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The article presents information about the monetary changes that influenced Japan's economic conditions from 1871 to 1897. It discusses the adoption of gold standard in 1871, influence of Satsuma Rebellion in 1877 on paper currency, and changes in the value of silver against gold, in Japan. The base of the modern monetary system traces its foundation in the government ordinance issued in 1869. The ordinance was aimed at establishing a mint in Osaka to coin yen. It is told that the restoration in 1868 led to low quality currency paper in the country.

The article presents information on the papers presented at a round table at the 1949 Annual Conference of the Milbank Memorial Fund held in November 16 to 17, 1949. The publication titled "Modernization Programs in Relation to Human Resources and Population Problems" are grouped under three categories. The first category discusses aims and methods of selected programs of modernization such as Liberian Foundation, Point Four and UN Technical Assistance. The second and third category highlights the problems in the development and utilization of human resources and Japan as a case study in modernization, respectively.

Presents the contents of the first of the two issues of the Japanese English-language journal on operations research called 'Industrial Administration Research Memoranda,' published in 1956. Structure of pyramid holding companies; Maximum expansion of bank credit and the theory of games; Depreciation allowances and growth.

The article comments on economist Masanori Haashimoto's paper related to economics of postwar fertility in Japan. No attempts at any significant new departures in human capital theory or in the testing of such theory are made in this paper. Hashimoto's ultimate concern is in explaining the acceleration in the 1950s of the long-term decline in Japanese fertility and the subsequent bottoming out of this decline in the l960s. The achievements of this particular paper are more modest. An attempt is made to challenge what Hashimoto finds is a simplistic overemphasis on the diffusion of abortion and contraceptive practice after 1948. As an alternative, Hashimoto stresses outward shifts of the demand schedule for birth control resulting from the increasing cost of female time in postwar Japan. The author is not satisfied with Hashimoto's analysis of the spread of contraception. That the share of abortions in total births is high and rising in the rural regions of Japan in the presence of a sharply declining pregnancy rate can be taken as evidence that the spread of contraception is not sufficient to explain fertility changes unexplained by the legalization of abortion only if abortion as a technique of birth control is already completely diffused, and is viewed as a technique of last resort.

The article takes a look at the American attitudes toward Japan and China in 1937-38. The Chinese Cultural Society of New York published in October 1937 a reprint of 39 editorials from American papers on the Far Eastern crisis. The editor, M. Hsitien Lin wrote in the foreword "Of some 5,000 editorials which have been examined, there is none that justifies Japanese aggression or condemns Chinese resistance. In the American press Japan is almost universally treated as the aggressor and China as the victim in the undeclared war. As to American policy, the press generally favors neither extreme isolationism nor political entanglements or alliances, but a golden mean, whereby world peace, it is hoped, may be maintained." The present study is designed to test the validity of this impression as well as to test the utility of a method of attitude measurement by press sampling. It is impossible here to enter into a discussion of the relationship between beliefs as to facts and emotional attitudes such as are measured by the indices used, except to suggest that attitudes, which are at first accompanied by emotions, may in time become beliefs regarding "facts" which are taken for granted.

The aim of this paper is to study the outflow of population from farm households during the years 1921-62, with the exception of the decade surrounding World War II. In Section I, changes in the net outflow of farm population are examined with special reference to their relationship with fluctuations in economic activity. The period analyzed may not be sufficient, so two longer series for internal population migration are examined in the later part of this section. The first is the net migration of population into the prefectures containing the six largest cities since 1885. The second is the flow of population into Hokkaido since 1882. Examination of these series may shed light on population migration from agriculture in the earlier years. In Section II, an econometric model of the demand and supply functions for the net outflow of farm population is set forth. By estimating the parameters of this model, the determinants of population outflow from agriculture are delineated. There are no official data for the net outflow of population from farm households covering both the pre- and postwar periods, and therefore we must first estimate such a series for the years 1921-62. The procedures of estimation are fully explained in Appendices I and II. In Appendix III, an estimation is made of the net migration of population into the prefectures, including those of the six largest cities, for the years 1885-1960. The development of these series is itself an additional important objective of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent reexamination of the combat data from the WWII battle for Two Jima has yielded some revisions of the data used in Engel's paper [Opns. Ret 2,163- 171 (1954)]. However, the revised data also fit Lanchester differential and difference equations closely, as Theil's inequality coefficient shows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents authors' comments on three research papers on economic development after Second World War by economists Erik Lundberg, George H. Hildebrand and Shigeto Tsuru. These papers point out some striking contrasts among the experiences of countries including Scandinavia, Japan and Italy and the postwar experience of the U.S. For example, these papers insistently raise the question why the U.S. has done so poorly in achieving stable and rapid growth. They discuss whether it is a matter of economic structure, or partly a fault of economic policy. Research paper by Hildebrand provides a summary both of the Italian postwar economic achievement and of Italy's still pressing problems of unemployment and incomplete development. But there are aspects of his analysis that needs to be questioned. Moreover, papers of Hildebrand and Tsuru gave the impression that something of a catching-up process has been important in the Italian and Japanese economies. In his paper Lundberg drew attention to some destabilizing effects of governmental action in Sweden. They refer to public investments or publicly controlled investments as an instrument of anti cyclical policy.

This article presents information related to sociology as of April 1, 1950. The Committee of the American Sociological Society on Contributed Papers for the 1950 annual meeting consists of Robert E. L. Fans, chairman; and A. B. Hollingshead and T. C. McCormick. Papers submitted for consideration should be sent not later than June 1, 1950. Recently elected officers of the Pacific Sociological Society for 1950 are: President, Leonard Bloom; Vice-president, Southern Division, Ernest Greenwood; Vice-president, Central Division, Carlo Lastrucci; Vice-president, Northern Division, Joseph Bachelder; and Members of the Advisory Council, Robert O'Brien and Paul Wallin. Gwynne Nettler continues as secretary-treasurer. The Society's annual meeting will be held in Seattle, Washington, during April 21-22, 1950. The Twenty- second annual meeting of the Japan Sociological Society was held in Tokyo, Japan, during October 15-16, 1949. The meeting was attended by more than 250 members. Fifty-two reports were given on various aspects of social theory and social research, and three public lectures on the topic, "The Population Problem in Japan."

This paper examines three models of three countries showing the common economic theory of the firm underlying the models and modifications of the theory to account of institutional peculiarities. The models chosen for examination are Wharton Mark III, Bank of Canada RDX2, and the Economic Planning Agency. They are chosen from among the various models of the U.S., Canada, and Japan because all three use quarterly data, were made recently, are relatively similar in size and cover various sectors of the economy from demand as well as supply sides. The RDX2 model estimates business investment in machinery and equipment in aggregate terms rather than in industrial sectors. As in the case of investment equations, the adaptive adjustment equation, together with the mark-up on the unit wage rate, serves as the basis for price equations in these three macro models. The weighted average of U.S. prices is used in some price equations of the RDX2 model on the assumption that U.S. subsidiaries in Canada may follow management decisions of the parent companies. As a possible way to overcome the ad hoc introduction of lags, models which incorporate adjustment costs are suggested. However, the adjustment cost approach may not in general give better alternatives, particularly for models involving some degrees of aggregation. The three models surveyed in this paper, especially the Wharton and RDX2 models, employ the Almon lag in estimating the coefficients of the lag polynomial.

The article presents an empirical test of interregional input-output models. It estimates Japanese production in the year 1963. According to the author, substitution of 1963 technology for the 1960 base-year technology decreases errors of estimation for most industries, but substantial errors still occur for some industries as a result of shifts in interregional shipments. Therefore, only the point estimate gravity trade model results are presented in this article. The author states that all tests made so far indicate that the row coefficient model estimates Japanese regional production less accurately than column coefficient or gravity trade models. The method of handling foreign trade in the model may contribute to the instability of row coefficients for Japan. For any of the three models, a separate estimation of interregional shipments of foreign exports and imports may be desirable because of the importance of foreign trade in Japan. Finally, tests reveal no discernible difference in the overall predictive ability of the column coefficient and the point estimate gravity trade models. Both models give reasonable estimates of Japanese regional production.

The objective of this paper is to examine, through relevant literature, the extent to which changes in values and relational orientations are taking place in the Japanese family system, particularly in the area of child-rearing practices. It is postulated that lineal orientation rather than an individualistic or collateral principle has been, and still is, predominant in the parent-child relationship and that the shift toward individuality and independence of the child will yet take some time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What happened to price ratios between exportables and importables in Japan as that country moved out of self-imposed economic isolation (ended in 1858) into free trade (the 1870s)? Average prices of exportables rose at least 3.5-fold relative to importables to converge on world market prices. At the extremes, in autarchy, Japan's price ratios on tea and bar iron were out of line with world price ratios no less than eight to one. By crude measures, it is estimated that Japan's national real income rose about 65 percent in the transition from economic isolation to free trade. The purpose of this paper is to compare relative commodity prices in Japan and the rest of the world before and after Japan entered world commerce, and to attempt to estimate Japan's gain from trade. No other nation has made the leap from virtually no trade to a flourishing commerce in so short a time. The year 1858 marked the end for Japan of self-imposed restrictions which had limited exports and imports during the previous half century to an annual average for each of scarcely $0.5 million. Within a-dozen years foreign trade had multiplied some seventy-fold, to perhaps 7 percent of national income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a series of abstracts on various topics of economics published in the June 1964 issue of the periodical 'Journal of Political Economy.' Analysis of a model of market areas with free entry; Importance of economic concentration and monopoly in Japan; Appraisal of income variability and income size.

It is often said that the prolonged coexistence of modern industrial techniques and of preindustrial techniques is one of the most significant phenomena in underdeveloped but growing countries. This "dualistic" nature of growing countries is also noted in ways of living and doing business. It is the purpose of the present paper to clarify the economic aspects of this "dualistic" nature in the process of industrialization, with special reference to the Japanese economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on Japan's entrance into the international financial community. A money economy although a primitive one, existed for several centuries before the post-1868 breakthrough into a modern economic society. Rice brokerage thus became an essential feature of this mixed economy--and here the merchants were in their glory, for by wielding the tremendous resources they had accumulated by catering to the needs of the free-spending upper classes they were able to profit from the wild speculative gyrations in the rice market, to the distress of the moneys income townspeople as prices went up and to the distress of the rice-income nobles and peasants as prices went down. Paper money came into wide circulation after the seventeenth century, when the daimyo, who were generally forbidden by the Shogunate to mint coins, began to resort to the printing presses to meet their expenses. Some issues had sound backing arid were accepted outside the territories of the issuing authorities, but the majority were issued recklessly and were thus practically worthless.

Both sericultural and manufacturing branches of Japan's once highly important raw silk industry suffered severe dislocations following peak production about 1930. World economic depression, synthetic fiber development, and World War II were fundamental causes. Reeling mill closures stemmed from bankruptcies, governmental readjustment programs, conversions into defense plants, bombings, and post-war business rationalization, Mulberry acreage shrank principally owing to wartime food shortages and profitable post-war alternatives, particularly orcharding. This paper contrasts changes observed in two of the most specialized Japanese cocoon-producing regions, Gumma Prefecture, on the Kant&obar; lowlands where sweet potatoes and upland rice characteristically followed mulberry, and the Nagano Basin, representative of highland basins in central and northern Honshu, where orchards common replaced mulberry. Proportional losses in both reeling capacity, measured in number of reeling machines and in mulberry acreage were above the national average in the Nagano Basin and below it in Gumma Governmental policies and local factors caused these differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the existing studies on the international capital market are based on a segmented market approach. This approach treats the different national capital markets as separated entities, hardly related to each other. For this reason (under the assumption of market segmentation), comparable capital assets may differ in their return on different national markets. Although market segmentation enjoys a surprisingly large following, it is not the only possible interpretation of the international capital market. The alternative hypothesis, i.e., that prices of capital assets in the international capital market behave as if there is one multinational perfect capital market, should be considered. The one market hypothesis has the advantage of being consistent with much of the accepted economic theory. Also the one market hypothesis is unambiguous where market segmentation can stand for any number of specific imperfect market formations. Market segmentation is widely accepted as the only possible structure of the international capital market. Different currency areas, separated political organizations and trade barriers have been given as a priori evidence for the segmentation of the international capital market. This, however, is not necessarily the case. An examination of the behavior of capital asset prices reveals that the price behavior is consistent with the one market hypothesis. It should be noted, however, that a certain body of data can be consistent with both the one market hypothesis and any one of several specific forms of market segmentation. But as the main theme of this study is to show the validity of the one market approach to the multinational equity market, it is sufficient to show that one cannot reject the one market hypothesis with regard to this market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a reprint of the paper "Takaisososhiki No Kanri Shisutemu," by Takehiko Matsuda and Takuji Morohoshi which appeared in the April 1970 issue of the journal "Keiei Kagaku." This paper focuses on the issue of management systems in multilevel organizations. When Japanese and American management are compared, various differences are found. These differences are deeply rooted in the differences between both countries' environmental conditions, such as the spiritual climate and the social and cultural background. In Japanese society the first condition of group structure lies in the community of place of the individuals comprising it. In contrast to this, American society is built on a community of qualifications. Japanese society, which stresses the community of place, practices group recognition and the constituent's sense of solidarity with the group is strong. There is a large gap between Japan and America in the degree of development of the contractual spirit. Japanese management, which is regarded as human centered, values highly the spirit of harmony for goal achievement, and it desires trouble-free human relationships, even though efficiency may fall somewhat.

This paper deals with one important aspect of this problem, namely, the government's performance in the saving-investment mechanism, in both prewar and postwar Japan. Generally speaking, the contribution of government to economic development is difficult to analyze concretely. No framework of analysis can be established easily. The conventional discussions presented in the past years have often emphasized sociopolitical aspects rather than issues that are amenable to economic analysis, explaining the institutional reforms of the fiscal system, and stressing chronological records from a historical point of view. Economic analysis as an approach to this problem has thus been neglected, and such noneconomic factors as the geography, customs, religion, and political environment characteristic of Japan have usually been the subject of discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japanese city incorporation policies, especially since World War II, have brought into the urban category a significant number of population agglomerations which show heavy agrarian occupational commitments. The unique interpenetration of agrarian and industrial activities in Japan's modern development presents a range of problems for census classification largely unknown in the West. This paper analyzes the extent of the agrarian commitment in Japanese urban structure and suggests means of evaluating official statistics relating to level of urban residence in contemporary Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the role of central banking in financial policy in Japan in the latter part of the 19th century. Relationship between equilibrium in the balance of payments and domestic economic growth; Problem with obtaining the revenues with which to finance government expenditures determined by the political leadership; Dimensions of the establishment of an effective monetary system; Acceptance by Japan of the basic tenets of a nonadjustable, specific fixed exchange-rate system.

The article provides information on the economic conditions of Japan During World War I and the Armistice. When the war broke out, there was an initial depression followed by nearly four years of rapid manufacturing growth, intense industrial and commercial activity, high profits, speculative promotion and inflation. When the Armistice came, prices fell abruptly for a brief period then began to recover. Until the end of 1916, the relation of wages to prices remained about normal and in 1917, the rise in wages had become 105 percent since 1900.

The study of human organization in industrial groupings is a favorite of contemporary sociology. Most of the studies, however, have confined their attention to modern, highly rationalized plants; few have been concerned with the institutions of a pre-rationalized stage of those transitional between these extremes. This neglect appears to reflect the near disappearance of the latter type of institution from the Western World. Yet in Japan, notwithstanding the rapid development of rationalized industry after the Restoration of 1868, such instances remain here and there even today. In this article the writer presents some observations on the life of iron working communities in Shimane Prefecture, Japan, where certain characteristics of a pre-rationalized industrial organization have remained until quite recently, as of April 1, 1950. The more important of these characteristics may be summarized as follows; the persistence of a traditional method of iron smelting, the origin of which is associated with a myth; and the existence of a special dependency relationship between the workmen and the owner of a smeltery and a hereditary occupational system.

The article presents a discussion on difference between economic development in Japan and rest of Asia. Japanese ruling classes has been aware of dangers of colonial exploitation and strove consciously to avoid them. Japan alone among Asian nations had a strongly developed spirit of nationalism, economic as well as political, which led to government development of public utilities and industries connected with the national defense. Japan had a higher degree of geographic and governmental unity than other Asiatic nations. Japan had a strong internal government. The factors responsible for poverty in Southern Asia was lack of education, lack of health facilities, lack of industrialization, lack of awareness about other developed countries and many more. The evidence is clear that the Southeast in recent years has gained rapidly on the national avenge in such basic measures of economic welfare as per capita income, percentage of higher value-added industries, and percentage of the labor force with higher skills.

The article traces the impact of mass breakthoughts witnessed in the field of education at school and college level in 1960s on education in 1970s in various countries. In Europe, it is largely the "upper secondary" level which is likely to be impacted. The impact in the U.S. is likely to be different from Europe due to various reasons. The paper primarily concerns the mass elites of Europe and Japan. It analyzes how the whole situation might appear to an economist, and how the perceptions of recent and prospective changes are related to perceptions of the nature of people and their variabilities in potentials for learning and productive life. 1960s was a decade of fantastic world-wide expansion in educational establishments, both public and private. Educators offer a viewpoint which is different from economists. For them, one of the more interesting implications of the economist's way of thinking must be with respect to the use of student time even among pupils too young to participate in the labour force. Pupil time is inherently limited, and hence costly.

As a very novel form of life in Japan, apartment life has become the subject of much research by Japanese sociologists in recent years. This paper attempts to examine critically the findings of such research, especially concerning privacy and social life. Two types of apartment dwellers are identified: the ‘sociability type,’ who loves positive human relations resulting from physical propinquity, and the ‘privacy type,’ who recoils from such relations and prefers to be let alone. In a middle-class apartment house complex in the suburbs of Tokyo, the privacy type who, though not necessarily unsociable, does not want mere physical propinquity to determine the choice of his friends and the pattern of his social life, is found more frequently than the sociability type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is twofold, namely, to present a cross-sectional estimate of the price elasticities of the Japanese exports, broken down into commodity groups as well as total, on the one hand, and on the other to assess the reliability of the quantity data used in the present study. After a brief description in section II of the data used the article presents an estimate of the price elasticities and of what one calls, level elasticities in sections III and IV. The latter are supposed to express an effect of the habit formation, with the price competitiveness equal, exports will be larger if more of the same goods have been exported before. It will be seen that the effect of the habit formation works more or less independently of the price differentials. In section V the reliability of the unit value series will be examined, which will be followed by the examination of a possible bias in estimates. It will be argued in section VI, that if the quantity series are measured with error while the value series are accurate, the estimated price elasticities will be biased towards minus one. A short remark on results in section VII concludes the paper.

The aim of the paper is to explain the earnings structure in manufacturing industries in Japan mainly by differences in resources used to create and improve the skills and knowledge of the working force. The approach provides the opportunity of analyzing the effects on earnings of experience inside and outside of the firm, given educational level attained, and to inquire whether the behavior of the Japanese worker corresponds to returns to these different forms of experience. The results suggest that outside experience is quite important, and that it is substitutable, to a great extent, for inside experience. These results do raise questions about the true extent of the nenko wage system. A by-product of the paper is a calculation of the rate of return to a college education in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents various econometric models applicable in Japan. Existence of equilibrium in an industry characterized by Cournot-type reactions; Description of distribution lag models; Emphasis on Swan's model of economic growth.

The article reprints the paper "Kokusai Keiei Kanri Josetsu," by Noritake Kobayashi, previously published in a 1968 issue of the journal "Kokusai Keiei." It focuses on the problems of international business management in Japan. Japanese are most unskilled in international activities. The reason for this is that as an island Japan has maintained her orderly society with pride for the past 2,000 years based upon her national homogeneity. It is undeniable that this homogeneity has been a major motivating force for the rapid industrial development of Japan. But it should be recognized that among a world population of several billion there is a limit to what can be done by one hundred million Japanese, no matter how efficient they may be. There has been a tendency in Japan to ignore this reality. Today, in the face of an increasing degree of liberalization of trade and capital movements, it is crucial for them to face the reality and to find out how they can overcome this limit. But, in actuality, Japanese business has been so proud of being independent that it has often forgotten the reality that Japan is but a component of the world and has also been prone to the illusion that the world moves according to the convenience of Japan.

Western journalists writing on Japan seldom fail to note with fascination the juxtaposition of the new and the old, the Eastern and the Western. Japanese, too, take pleasure in examining some of these exotic blends and upon occasion refer to them as champon, which is to say, chop suey. Such a condition, of course, is not unique to Japan, as Linton so delightfully showed in his article, "One Hundred Percent American." But because the Japanese, and perhaps ourselves as well, have clear ideas as to what is Japanese and what is not, these contrasts seem all the more stark and curious. Nonetheless, aesthetic tastes and ideas which channel particular cultural elements into contemporary Japanese life styles are neither random nor new. Smith has shown how present-day urban life styles are still to a surprising degree shaped by aesthetic canons of taste which originated within the multiple traditions of Japan's preindustrial past. In this paper I wish to raise the question of the continuation of these into the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is concerned with the impact of this structural change on wage differentials in manufacturing industries during the period 1958-64. Although this is a relatively short period, a considerable change in wage differentials, which can be regarded as a direct consequence of the changing conditions in the labor market, is found to have taken place. This raises the more general question of the relation between the structure of the labor market (as far as labor abundance and scarcity are concerned) and wage differentials, to which I shall turn in the last part of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to re-examine saving from the agricultural sector. More specifically, what is proposed here is to study a previously unnoted source of saving from agriculture. The argument to be presented can be summarized as follows. The production of a substantial surplus above subsistence in the agricultural sector at the beginning of the Meiji era made possible a radical redistribution of income through changes instituted by the Meiji land reform. This redistribution led to a sharp rise in saving in the early Meiji period, owing to differences in the propensities to consume among the groups of income recipients involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the technological diffusion in Japan. Efforts of the country to imitate foreign technology.

This article examines the currency contracts of U.S. imports from Japan and West Germany in fiscal years 1971 and 1973. These countries are two of the most important trading partners and their currencies have appreciated particularly strongly relative to the dollar during recent years. A sample of 564 U.S. customs invoices was used to establish the currency denomination of contracts for the two countries. The magnitude of the currency-contract effect depends on the proportions of price agreements fixed in the importers' and the exporters' currency. If the price is set in dollars for any U.S. order, changes in exchange rates do not alter the dollar cost of outstanding contracts. It was found that Japanese sellers typically accept prices fixed in dollars, while German exporters set selling prices predominantly in their own currency. For the two fiscal years combined, nearly four-fifths of U.S. imports from Germany were priced in Deutsche marks, while only one-third of all imports from Japan were denominated in yen. The currency-contract effect was calculated for the months following a hypothetical 10 percent devaluation of the dollar. Initially, all imports arriving here would have been contracted prior to the devaluation and all of those with prices in foreign currencies would be increased in dollar value.

Numerous studies of the prestige of occupations have been conducted in the United States. In recent years considerable attention has been directed toward such research in non-Western societies, including Japan. One basic problem of these studies has been to explain why most available data appear to show that there are substantial similarities in the occupational prestige hierarchies of various societies. Several authors take for granted the notion that the prestige hierarchies of many different societies are similar, despite the fact that the evidence is not wholly convincing;then they go on to explain the similarities by means of what they call a "structural" hypothesis. Specifically, they hold that industrialization produces its own characteristic occupational prestige hierarchy, regardless of the cultural milieu in which it is located. Elsewhere it has been shown that industrialization per se cannot be responsible for much of the observed intersocietal similarity in prestige hierarchies; part of the observation is probably an artifact of the research design and part of it is probably due to "structural similarities" in social systems with complex divisions of labor, whether industrial or not.

Japan's largest city, Tokyo, contains a significant land area under cultivation. The population of Tokyo who are engaged in agriculture are demographically rural, although administratively they are classified as urban. Not only is agriculture present in Tokyo, but the Japanese urban population as a whole reveals significant agrarian employment. The historical development of Japanese urban industrialism is explored for factors underlying the tenacity of employment and social organization elements which are still agrarian in character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outlines the program on the Fifth Far Eastern Meeting in Tokyo, Japan. Lists of discussants for International Trade, theory of economic growth and asset of markets; Presentation of papers on econometric studies; Symposium on economic planning and econometrics of education.

Tsukisoi are sub-professional nurses who, in private psychiatric hospitals in Japan, are assigned on a one-to-one basis to patients. The tsukisoi cares for the patient continuously throughout his hospitalization. The work of this role group and its place in the social structure of the hospital are described. Correspondences are drawn between the behavior of the tsukisoi in her technical role and the behavior exhibited in more general roles, such as that of mother, in Japanese culture. The position of the tsukisoi in the power structure of the hospital is seen in relation to the structure of power groupings in organizations such as the Japanese company or factory. Some of the wider sociological and psychodynamic implications of the role of the tsukisoi are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have established the existence of a high positive association between the extent of urbanization, as measured by proportion of total population in administratively defined cities, and industrial development. The concentration of urban population, as reflected in the proportion of urban population in metropolitan areas, fails to show as close a relationship to industrial development. It is hypothesized that metropolitanization is strongly influenced by the structure of the industrialization process, and not only by industrialization as such. As a test of the hypothesis, Japanese industrial organization and employment patterns are analyzed in terms of their influences upon metropolitan structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to describe and analyze the processes of institutional transition--the break down of the old and the emergence of a new equilibrium. Specifically, it purports to show how the traditional Japanese family modifies its organization as it responds to economic, cultural, and moral forces at work in Hawaii. A comprehensive study of institutional transition requires a knowledge of what the institution was prior to its modification, and an understanding of the relevant factors which, by interacting with the traditional values, produce a new structure. A knowledge of the former gives a basis for an orderly description of the changes in institutional structure, a knowledge of the latter provides a conceptual framework for a systematic description of the available facts of changing institutional behavior patterns. The traditional family in Japan is, unlike the husband-wife centered unit of the society, essentially a parent-child centered unit. Herein lies the conceptual and ideological difference between the Oriental and Occidental family system.

The author examines the critical issues facing the British steel industry as its technological basis is transformed. He identifies the need to plan on an international basis if Britain is to meet the Japanese challenge. [This paper was first read at Bradford University's Conference on The Marketing of Advanced Technology, May 1971.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents discussion on the cycles of economic growth in Japan. The present prolonged boom is not a unique phenomenon. At least two similar periods have occurred before 1941, in connection with the favorable phases of long swings or Kuznets cycles of approximately twenty years apiece. Each of the past longish periods of rapid investment and growth has led to subsequent retardation thought overcapacity and balance-of-payments difficulties. At the same time, Japan's growth record would have looked far worse without these periods. Alter an unbroken eighteen year record of erroneous pessimism in my economic forecasts about a Japan shorn of her Empire, two questions are raised. First, the Japanese economic miracle, far from contradicting modem economic growth theory, makes an excellent case in point. Second, the boom can, although it need not, continue indefinitely, with the accumulation of excess capacity in the private sector. Japan's guided economy, however, is becoming increasingly safe for excess capacity. When excess capacity develops, producers maintain or raise prices. When they do not reduce output, they do not increase it in line with capacity.

This paper takes a look at the belief that the number of couples currently desiring to limit family size is sufficiently large that the provision of supplies, services and education will be adequate to bring the birth rate down to acceptable levels within a reasonable time period. Current family planning programmes emphasize the provision of supplies, services and education. Attempts to change motivation through the use of monetary incentives have raised a very minor role so far. Implicit in this ordering of priorities must be the belief that the number of couples latently or actively desiring to limit family size is sufficiently large - or can be made sufficiently large through education and persuasion - to bring the birth rate down to acceptable levels reasonable soon. A debate is in progress about the extent to which the official family planning programmes in Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and South Korea have been responsible for the fall in their rates. Monetary incentives were not widely or intensively used in these programmes. While there is no doubt that they speeded up the process of demographic transition, it is not clear how successful they would have been had they been initiated ten or twenty years earlier, before the socioeconomic situation became favorable.

This paper attempts to remove some of the confusion in Western literature about the nature of Japanese planning, and also to demonstrate that if the heterogenous concept of planning is broken down into well-defined categories, general agreement is possible on the merits of certain forms of planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Japan-American revised Security Treaty of 1960 allows Japan to give notice in 1970 of her desire to abrogate the treaty. Does the present state of public opinion in that country suggest that such a notice will be given? This paper is a careful analysis of nationwide poll findings in Japan which by no means indicate that the United States can afford to be complacent regarding the answer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts to decompose the actual rate of growth in fixed capital stock into three components, production expansion, change in the price of capital relative to labor, and technical progress. Economists W.E.G. Salter and R.M. Solow have, recently, developed measures of technological change. In this study, economists have found that the downward tendency of the price of capital relative to that of labor contributed greatly in fixed capital stock in the postwar Japanese manufacturing industries. Economists have assumed that there is no bias in technical progress, but it may be easy to overestimate the effect of the price of capital relative to labor, or underestimate the negative effect of neutral technical progress. The estimate of the coefficient of elasticity of substitution is strongly dependent on the relative rate of change of the capital-labor ratio and that of the price of capital relative to labor, in other words, the relative income share of labor. If the biased technical progress were remarkable, and at the same time, the relative price were decreasing in our observation period, then the effect of the relative price on growth in fixed capital stock would be overestimated, but it might be thought to be the problem of selecting a hypothesis in the first approach to the actual growth in fixed capital stock. The same thing could be true for a hypothesis with the so called "capital-and/or labor-embodied technical progress."

Share prices in the equity markets of the U.S., Great Britain, Germany and Japan do behave as if there exists one multinational equity market. Share prices in the non U.S. countries were shown to be related to and affected by the price changes in the U.S. equity market. This, however, does not rule out the possibility that share prices in each national component of the market move together in addition to the market-wide movements. The purpose of this article is to measure and describe those share-price fluctuations associated uniquely with their country of origin, and then, on the basis of those price changes to identify and estimate the country factor in share-price movements in the equity markets of Great Britain, Germany and Japan. The identification and estimation of the country factors in share-price movements are done in two levels of data. In the first stage indices of share prices are examined and in the second the country factors are estimated on the basis of a sample of individual shares.

The collapse of the Tokugawa regime, which paved the way for Japan's modernization, is linked, insofar as it was due to internal causes, to the growth of a commercial economy and the rising economic power of the merchant class. This article is an attempt to examine this general proposition and to throw light on the particular mechanisms by which this came about through a quantitative examination of the late Tokugawa monetary system. Most modern discussions of the Tokugawa monetary system content themselves with a description of the coinage. The banking institutions of Osaka or the financial or price policies of the Bakufu (Tokugawa government) are commonly treated as though they had almost no relation to the monetary system as a whole beyond the fact that the Bakufu tended to try to solve its financial problems by debasing the coinage. Despite the fact that compilations like the Ministry of Finance's Dai Nihon Kahei Shi have preserved a great many odds and ends of information, there is very little direct evidence of how the system worked and, so far as we know, there has been no serious attempt to present a coherent reconstruction. According to one Japanese scholar, "Works written by numismatists and monetary historians tell us what types of money were issued, but not the amounts or their effects. We get only a static picture and not the more important one of the system in action." This paper puts forward some hypotheses about the operation of the monetary system in the last third of the Tokugawa period which challenge in some respects the conventional wisdom on the subject. After providing some essential background information on the institutional context, we suggest some hypotheses about the working of the monetary system and test them against a rather large body of hitherto unanalyzed quantitative data. We then apply our findings to some features of the economic history of the period to see whether they suggest any useful insights. Finally, we attempt to... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]