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The article presents the report of the President presented at the annual business meeting of the American Economic Association. It presents the critical examination of the inadequacies to train physical scientists and engineers and there is quite general agreement on the need for a substantial strengthening of this aspect of our educational system. However various people who have pressed for such a strengthening have been careful to insist that it ought not to be accomplished at the expense of work in the social sciences and the humanities. It seems desirable to use the competition to encourage the balanced type of contribution that combines the deductive and empirical approach. Both the entries in the competition and the responses to the informal survey indicate a situation which is cause for grave concern. There is something wrong with the incentives under which economists work in the early stages of their careers. A systematic canvass needs to be undertaken to determine what steps should be taken these incentives so as to made studies that are both theoretical and factual more attractive than mere a priori model analysis inquiries.

In this paper we briefly review relevant research on the culture of poverty and set our findings within the general context of culture of poverty arguments. Data from a community survey in a Southwestern city are analyzed using Oscar Lewis' four major culture of poverty dimensions: 1) the individual, 2) the family. 3) the slum community, and 4) the community's relation to society. In our study a sample of 271 black respondents was divided into two groups, here termed the "poor" and the "non-poor." In noting all the broad traits studied in all dimensions taken together, some support for Lewis' culture of poverty was found in less than half of the cases; and in several cases our findings were in direct opposition to culture of poverty predictions. In addition, we have suggested that the majority of those traits that did lend support to Lewis' argument might be better classified as situational conditions of poverty rather than as a part of a bonafide "culture" of poverty. The findings of this paper may call into question the use of the "culture of poverty" perspective as a basis for policy decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates that it is feasible and useful to insert positive and negative assumptions about the supernatural into scientific theories of religion. The logic of constructing theories makes it possible to insert such statements into theories as postulates, along with ordinary propositions from general systems theory and reinforcement theory, and then to deduce tenable propositions. The logical procedures to follow are carefully described, and several examples are given. It is shown that when differing assumptions about the supernatural are made, differing and opposed empirical propositions about religious behavior can be deduced. It is also shown that incorporating assumptions about the supernatural can produce testable propositions not usually considered by scientific students of religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The psychiatrists, have had a great deal to say in recent years about the importance of "facing reality" and "accepting reality-situations," as of February 1, 1942. Just what this "reality" may be they never quite explain. Sometimes it appears that nothing is real unless it is unpleasant, and that anyone who is happy must be employing some escape mechanism. At other times, "reality" seems to mean environment, anything outside oneself, or any situation as defined by an observer. The term acceptance is similarly vague and ambiguous. Sometimes it seems to resemble stoical resignation to pain and deprivation; at other times, it appears merely as abstention from "kidding oneself." Perhaps the psychiatrists are wise in not going beyond their depth into the metaphysics of reality. Perhaps sociologists, too, will do well if they simply observe that some people dodge things they do not like while others seek to modify or remove disagreeable conditions; that some people alternately evade and fight, some fight on almost any occasion.

This article focuses on the rehabilitation of rhetoric in contemporary philosophy. Studies of the philosophical presuppositions of various rhetorical systems have not been too uncommon. One example the paper, On Systems of Rhetoric, by Douglas Ehninger, and Karlyn K. Campbell's The Ontological Foundations of Rhetorical Theory. It is primarily in examining the presuppositions of rhetorical theories that philosophers have registered their appreciation of rhetoric as a fact of human life. At the same time, another somewhat less explicit concern of philosophers for rhetoric as a dimension of human experience has received much less attention than it deserves. Wholly apart from their conclusions regarding the ontological foundations of rhetoric, philosophers have taken various attitudes toward its significance and role in life.

This commentary focuses on the article Communication, Argumentation and Presupposition in Philosophy, by Peter A. Schouls, published in the 1969 issue of Philosophy and Rhetoric. Professor Schouls has attempted to explain why it is that philosophers who are committed to radically different schools of philosophic thought cannot communicate with one another, except at the most trivial and uninteresting level. The reason, briefly put, is that they cannot understand one another. Although this conclusion, if established, might lead philosophers who hold the unfortunately deémodé opinion that philosophy is a joint enterprise of men seeking some very general and very important truths about the world and man's place in it to despair, it would certainly be found congenial to a large, and unfortunately increasing, number of philosophers who hold that each school of philosophy expresses a form of life so distinct that the proponents of different schools might as well be considered members of different biological species. Schouls is involved in a commitment not only to some position about the existence of basic presuppositions in philosophy, but also to some position about the nature of those presuppositions. The sentences which express basic presuppositions in Schouls' paper are, without exception, deep, abstract, portentous, sophisticated, controversial, and philosophical.

The article focuses on sociologist Peter L. Berger's definition of religion. In his stimulating article in the June 1974 issue of Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Berger presents an argument for reconsidering the kind of definition employed in the scientific study of religion. The major thread of his argument runs as follows. Concepts and definitions are tools fitted to the purposes of the investigator, like substantive or functional definitions of religion. Some use functional definitions for ideological purposes, that is to avoid specifically religious experience or to deny the transcendent. The scientific study of religion needs a reinvigorated substantive definition of religion from the phenomenological approaches of analysis of the numinous as religious experience and of model of multiple realities. The author agrees with Berger's approach while disagreeing with the impact of the total argument. The author holds that there are issues in the formation of concepts and definitions which are logically prior to the purposes of investigators.

The article focuses on various meetings related to French history that will be held in 1974 and 1975. The Society for French Historical Studies will hold its twenty-first annual conference at the University of Wisconsin, Madison on April 11-12, 1975. The Western Society for French History held its second annual conference at the Palace of the Legion of Honor in San Francisco on November 21-22, 1974. The fifth annual meeting of the Consortium on Revolutionary Europe, 1750 to 1850, will be held at Duke University on February 13, 14 and 15, 1975.

Presents an update on issues related to French history. Highlights of the twentieth annual conference of the Society for French Historical Studies held in Baltimore, Maryland on March 29-30, 1974; Winners of the William Koren Jr. Prize award; Information on the Western Society for the Study of French History.

The core problems of sociological and philosophical theories of knowledge remain insoluble and unrelated as long as both theories start from static models. The problems can be solved, and the respective theories related to each other, without undue difficulties if the acquisition of knowledge is conceptualized as a long-term process which takes place within societies also considered as long-term processes. This approach has the added advantage of being in closer agreement with the evidence. The paper indicates what needs to be unlearned and what to be learned in order to prepare the way for such a unified theoretical framework which can serve as a guide to, and which can be in turn corrected by, empirical sociological studies of all types of knowledge, scientific and practical as well as non-scientific or ideological. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the characteristics and importance of creativity. It has long been recognized that creativity is important in scientific discovery, invention and the arts and it is a distinguishing characteristic of outstanding individuals in almost every field. Moreover, the paper also defines the word creativity which has been used to define a wide range of activities which are not necessarily related to its true meaning as defined by the Webster dictionary. Furthermore, the author also discusses a series of well planned exercises that suited to the development of creativity.

In a rapidly advancing scientific discipline, new contributions will supersede older ones. This selection in favor of recent literature should be observable in the distribution of footnote citations in a given discipline, by age of article cited. However, the age distribution of citations also depends on the rate of growth of the disciplinary literature. The effects of growth of the literature and of selection favoring recent articles can be separated, if certain assumptions hold, by use of `in exponential model that expands and clarifies earlier findings by Price. This model provides a reasonably good fit to age-distributions of footnotes in several disciplines, and its application suggests that citations in sociology tend to refer to older articles than those in the natural sciences. A parameter in the model, measuring the degree of selectivity its favor of recent articles, can be estimated and may be useful in comparative studies of the communication systems of various disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ancient and modern methods and results of man's efforts to formulate satisfying statements about the ultimate meaning of human life and the nature of the universe were interwoven in the program presented at the sixth international gathering of philosophers held at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts on September 13-17, 1927. The courts and handsomely assembly rooms of a group of new dormitories located on the banks of the Charles River supplied a delightful atmosphere of academic quiet and gave opportunities for innumerable enjoyable personal contacts. This first New-World session of the Congress was attended by 630 persons, of whom 375 were active members. The 75 foreign delegates came from leading European countries, from Canada, South America, Mexico and India. The tremendous scope of the subjects presented and the abstract or even mystical treatment of many of the topics were in striking contrast to the growing specialization and concreteness observed in the papers presented in national gatherings of social scientists. Inconsistencies in the methods and results of modern philosophy as presented in the discussions of this Congress would justify a modification of this statement to the more modest claim that philosophy may enlarge the outlook of the human spirit by stimulating speculative efforts to achieve this tremendous program.

The article presents information about several current happening related to sociology in the U.S. According to information the American Council of Learned Societies is prepared to extend assistance in publishing a limited number of meritorious works in the field of the humanities written by American scholars. It invites its constituent societies to propose books they deem suitable for assistance, but reserves the right to consider works submitted by others if the executive committee has accepted them for consideration. Works proposed for publication must be complete in themselves, preferably the results of constructive research presented in the form of volumes of conventional size. The other information is that the seventh annual meeting of the Eastern Sociological Conference was held in from April 18-19, with over a hundred persons in attendance. The central topic of the Conference was social theory, and social order. The majority of sessions centered around a discussion of capitalism, fascism, socialism, and communism as divergent social orders.

The article discusses the sociology of religion. The sociology of religion is not an autonomous and independent science but only a branch of what has been called "cultural sociology" as distinguished from "general sociology" on the one hand and "bio-sociology" on the other. It has been repeatedly stated that the subject matter of the sociology of religion is the mutual relations between religion and society, and thus the influence of social factors on religion itself is included. It appears, however, that sociology strictly as sociology can treat of the relations between men and also between individuals and social wholes and structures, but not the relation between God and man. As an empirical science it is entirely inadequate to interpret the essentially transcendental, aprioristic, and normative elements of religion to the human intellect. The social aspect of religion still waits for its integration into a distinct body of knowledge. Even Catholics have, in post-Tridentine times, somewhat neglected the specifically religious concept of social phenomena and, it is true, in favor of a predominantly ethical approach to the matter.

This article undertakes to cite the new orientation, to state what seem to be the emerging generalizations, and to at least suggest the extent of findings which they seem capable of ordering. This optimism is based on two phenomena. The first of these is a new orientation toward the study of communication effects which has recently become conspicuous in the literature. And the second phenomenon is the emergence, from this new approach, of a few generalizations. It is proposed that these generalizations can be tied together, and tentatively developed a little further, and that when this is done the resulting set of generalizations can be extremely helpful. More specifically, they seem capable of organizing and relating a good deal of existing knowledge about the processes of communication effect, the factors involved in the process, and the direction which effects typically take. They thus provide some hope that the vast and ill-ordered array of communications research findings may be eventually molded, by these or other generalizations, into a body of organized knowledge.

In journalism research the past 20 years have seen a trend toward study of the communication process in its relation to society. Methodologically, increasing use has been made of the quantitative methods of the behavioral sciences, but by no means to the exclusion of the qualitative approach of the humanities. Rapid progress has been sparked by the growing availability of basic data, the development of research tools, and increasing institutional support for field research. Communication effect, however, remains a little understood area. For the purpose of this article, "journalism research" is defined as research on the printed media of mass communication. It is not being equated with research done in journalism schools; their research is not limited to print. Neither is it being equated with research on newspapers, which is usually considered to be the central subject matter of "journalism." The article talks about the broad sweep of research on newspapers, magazines, and books, in this country, during the 20 years which are spanned by the distinguished history of the "Public Opinion Quarterly."

Describes the influence of Greeks in the philosophy of Charles Sanders Peirce. Periods in Pierce's philosophic activity; Episodes of his passage from necessitarianism to tychism; Preliminary observations of his manuscript 'The Laws on Nature,' published in 1901.

This article focuses on the sociology of sociology. Persons working in the sociology of sociology are allegedly groping for some model or means by which to understand and measure changes in dominant sociological perspectives. In addition to attending primarily to the making and maintaining of meanings, rather than the functional integration of institutions, one approach tends more toward field work or participant-observation as a research style. To view a social theory from its own perspective can allegedly be an interesting index of sociological self-consciousness. It seems that any thoroughing reality constructionist would analyze the shifts in the perspectives that dominate sociology in terms of the process of conversion. It should be made clear at the outset that a distinction is made between the moral careers of good and bad converts. The distinction comes from various sources within establishment sociology but is also accepted by some of the more pure converts. A bad convert is a person who has taken on the new sociology and defined it as pleasurable, yet has failed first to undergo the necessary personal and intellectual struggle with the old sociology. In addition, the morality of the moral career of the bad convert is somewhat questionable.

The need for systematic research into African problems was, in the Netherlands as elsewhere, increasingly felt after World War II, when the non- industrial world began to grow in importance. As a result, the interdisciplinary Africa Study Centre was founded in Leiden in 1947; it became a national foundation in 1958. The aims of the Study Centre are: (a) to promote the study of Africa, especially in the field of the humanities; (b) to promote the co-operation of all Dutch institutions engaged in the study of Africa; and (c) to promote the spread of academic knowledge about Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Reports developments related to French historical studies as of 1970-1971. Conference of the Society for French Historical Studies in Princeton, New Jersey on March 26 and 27, 1971; Recognition of Richard F. Kuisel as recipient of the William Koren, Jr. Prize for the best article on French history by an American or Canadian; Addition of three members-at-large to the Executive Committee of the Society of French Historical Studies on March 26, 1971.

The article presents information related to various publications on art education. The "Journal of Aesthetic Education," is edited by Ralph A. Smith and is published quarterly. It focuses on the humanities in aesthetic education. It also explores life's aesthetic and environment quality and art education in the media system. The study "Aesthetic Concepts and Education" attempts to apply the methods of philosophical aesthetics to the problems of aesthetic education. Aesthetic concepts such as intention, metaphor, style, and play are examined in the study. Another study "Aesthetics and Problems of Education" includes papers from the Journal of Aesthetic Education.

The article presents an update on issues related to the Philosophy and Rhetoric journal as of January 1974. The journal regrets the death of Karl R. Wallace, a member of the journal's editorial board and for a number of years a sustaining subscriber. In an era in which nearly every week witnesses the birth of one journal and the demise of another, the journal seem to have staying power. This longevity is, of course, mostly due to the loyalty of its readers. If they are so loyal, the journal must be doing something right. Hence, the journal invites its readers to help in refining the perceptions of what is suitable for Philosophy and Rhetoric by commenting on the contents of the journal.

Scientific approaches to religion have always alternated between functional and substantive definitions of the field-that is, between defining religion in terms of its social or psychological functions and in terms of its believed contents. Recently there has been a predominance of functional definitions, as exemplified by Bellah, Geertz, and Luckmann. Quite apart from the scientific utility of these definitions, they have come to serve an ideological use-as a quasiscientific legitimation of the avoidance of transcendence. This is in accord with a secularized Zeitgeist, but it threatens to lose sight of the very phenomenon of religion. To regain the phenomenon, what is required is a return to a substantive definition, an understanding of religion "from within." Schutz's analysis of "multiple realities" in human experience may serve as a useful starting point for this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author makes certain announcements regarding the journal. He welcomes the new members of the editorial board of the journal. Mary J. Rouse is said to have joined the board as Co-Editor and Kenneth Marantz has assumed the responsibility of Book Editor. It is stated that the journal will maintain and extend its quality for research reports and discussion of professional problems in art education. The author also invites papers for the Western Regional Conference, NAEA, to be held in March 1970.

This article suggests that perception of the proper response to an unprecedented rhetorical situation grows not merely from the situation but also from antecedent rhetorical forms. For centuries the discipline of rhetoric anchored itself in the generic distinctions of Aristotle who classed rhetoric as deliberative, forensic, or epideictic. The Aristotelian taxonomy must strain to account for the sermon, however, and fractures when confronted by the data with which the contemporary critic must deal. New classificatory schemes are being generated to account for such phenomena as brainwashing, body rhetoric, the verbal tantrum and exhortative discourse. The struggle to sort rhetorical phenomena has temporarily, at least, drawn attention from attempts to delineate rhetoric from the poetic and the philosophic. But an historical account of the attempts to differentiate rhetoric from poetic generically could absorb pages. Instead of defining genre and exploring the by-products of generic classification, scholars in the field of Speech have tended to treat genre as a trusted friend whose identity is known, whose function is clear, and whose utility is established. Genre, a word borrowed from the French, signifies a distinct species, form, type, or kind. Isolation of genres implies that significantly similar characteristics inhere in works of the same type regardless of author and period of production.

This article focuses on the nature and extent of a philosophic concern with the methods and products of the behavioral sciences. Selecting current research in philosophy of education is necessarily arbitrary. A set of ground rules has been followed in making the selection for this review. First, only materials commonly recognized as contributing directly to the discipline of education have been included. Second, writings in philosophy of education which have a quality of research and inquiry have been selected. Third, attention has been given to the writings of the younger scholars in philosophy of education. A fourth factor in selection has been the reviewer's efforts to identify certain broad tendencies in philosophy of education.

There appears to be a number of difficulties that impede the effort to designate theoretically the functions that religion, or religious institutions, perform in complex societies. This article holds that specification of expected functions of religious institutions either on purely logical grounds or on the basis of generalization from empirical evidence is less precise and likely to be less readily accomplished than for almost any other major area of social organization, and that any attempt to apply most of the available functional theories of religion to complex societies rather than to primitive ones is more likely to lead to frustration than to fruitful understanding or insight. According to the prevailing views, the functions of religion and of religious institutions can be discussed in from two to five or six major categories, with heavy emphasis usually falling upon the integrative and supportive functions they are purported to perform. Thus religious institutions are seen, in relation to other institutions of society and in the total system as promoting solidarity through the provision of significant symbols, norms, supernatural sanctions, and so on.

The notion that there is a positive association between psychopathology and religious commitment is a hoary proposition handed down from the founding fathers even unto the nth generation of social scientists. But is it true? It seems unlikely to be true on logical and theoretical grounds. Furthermore, an assessment of the relevant empirical literature reveals that, although many of the studies have been of low quality, the weight of findings is against the proposition. A variety of new systematic data are presented. These suggest that the proposition is not simply false, but the opposite of the truth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are several roles which the director of research and planning needs to occupy as he studies religion in the city. First of all he needs to be a student of the social science. Second, he needs to know the particular methods and techniques which must be used in special studies. Third, he needs to be able to work up his material in such visible form that it will help him with his own analysis and will help him in presentation. In the fourth place, a director of research and planning must be a sort of public relations person who relates his material to people who need It. Frequently, several different methodological perspectives were the background of a particular study. The emphasis in community studies was that of the interrelation of all the institutions, organizations, and associations, i.e. in social interaction. The geographical perspective deals with location; the ecological, with the forces making for the processes of distribution; the historical deals with time sequences and the stages and steps through which persons and institutions move. Church history is especially useful in identifying the cultural background of church members.

The community from which sociologists draw their livelihood expects them to earn their keep, and the ultimate judge of whether they or the members of any other profession are justifying their existence is society, not the profession itself. The prevailing expectations and values of any particular society not the claims, promises or even the logical arguments which seem so irrefutable to members of a profession sooner or later determine whether a calling shall flourish or languish. The physical and biological sciences are prospering; the humanities, on the word of at least some of their own leaders, are in low estate. The social sciences are precariously somewhere in between, with sociology not very near the top of the social science hierarchy. The status of sociology in the opinion of the public which it ultimately serves and on which it must depend for support needs examination in the light of the hopes and measures of worth on which the judgment of the American public is broadly based. The expectation of usefulness dominates the popular view of science in the U.S. in spite of apparently increasing respect for those who contribute to the store of knowledge of man and nature without immediate concern for utility or for reward.

The article focuses on a course in Contemporary Civilization at the Columbia College, Chicago, Illinois. The course in Contemporary Civilization is in its twenty-sixth year and has been completely revised at least half a dozen times. In 1929, the course was expanded to a two-year program required of both freshmen and sophomores. Because, in 1937, a general Humanities course was also introduced, the time allotment for the Contemporary Civilization course was reduced somewhat. The Contemporary Civilization course starts with the breakup of the Middle Ages and begins with an analysis along three lines of enquiry which are pursued through out. The course is staffed from the College Faculty and from the Dean's Office; from time to time, however, members from the Graduate Faculties are brought in so that fresh evaluations of content and method may be acquired. The Contemporary Civilization course acts as an admirable introduction to advanced study for those who mean to go ahead as majors in one or another of the social science fields.

As denoted by developed indices, the subdimensions of religious belief termed Conventionalist/Liberal and Fundamentalist/Modernist, were found to be differentially associated with attitudes toward missionary activity. The, study's major conclusion is that religious belief-systems must be viewed as comprising a diversity of sub-dimensions, each of which is differentially affected by socio-economic and sociological contingencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article critiques some aspects of the philosophy of John Dewey. It discusses how Dewey liberated American philosophy, especially American educational philosophy, from misunderstood European idealistic and semi-theological speculation. The article details how Dewey developed his philosophy of pragmatism or experimentalism. The author attempts to explain why Dewey's philosophy had little impact on European thought. It is suggested that even in the United States and Japan, Dewey's philosophy no longer plays the dominating role it played during the first decades of the 20th century. Finally, the article discusses the factors that made Dewey the main intellectual representative of the American people, and the prophet of its teachers.

Observations of group life in America have led students of assimilation to argue that large numbers of people continue to interact mainly along religious lines even though their cultural differences are minor. Gordon has hypothesized that many intellectuals, among whom academics are numerically the most important group, are not oriented toward the religious group in interaction or identification, but instead live in a milieu largely free of such structural cleavages. This hypothesis was put to test on samples of Protestant and Mormon academics and non-academics. Results were in support of the hypothesis. Academics with Protestant backgrounds in the humanities and social sciences were in particular weak in religious communality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ernst Troeltsch was a towering figure in the world of German scholarship during the first quarter of the present century. A professor of theology (and, later, also of philosophy) at Heidelberg, 1894-1915, where he was closely associated with Max Weber and a professor of philosophy at Berlin from 1915 until the time of his death in 1923, he was the outstanding philosophical theologian of German Protestantism in his period. His writings deal with religious and intellectual history, the philosophy and sociology of religion and culture, historiography and the philosophy of history, metaphysics, theology, and social ethics. He was convinced that interiority can achieve authenticity only through responsible decision and participation in history and community. He was in general concerned to discover sociological laws, though he did adapt for his own purposes the Weberian method of "Ideal Types." He rejected the notion that the history of religion can be understood in terms simply of the relations between Ideas and Persons.

This article discusses on sociology keeping sociologist Arnold J. Toynbee's book "A Study of History" in mind. The substantive question raised by these ten volumes is not whether "A Study of History" belongs to history or to sociology, but only whether it is good sociology or bad sociology. In this article, however, we address ourselves not to this substantive question but rather to the distinction that provoked Mr. Toynbee's outburst in the first place-the distinction, namely, between history on the one side and the social sciences on the other. The observation that sociology is nomothetic, history idiographic, has numerous corollaries. History, as idiographic, is interested in the unique, the particular, the individual, sociology, as nomothetic, in the recurrent, the general, and the universal. Every single event in time, every unique occurrence, every particular happening can similarly stimulate the inquisitive eye of the historian. He wants to describe it in all its unique individuality and then to relate it chronologically to its predecessors and successors.

Mistaken beliefs about American Indians have been thriving for years and are still being perpetuated. The author presents evidence refuting these myths, explains major problems of the Indian people in adjusting to urban life, and tells how American Indian. centers are helping them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the aim to select titles that illustrate theoretical and research trends in studies of mythology and folk in the U.S. The terms mythology and folklore are often linked together in both lay and academic discourse. Mythology is an independent study devoted to Greek and Roman myths which had broadened to cover myths of people but had lost its status as a separate branch of learning and become an adjunct to several subdivisions of the humanities and social sciences. The sign of the coming of age of folklore studies is the appearance of historical and biographical explorations.

Examines the means-end distinction in Dewey's philosophy. Dimensions of experience; Information on the value of knowledge; Differences between claiming that all modes of human production are active and claiming that all knowing involved concrete physical action.

Proposes to examine the problem of real potency in Charles S. Peirce's position in order to show that far from relegating everything to the future, it provides an important key to understanding Peirce's philosophy. Difference between the language of possibility and the language of actuality; Problem of the relation of actuality and possibility within the present; Objection of Peirce to pure intellectualism.

The article informs that the conquest of the new world by the Spaniards was for a long time painted in blackest colors by most non-Spanish writers. The history of the evolution of the Black Legend is too long a story to relate here. It is enough to say that, during the past few decades, it has undergone considerable bleaching as a result of the patient researches of unbiased historians. However, for years the Black Legend seemed to obscure the fact that the fierce, fanatical conquistadores and their adventurous companions were followed by humble folk who brought with them the skills of the artisan and the patient husbandman. Of the many plants that China has contributed to the gardens and orchards of the world, none is more important than the citrus group, the fruits of which have long been a food for man. Cultivated from a remote period in southeastern Asia, the orange was carried by the Arabs to southwestern Asia, probably before the ninth century. From Mesopotamia and Syria, the orange followed the tide of the Moslem Conquest, and thus spread to Africa, Spain and Sicily. The Moors in the Iberian Peninsula became famous horticulturalists, and perfected the techniques of the cultivation and care of citrus groves.

The article focuses on the bibliography of the books by Francis Neilson. In ascertaining facts about places in which his plays and operettas were produced, the author went to newspapers of the time as well as to a scrapbook of clippings in Neilson's possession. The only record of his works before 1915 (with the exception of the few books listed at the New York Public Library) is set down in his "reminiscences," and this undoubtedly is incomplete. This bibliography does not include a series of thirty unpublished lectures delivered by Mr. Neilson at the University of Chicago about 1932, entitled "Religion, Science and the Arts." These are preserved only in the form of notes. Nor does it include several lectures delivered in England between 1903 and 1910 on "Ibsen," "Browning," "Tolstoy," "Socrates," etc. The bibliography has been listed chronologically rather than by classification of work, with the idea that it is the most practical arrangement for the student who might wish to trace the development of Mr. Neilson's ideas over the fifty-four year period covered. Some of the books are "The Crucifixon of Philip Strong," and "Ralph Voyce."

The intercorrelations among 147 engineering teacher behavior items were factor analyzed and fourteen interpretable first-order factors extracted. Most of these factors were identical, or at least similar, to factors reported in previous studies which focused mostly on the teaching behaviors of social science and humanities instructors. A second-order analysis of these fourteen dimensions yielded four second-order factors of engineering instructor behaviors. Both the first- and second-order factors were related to students' evaluative judgments of the effectiveness or quality of both the instructor and the course. The results indicated that students' ratings of teacher classroom behaviors are fairly reliable, and that certain dimensions of these teacher behaviors are systematically related to the judged quality of the instructor's teaching efforts and the value of the course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the characteristics of oral participation of college students. The development of participation skills have been significant as one of the commonly accepted objectives of a liberal education. Significantly, the study indicates some of the specific characteristic which differentiate students. Furthermore, the author point as out that procedures needed to stimulate students. Significantly, some actions of the author where in and harass. The author points out that the events in the student's life is further enhanced with the motion selector. Significantly, the anniversary of the company has provided ceremonial testimonials. furthermore, educational researchers should be to go

In an attempt to answer questions related sociology, an analysis was made of all footnote references in the American Sociological Review for 1950, and certain comparisons made with two recent studies at the University of Chicago, one in chemistry and physics, the other in U.S. History. These studies are the most recent and most complete of many such analyses, many of which have been done in the natural sciences. The small proportion of references to the humanities suggests the possibility of fruitful extended research on social implications in this tremendous body of literature. Though such research may be the burden principally of the fields of art, literature, religion, and others, it cannot be overlooked by a developing science of sociology. The recently of materials cited may mean that concepts in sociology are changing as rapidly as are those in physics, and more rapidly than those in chemistry, but may imply that the historical approach to problems is not being used fully. The scarcity of French and German references indicates that either the usual doctoral language requirements should be modified or special effort should be made to stimulate research on problems in which knowledge of French and German is more advantageous.

The Ad Hoc Committee on Humanities was appointed by the president of the American Sociological Association following the 1963 meeting of the Association. Establishment of the Committee followed a request from the Commission on the Humanities for a brief report covering present relationships between sociology and the humanities and foreseeable needs of sociology, financial as well as organizational, to broaden these relationships. The Ad Hoc Committee delivered its report in January 1964 to the Commission and it is to appear in the printed document that the Commission will submit to government officials, foundations, learned societies and universities in support of its request for stronger support for the humanities. Although the majority of sociologists shows no more evidence in their works of affinity with the humanities than do the majority of scientists generally, the tie between sociology and humanities is visible, perhaps more so indeed than in most of the social sciences. Some of the richest ideas or perspectives of modern sociology — urbanism, stratification, alienation, community — have been among the richest themes of the modern novel and drama, not to mention other areas of the humanities.

American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS) includes 25 constituent societies, most of them in the humanities. The other social sciences represented are anthropology, geography, economics and political science. The ACLS in fact performs for the humanities very much the same functions that the Social Science Research Council performs for the social sciences. It fosters research and its publication concerns itself with problems of recruitment of personnel for the humanities, tries to bring about greater emphasis on the humanities in American education, publishes the Dictionary of American Biography and translations of important humanistic studies in Oriental languages, and administers a fellowship program for the State Department under contract. Despite the major interest in the humanities, the ACLS does attempt to bring the interests of the social sciences within its purview. The ACLS is currently having difficulty in securing foundation support for the extended program that it has carried out of recent years. Possibilities of obtaining funds from new sources are being explored.

The forty-seventh meeting of the American Council of Learned Societies was held at the Mayflower Hotel in Washington D.C. from January 16-18, 1964. Representing the American Sociological Association at some or all of the sessions were the secretary of the Association, the executive officer, the administrative officer and the official delegate. The American Sociological Association, incidentally, is one of the oldest of the constituent societies of the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS). Richard Schlatter, provost of Rutgers University and director of the Ford Humanities Project at Princeton University, spoke at the first afternoon session on the present situation of American scholarship in the humanities. The morning and afternoon sessions of the second day of the meeting were devoted to a report and discussion of the work of the Commission on the Humanities established last year by the Council of Graduate Schools in the United States, the United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa and the ACLS.