or bankers. The distribution pattern of the mills was intimately related not only to sites where water power sufficed, but also to the distribution of enterprisers, in other words, land owners. The latter was presumably a primary cone emn in deciding the location of mills in an early stage of industrial development. More mechanized industrialization began with the establishment of the Fuji Paper Mill in 1890. The first pulp and paper integrated factory of the Mill was built on a river near Omiya. The factory emp-loyed 400 persons, mostly men. While the laborers were supplied from the surrounding rural communities, the shareholders were found in Tokyo. This paper factory was quite different from the traditional system of Japanese paper production. Many other paper mills were established by the natives, especially land owners, after 1910 when paper production was booming. It is characteristic that the mills established by the enterprisers of Tokyo were specialized in pulp and printing paper but the mills built by the local people produced many kinds of Japanese paper. There have been no mills that gained all their raw materials from the forests in and around the district. Much raw materials have been sent from Hokkaido and other parts of Japan. Most mills in the area have been oriented toward the foot of Mt. Fuji where water supply was suffi-cient. Establishment of those mills were based on the agricultural structure which provided cheap labor and, on the other hand, local land owners became enterprisers by opening several banks, which helped to promote the industrialization of the Gakunan District. The distribution pattern of above-mentioned two industries has changed through time sequence. The emerging electric power made possible the change of the location of pulp and paper industry that had been oriented to water power. Since silk manufacture was too small to utilize electric power, its distrimbution pattern did not change as pulp and paper industry did. Silk production was then restricted only to Omiya, one of the silk trading centers in Shizuoka Prefecture. As the silk industry in other parts of this district died out, its place was taken by the mechanized Japanese paper industry. The rise of pulp and paper spelled relative decline of silk. Hence, the manufacturing center moved southward from Gmiya. Fig. 2 shows this change (circles in black represent pulp and paper and double circles are for silk mills). But all the paper mills were not flourishing, finding themselves in severe financial straits during the depression following World War I. Concentration of production thus took place.

Mayor Gamble has just spoken to you on water-supply from the standpoint of the health of citizens. May I discuss with you water from the standpoint of a chemist as it is required by industrial concerns as the most necessary feature of manufacturing operations, especially in the manufacture of pulp and paper, which promises to be the next great industrial development in this southeastern territory which is governed by your membership. A recent survey by the Federal Government has shown an enormous wealth of pine and semi-hardwood timber in this practically untouched region. The figures of this survey are now attracting nation-wide attention, especially since the spruce woods of the Great Lakes and Eastern States are practically exhausted and this makes necessary the importation annually of some two hundred million dollars worth of pulp and paper. About fifteen years ago when it was first proposed to manufacture kraft from southern pine it was loudly proclaimed that this was impossible, but during the intervening years there has been so rapid a growth of the kraft pulp and paper industries that the South now dominates the field with the manufacture of more than sixty percent of the national output. Now when it is proposed to use southern pine for white paper the same cry is heard about the unsuitability of southern pine. The work in the Pulp and Paper Laboratory of the Industrial Committee of Savannah has completely disproved this contention. Erroneous ideas have been held regarding our pines: first, through the use of the name "yellow" pine, which applies only to the heart, while the sapwood gives a pulp actually lighter in color than spruce; and, second, the utilization of longleaf and slash pines for naval stores

Paper used for Japanese umbrella is vat-paper as well as machine-paper and oiled these Japanese paper, which is chiefly made from paper-mulberry.This report shows the superiority of those oiled-papers of various kind which are practically used after having examined their physical and chemical characteristics, and concluded as follows.(1) Japanese paper, if colored, increases its intensity.(2) Colored paper, when oiled, is not generally intensified, but, in case of white paper, it increases intensity.(3) To speak of oil, perilla oil or the one mixed up with a small quantity of paulownia oil is recommended.(4) When oil is twice coated, intensity is increased, but inferior oil such as substitute oil may not be very much beneficial even if twice coated.(5) As oiling method, hand-appling with waste-silk available at present is not abtained good results, it should be improved.

River water polluted by the wastes of two sulphate paper mills-the one T. Mill situated on the River Sin and the other 0. Mill on the River Syonai-was examined chemically and biologically. In the case of T. Mill, the harmful effect of the waste on the fishery in the Sin was considerable, but in the case of O. Mill, it was not so much, because the Syonai gets enough affluent water to dilute the waste. Yet in the latter, we could clearly recognize differences of chemical properties of the river water before and after the mill came into operation. According to our examination the pollution by the sulphate paper mill waste may be detrimental to fish life in foilowing ways ; (1) by depleting the dissolved oxygen and suffocating fish, (2) by direct poisoning or killing of fish by toxic substances. The polluted river water brought forth a very bad taste and odour to the fish in the large area and made them of no use for human food. This ill-effect was the most serious, among others, for fishery. To get rid of those ill-effects, we consider that sedimentation and filtration of sulphate soap and other suspending matters, and oxidizing of the waste may be effective.

The main components of polluted water discharged from paper mills are hemicellulose, fiber-fine and polyphenolic compounds, such as lignosulfonate and Kraft lignin.Beer mills discharge polluted water which contains protein. Thus the mixture of both polluted waters with addition of 1 % Alum produced successfully large amount of precipitant. By contrary, there was no precipitation without addition of Alum. However, the addition of the Alum alone did not contribute to the precipitation of paper mill effluent. This means that the combination with beer effluent is essential.In addition to this, the presence of clay colloid accelerated the settling time of pollutant. Furthermore, it can be suggested that the precipitant is useful for carrier of control release herbicide and also for filler of paper board.

Airborne measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), total particle counts, the size distribution of particles, and the microstructure of warm clouds have been made in the vicinity of a large Kraft pulp and paper mill. The plume of CCN and total particles from the mill is well-defined at distances up to 40 km downwind and the concentrations of these particles reach values which exceed those in the ambient air by a factor of about 4. A large peak in the concentrations of CCN was measured in the plume at a distance downwind of the mill corresponding to a travel time of about 4 hr. The total particle count in the plume peaked after about 2 hr of travel time downwind. The particles in the plume were measured over the size range 0.3 to 8 μm; their concentrations were much higher than in the ambient air, particularly those with diameters

With ever increasing paper machine speed, it has become desirable to minimize the sheet moisture content at the exit of press in order to maintain higher production efficiency and higher drying efficiency.For this purpose, elastoma cover materials for press rolls are to be kept as hard as possible and also nip pressure as high as possible, which is recent fundamental designing theme of high speed paper machine press part. This, however, constitutes a very severe condition for elastoma covered rolls and cover damages have taken place on press rolls in high speed paper machines. The reasons of these damages are mechanical problems and elastoma cover internal heat generation by hysteresis, both of which are caused by the above mentioned condition (i.e, high nip pressure at high speed). The hysteresis problem cam not be neglected as the machine speeds become higher. This paper shows results of analysis of this problem and calculates how much power is absorbed for internal heat generation in relatoin to total press section power consumption. These calculations were made on the basis of actual operating conditions on two machines. The calculations of actual amount of internal heat generation was also made by knowing the measurable factors for power consumption. Another investigation was performed by using experimental apparatus and a covered roll as a model at which point the generated internal heat damages the cover. It was found that the damage occurs when heat generating amount per rubber cover unit weight reaches up to 0.0840.087 kcal/kg/sec. In case of the two machines mentioned, nip pressure were 80 kg/cm, and machine speed was 600 m/min for one and 720 for the other. The generated heat was measured to be 0.0210.024 kcal/kg/sec. So, in these two cases, thermal safety factor is 34. In a machine of this size, however, if machine speed goes up to 1, 000 m/min, heat generation radically increased to 0.044 kcal/kg/sec (safety factor : 2), which will probably causes operation and maintenance trouble for elastoma covered rolls. Temperature distribution in the elastoma cover by internal heat generation appears higher from the surface to the inside. I would like, however, to leave this problem as a theme to be investigated in the future. The cover material tested in this report was polyurethane type synthetic material (hardness P & J 5).

Bottom fauna surveys of the Lower Sabine River in the vicinity of Orange, Texas were performed from 1967 to 1969. During this time samples were taken before and after effluent from a black-liquor paper mill was discharge into the Sabine River. Species diversity indices were determined for each station (one station above the discharge canal and four below it). The results obtained indicated that the paper mill effluent was not disturbing the river to a degree that it would cause damage. However, the proximity of Sabine Lake (an estuary) and the very low flow often encountered on the Sabine River makes it imperative that high standards be imposed in treatment of the waste water and that qualified personnel make periodic studies on the river.

By the mid-197o's, an estimated 63 million Americans will be enrolled in the nation's schools and colleges. Total attendance in higher education alone will exceed i61,2 million. With almost one million earned baccalaureates, over a quarter of a million master's degrees, and nearly 50,000 doctorates awarded each year, servicing the academic world will be lucrative for many educational vendors, including equipment manufacturers, textbook publishers, as well as a new breed of supplier-commercial firms which provide ghost-written term papers for students.' For years, educators have known about fraternity files and the exchange of papers among students. The assistance rendered by relatives and friends in the preparing of assignments has sometimes been met with academic oversight and even acquiescence. Only the most flagrant cases of plagiarism from known and traceable published sources have resulted in disciplinary action (warning, reprimand, grade reduction, failure, revocation of privileges, probation or, in rare cases, suspension or

The collection efficiency of nine types of filter papers for air sampling was determined for monodispersed polystyrene latex aerosols by using a forward light scattering photometer. The aerosols were 0.091, 0.198, 0.365, 0.500 and 1.099 mu m in dia., which flowed through a test filter paper at a face velocity from 4.2 to 200 cm/sec. Toyo No. 660, No. 60 and No. LP filter papers exhibited minimum efficiencies at the face velocity range between 10 and 80 cm/ sec, and in the particle size range between 0.1 and 0.5 mu m. The collection efficiencies of Toyo No. 5A and Whatman No. 41 filter papers were over 95% for all the particle sizes at a face velocity higher than 100 cm/sec. Toyo HE-40, HV- 70, Toyo GB-100 and Gelman E filter papers showed collection efficiencies higher than 99%. The theoretical filter efficiency based on single fiber filtering mechanisms and the effect of neighboring fiber interference on the collection efficiency are also discussed. (auth)

The various uses for which steam is required in paper manufacture are first discussed.Then follow particulars of the various classes of machinery to be driven, and comments on the selection of suitable electrical gear. The heating requirements for heat economy, and the various types of power plant by which this can be attained are discussed in detail, together with recommendations on how each type of plant will be used for the different types of paper mills.The utilization of existing prime movers on “heateconomy” lines is specially shown.The factors governing the choice of electric supply are then dealt with.Finally, the driving of the variable-speed end of the paper machine proper is discussed in detail. The requirements for a successful drive are first enumerated, then various means of attaining that drive, not only with a single motor, but alternatively with several motors, both electrically and mechanically interlocked, are investigated.A Table at the conclusion of the paper gives particulars of machines which have been converted for electrical working in the United Kingdom, and the total number of machines in the country.

Various oil-soluble dyes have been used in many petroleum products. The structural analysis of oil-soluble dyes is essential for identification of commercial dyes and detection of their impurities.This paper deals with the separation and identification of azo and anthraquinone oil-soluble dyes, and fluorescent oil-soluble dyes by paper chromatography.Peculiar Rf value was given to each oil-soluble dye by partition paper crhomatography using liquid paraffin or n-cetane as the the stationary phase and 80% ethyl alcohol as the mobile phase. The author found it is possible to discriminate p-dimethylamino-azobenzene having carcinogenic properties from p-diethylamino-azobenzene and to detect impurities in commercial dyes by these solvent systems.

The longer “Mitsumata” is boiled the worse effects the paper manufactured in the boiling of the refined bast of “Mitsumata”.When we do the repeated use of the waste liquor we should avoid to last boiling long.Because of the boiling lasts long lignin decomosition increases and the repeated use of the liquor consume unnecessary amount of caustic soda. According to Shimoda formula, the author recognize that it is calculated the economic repeating number to use the waste liquor.The chemical analysis of refined bast of “Mitsumata” grown in Ehime Prefecture and Mitsumata pulp have been done.

A sample of 147 men drawn from the workers in a pulp mill was compared with one of 124 men from a paper mill. The former included those exposed to chlorine and to sulphur dioxide. No significant differences were found in respiratory symptoms or in simple tests of ventilatory function in the two samples, but men working in chlorine had a somewhat poorer respiratory function and more shortness of breath than those working in sulphur dioxide. The working population of both mills together had a lower prevalence of respiratory disease than that of the male population of Berlin, N.H., previously studied, suggesting that working populations may not be representative of the general population. Further, a low prevalence of disease in a working population exposed to pollutants may not indicate their `safety9 in general populations.

This study investigated effects of industrial wastes of a paper mill on fish. Chemical analyses were made of the effluent and of the river water before it entered the mill and at the effluent entry point. Static bioassay techniques were used to determine tolerances to the effluent of ten fish species which were abundant in the paper mill area. Fish were collected from the effluent entry point into the river. An abundant fish fauna was found. Charmin Paper Products Company, Cheboygan, Michigan, treats its waste products thoroughly and is an example of what an industry can do to reduce water pollution. The common shiner, Notropis cornutus , was found to be intolerant to even low concentrations of the effluent. Thus, its presence in an area would indicate a very low level of pollution of this type.

WATER is an integral part of the manufacture of pulp, paper, and paperboard. It plays a critical role in virtually every step of paper making, from the processing of pulp to the carrying of fibers to the paper-making machines. Water also is used to generate steam for power generation and for process use. Most of the water requirements are met by surface supplies (rivers and lakes) with the remainder from wells. Some mills also use city water. Since water-quality requirements for steam generation are well documented, this article will focus directly on process-water requirements and problems.

Among the factors affecting the stiffness of paper, the effects of density, loading and basis weight were studied on the hand-made sheets. A formula and a diagram, by which the effect of basis weight on the stiffness can be calculated independently of pulp variety, beating equipment and pulp freeness, were derived and the concept of stiffness factor was defined as follows.log S =log a+1.832 log WStiffness factor=S(100/W)1.832where S=stiffnessW=basis weight in g/m2 α=α constantAlthough “Koshi”, one of the Japanese traditional methods evaluating paper quality is not a mere stiffness but it depends on the sense of human being, a formula evaluating “Koshi” was derived and it was named “Composed Stiffness”.Composed Stiffness= [S- (1.0-D)× 86.7]× D×T.S.where S= StiffnessD=Density in g/cm3 T.S = Tensile strength in kg

This paper is a sequel to the author's report of the Gakunan Pulp and Paper Industry District published in the Geographical Review of Japan Vol. 35 (1962), No. 9. In this paper an attempt is made to illustrate how a small local industrial area has lost or left its local characteristics. The recent tremendous growth of industry in Japan is still taking place largely in the already highly industrialized areas and in their vicinities. After the Korean War, under the nation's new economic policy, which intended to foster concentration of manufacturing production, still it is gradually having an impact on many other parts of the country. In this trend, Shizuoka Prefecture came to rank seventh in the manufacturing production of Japan. In this prefecture the Gakunan District has played an important role in its industrial growth, especially in such industrial groups as machineries and chemicals. There were three stages in industrialization of this district as the author pointed out before. Concentration of manufacturing production has long been lasting since the economic depression after World War I, or the second stage in industrialization. In this process most paper factories, which were initially established by local landowners, came into the hands of some paper commission merchants, because of fall of landowners. Through this stage, most landowners fell and few could be industrial capitalists. Daishowa-Seishi was established in 1938 by those merchants, being heir to old enterprisers' properties. In the period of World War II, some monopolistic enterprises such as Toshiba and Nissan, which are now ones of the leading producers of electrical machineries and automobiles respectively, opened their factories in the Gakunan District. The factories were moved and located here from the Tokyo-Yokohama Industrial Belt in response to expanding military demands. Besides, consideration of danger from air attack was an innegligible factor in such industrial localization. A quite similar tendency is becoming visible in other newly opened establishments by monopolistic enterprisers. This phenomenon is today's typical pattern of industrial localization in formerly locally developed industrial areas. It shows that a small local industrial area is losing its old-type local characteristic which industries were based on local labor, and means that the next stage in industrialization is taking place. Under the circumstances mentioned above, the primary industry is declining. Small-scale fishing activity in coastal water is completely gone, and agricultural industry is declining. Along part of the Tokaido Railroad or surrounding sites of the Tagonoura Port, a very spacious cultivated land, mostly for paddy fields, is changing into industrial purposes including residential sections belonging to some large-scale factories. Figure 2 shows industrial impact on agricultural land. Black sign indicates intustrial land use, faint colored sign is for settlements. Old small factories by local capital are located in and near old settlements, and in contrast, new large factories by monopolistic capital are located along the Tokaido Line encroaching on paddy fields. Thus, many farmers lost a large portion of their farming land, in some cases even their own homes. They must have jobs other than agriculture. In this industrialized district, farmers have many oppotunities to obtain jobs, so most of them stay in their towns or villages and get livelihood there. Though many families in rural settlements change their occupations to those of secondary or tertiary industries, they do not become pure wage workers rapidly as so expected, by completely leaving agriculture and because of their low wages. Part-time farming families are increasing year by year. Side work ratio to the total farming families is now over 85%.

The basic criteria for development of a suitable per cent moisture gauge for paper are discussed and the paper industry requirements analysed. The theory of operation for the infra-red gauge is explained and the various components of the system described at length. Installation methods for fixed point and traversing mechanisms are set forth. The significance of the calibration technique being used is discussed. A wide range of current installations is described and the extension of applications on the paper machine suggested.

The pulp and paper industry has fallen on evil days since 1929. It is still our largest manufacturing industry both in value of output and amount of payroll, and still ranks second only to wheat among the export staples on which our economic life is built: in the calendar year 1934, wheat provided just over 20 per cent, of the value of our exports; pulp and paper, 17¼ per cent, a gain of 4¼ per cent, since 1930. Unhappily it is also second only to wheat in the calamities which have overtaken it. In 1933, its salary payments were barely 68 per cent, of the pre-depression figure, its wage bill not quite 50 per cent., its bond and debenture interest payments less than 15 per cent., its dividends about 9 per cent. Mr. C. P. Fell, in his valuable chapter in The Canadian Economy and its Problems, says that “mills having 58 per cent, of the total Canadian [newsprint] capacity are in bankruptcy or receivership, or are passing, or have recently passed through, some form of reorganization; … they include five out of eight of the larger newsprint manufacturers in North America.”The general decline in prices and consumption will explain only a small part of the disaster. It is tempting to dismiss the rest as no more than an instance of the common plight of all export industries; especially as the only section of the pulp and paper industry in a reasonably satisfactory financial position is the small group of firms producing fine paper and specialty goods for the protected home market. But this explanation also is hardly adequate. The Canadian wheat grower has had to contend against the vagaries of nature, against foreign tariffs, quotas, and other such restrictions, against a considerable expansion of home production in his chief markets, and against the formidable competition of exporters from countries with depreciated exchanges. The Canadian newsprint manufacturer, on the other hand, faces no such obstacles. On the contrary, he has free entry into the United States market, and, until the worst of the depression was past, enjoyed the advantages of a depreciated exchange, netting him at times as much as $8.00 a ton, and an average of $3.00 in 1933. It is necessary, therefore, to look deeper to discover why the industry has suffered such exceptionally severe losses.

Computer-aided design techniques are now used extensively for the production of masks in the microelectronic industries. In these methods the microcircuit patterns are broken down into simpler component parts, such as rectangles, whose co-ordinates are punched onto paper tape. A logic system has been developed to control an electron probe from coordinates read in on paper tape. Successive rectangles specified on the tape are scanned by the probe on the specimen, exposing an electron-sensitive material. A microcircuit pattern is thus built up from these basic rectangular elements. The use of an electron probe allows the generation of patterns with submicron dimensions within a reasonable time. The system outlined above has been used to produce microcircuit patterns using two techniques. In one, electron-sensitive resist is used to define a pattern etched in underlying material; in the other, metallic patterns are deposited directly by the decomposition of a metallic compound.

The present status of waste paper utilization was discussed, since the ecological problems have attracted considerable attention in recent days. Moreover, the trends of future utilization of waste paper were also discussed by taking its current status in America into account. The following problems were discussed in this article. 1. collection and classification of waste paper. 2. storage of waste paper. 3. treatment of waste paper with an increasing output of converted papers. 4. diversification of waste paper utilization. Furthermore, some technological aspects of waste paper treatment and the utilization of fibers in municipal refuse were reviewed.

T X SHE British government in April, I94I, issued a "White Paper" entitled An Analysis of the Sources of War Finance and an Estimate of the National Income and Expenditure in I938 and I940 (Cmd. 626i). "This paper contains two series of statistical estimates, the first prepared in the Treasury and designed to analyse the sources of war finance; and the second an estimate of the national income and expenditure in the calendar years I938 and I940, prepared in the Central Statistical Office and designed to measure in money terms the main elements in the nation's income, expenditure and savings and the net amount of funds available for government purposes from private sources." This document presents Treasury receipts from taxation, borrowing, and extraordinary sources for the first year and the first half of the second year of the war; an examination of categories of public borrowing, including an estimate of purchases of Treasury issues out of proceeds of assets sold abroad by the British and out of the net inflow of balances from abroad; and an estimate of the important sources of funds channeled into the market for Treasury issues. These are funds from overseas, tax accruals (not yet due), savings of local authorities and undistributed profits of companies, net current personal savings, and reinvestments of sums realized from certain domestic capital assets. The second part of this valuable document contains the best work yet made available on British national income, personal expenditures, expenditures of the government, net investment (and disinvestment), personal income, and the disposal of personal income-all restricted, however, to the calendar years I938 and I940. Economists should be grateful for this document, which

This paper tells about a computer application in the control and supervision of paper manufacture. The operating system and the control program modules as well as the opportunities of the process operator to interact with the execution of the programs are described in addition to the computer equipment. Control objects are the basis weight, humidity, machine speed and headbox level and pressure. Their essential features are described together with a description of the supervision, which consists of quality and production reports.

Deposits of coal dust collected on filter paper from airborne clouds have been studied in connexion with their light screening power. This depends on the nature of the paper as well as the size and concentration of the particles. Nine kinds of paper were investigated, two of them in detail. Some idea has been obtained of the qualities necessary in a filter paper in order that the dust deposits will have maximum optical density. Theoretical expressions are derived for light screening according to how the particles are dispersed in the paper. Maximum screening would result if each particle shadowed individually, but this is only possible in very sparse deposits; otherwise, overlapping of the particles has to be allowed for. Diffraction of light by the particles and the effects of diffusion of light in the paper are discussed.

This paper discusses about the strength of two kinds of paper bags. One is a commercial packing bags made of bleached wrapping papers and the other, kraft paper bags. With the former, the results of falling test were compared with the Japanese standard strength test and special strength test.It was found that the _??_ type paper strengh, _??_ type paper strength and folding endurance have a good correlation factor to the results of falling test. (see fig 7-13, table 3) With the kraft paper bags, the rotation drum test and falling test by hand and by the instrument were experimented.It was found that the fluctuation of the rotation drum test is less than the fluctuation of the falling test by hand and by the instrument. (see table 5, 8, 9, 10).

This paper takes the reader through the steps of a control system design using both optimal control theory and sensitivity analysis. The problem is to control color on a paper machine. The physical aspects of color are briefly described and a model for the paper machine is given. The model responses are compared with responses obtained experimentally on a small-scale machine. The retention turns out to be an unknown and variable parameter. A sampled-data design is carried out for the nominal case where the retention is 100 percent using the linear-regulator theory. A parameter \rho weighing the control effort in the quadratic cost function is then used as a design parameter.

Several analysis of wet sheet drying mechanism in the multi-cylinder dryer part have been informed and we have introduced our own idea and developed the new formulae.That is, we have succeeded in computing the changing processes of moisture content and tempenature of wet sheet by using these formulae.Many different elements-basic weight, dryer surface temperature, property and tension of dryer clothing-which have effects on the wet sheet drying are used as the functions of drying speed.As a result, the construction of dryer part are able to be determined by these formulae where certain basic design data are provided.The test results and the formulae are presented in this paper.

High rates of acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) reduction (nitrogenase activity) were observed in woodroom effluent from a neutral sulfite semi-chemical mill under aerobic (up to 644 nmol of C 2 H 4 produced per ml per h) and under anaerobic (up to 135 nmol of C 2 H 4 produced per ml per h) conditions. Pasteurized effluent developed C 2 H 2 reduction activity when incubated under anaerobic but not under aerobic conditions. Activities were increased by addition of 0.5 to 3.0% glucose or xylose. Enrichment and enumeration studies showed that N 2 -fixing Azotobacter and Klebsiella were abundant, and N 2 -fixing Bacillus was present. Of 129 isolates of Klebsiella from pulp mills, lakes, rivers, and drainage and sewage systems, 32% possessed nitrogen-fixing ability.