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The article presents a discussion of Arthur I. Bloomfield's research paper on a survey of central banking in developing countries. The reviewer said that his research was lucid and comprehensive and the author is in general agreement with Bloomfield on the various issues he discusses. The author adds to Bloomfield's paper by describing the various steps taken by the monetary authorities in India in the late 1940s and throughout most of the 1950s. The steps were taken to strengthen the banking and credit system.

Presents information related to several abstracts on economics published in the February 1962 issue of the journal 'Oxford Economic Papers.' Examination of India's third five year plan; Marginal rate of saving in the Indian economy; Indian balance of payments policy and exchange auctions.

Since the outbreak of the European war, the flow of rupee coins back from circulation to reserves, which has been going on for many years, has been reversed. The stock of rupee coin in the Reserve Bank of India has decreased, while circulation has increased, between September 1939 and July 1940. This increase of coin circulation has been due partly to the proportional increase of note circulation and to some tendency to hoard coins in preference to notes. To avoid exhaustion of the Reserve Bank's supply of coin, the government of India began the issuance of 1-rupee notes. In December 1940, it announced a reduction in the fineness of the rupee from 11/12 to 0.300. It remains to be seen whether this section will be acceptable to the population.

This paper reviews the literature on authority patterns in Indian organizations in a comparative framework. These patterns are found to be dominated by the parental ideology of authority relations. On the basis of an empirical study, the paper suggests that this ideology, though legitimized by social-cultural factors, may be dysfunctional in having a negative effect on subordinate performance and satisfaction. The results of the empirical study suggest the hypothesis that the effect of social-cultural factors on organizational behavior is better understood through the concept of psychosocial identity, in which the effect of occupational identity is an extremely important factor, rather than through the concept of national character with its implications of cultural relativism in work behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an operational framework to understand autonomy by examining the relationship between the enterprise and its supporting environment. This relationship between the public enterprise and the enabling system is seen as one of power-dependency, by adopting the interorganizational analysis approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between the end of the Canton Crisis of 181-15, and the Bank of England Crisis of 1825, the financial usages of European houses in China had become better defined. Increased reliance and valuations upon negotiable paper instruments of finance were apparent. Quite apart from the extensive use of the East India Co.'s remittance paper as negotiable in India and China, the provision of private credit facilities for private trade in India and China were now explicit. Records of short-term lending on the spot and deposit accounts were now in evidence. The individual consigner of Indian cottons and opium who surveyed on a large scale for the China market could now also obtain direct credit backing from China agencies, albeit at the exorbitant rate of ten to 12 per cent. Indian agents of the China houses were also encouraging and financing groups of small investors under joint consignment accounts. In turn, the China houses now had sizeable credit accounts with their London, England, agents, which they covered by the periodic hypothecation of China goods to the United States. For a good many years the London money crisis of 1825-6 was slowly but clearly building up. In the build-up of the crisis conditions, the Bank of England was not above blame. Some China houses had not yet reached this level of rationale in their financial affairs, but the new mood of independence was symptomatic of the important changes through which the system was undergoing.

The present paper summarizes papers given at the 8th International Family Research Seminar in Oslo, Norway, 1963, which describe and explain differential frequencies of those decisions to marry which result in teenage marriage. Sociological analysis of marriage usually points out that age at marriage varies with the type of society and, therefore, reflects the stage of industrialization and urbanization. The lowest ages at marriage are generally found in peasant agricultural countries, such as India and China. During the rapid growth phase of urban industrial nations, age at marriage apparently rises, but later the age at marriage once again turns downward, though not rapidly. One way of viewing trends of teenage marriage is in terms of the percentage of males and females under 20 years of age involved in marriages contracted. During 1961, in 6% of all marriages contracted in Yugoslavia one or both spouses were under the age of 18. However, in such marriages the wife was under 18 years of age in 91 % of the cases, the husband in only 9 %. From 1953-1961 there was a gradual decrease in the percentage married under 18 years from 6.6 % to 6.0 %.

This article focuses on the trend of the birth rate in India between the period 1911 to 1950. The Government of India, in connection with the Census of 1951, has published a report entitled Estimation of Birth and Death Rates in India during 1941-50. In this report the actuaries associated with the census of 1951 have analysed a mass of material and have tried to arrive at firm estimates of the birth and death rates for different regions of India during 1941-50. Economist Kingsley Davis has also tried to compute birth estimates for the major provinces of India during 1926-30. These two publications thus enable you to examine two independently estimated rates of omission in the two decades, i.e. 1926-30 and 1941-50. In the present paper it will be shown that the formula devised for West Bengal is valid for a much larger area, comprising the provinces of Assam, Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh. The rates of omission estimated by the author's formula for 1921-30 will be compared with the corresponding rates of omission for 1926-30 as estimated by Kingsley Davis, and it will be shown that in all the cases the two agree quite closely.

This book, the second in the series, presents selections from papers read at the second Indian Conference on Research in National Income. It is a welcome addition to the 'meager but growing literature intended to deepen our understanding of historical and current Indian economic conditions. A reader, however, cannot help but realize the vital gaps in available basic economic data on India. In his presidential address, "Some Suggestions for the Improvement of National Income Data in India," V. K. R. V. Rao appropriately draws attention to these gaps and urges the government to direct its efforts to the collection of pertinent economic statistics through "well-designed and deliberately undertaken benchmark surveys," followed by annual sample surveys. Since Rao himself has joined the planning commission, it is to be hoped that these suggestions will soon be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on the preparation being made by the Industrial Relations Center of the University of Hawaii in Honolulu for publishing a study of industrial relations in India by Doctor A. V. R. Rao, director of the Bureau of Labour, Industrial Relations and Social Studies in Bombay. Doctor Harold S. Roberts, director of the Center, has been special consultant to the city and county of Honolulu in the evaluation of the city's Personnel Management Program. The study seeks to reappraise the ability of the city's overall personnel management program to meet manpower requirements and other changes expected during the next decade. Papers from a one-day conference on "Challenges to Collective Bargaining," held in August 1967 by the Labor Management Education Program (LMEP) will be published in early 1968. A monograph on the modern Hawaiian community is presently in progress. It consists of papers presented by community leaders before the seminar on the Hawaiian community offered in 1967 by the LMEP for labor union officials. Professor Robert Repas has joined the staff of the LMEP as associate specialist.

This paper describes an exploratory field study carried out to ascertain the pattern of assimilation among East Indian immigrants in California. It was found that the Hindustani immigrants, because of their small numbers and their pattern of living in individual isolation, are prevented from forming their own ethnic communities. In this paper, the term Hindustani refers to immigrants from India and includes Hindu, Sikh, and Moslem immigrants. They constitute one of the smallest Oriental groups in the U.S.— 2,405 in 1940— and are the least known of all ethnic groups in this country. Of the total Hindustani population in the U.S. in 1940, 61.4 percent resided in California. Many have lived there for over thirty years. The majority of California Hindustanis are emigrants from rural villages in the Punjab, with a handful from Gujarat, Bengal, Oudh, and Madras. This study focused on four aspects of Hindustani life— residential pattern, occupational interactions, community life, family and home life.

The impact of induced abortion on fertility under Indian conditions is studied in this paper. The model is executed on a computer. First, matrices of birth probabilities specific to age and age at marriage are obtained, with the help of a simulation model, under various assumptions regarding the incidence of induced abortion. Later, making use of these matrices, period fertility measures such as age specific marital fertility rates and crude birth rates are obtained for India for the period 1961-75. One of the findings is that the effect of induced abortion in reducing the birth rate of India will be greater if it is used as a supplement to various family planning methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides context to findings published by L.V.L.N. Sarma and K.S. Hanumana Rao (S&R) in a September, 1969 "Journal of Finance" article entitled "Leverage and the Value of the Firm." In that article S&R concluded that the Modigliani-Miller proposition concerning the impact of leverage on firm value did not hold for a sample of Indian firms they studied. The authors of the current paper discuss findings of a comparative study that included firms in both the U.S. and India. Their results support S&R's view concerning firms in India, but indicate that view cannot be generalized to U.S. firms.

The article presents a response to Cherukuri U. Rao and Robert H. Litzenberger (R&L) from L.V.L.N. Sarma and K.S. Hanumanta Rao (S&R), authors of a September, 1969 "Journal of Finance" article entitled "Leverage and the Value of the Firm." R&L had previously commented that, although conclusions reached in the article were correct, the methodology employed by S&R contained two potential sources of bias. The authors of the current paper defend their work by elaborating further on the procedures employed.

This paper tackles the assumption that as a country with a joint family system modernizes, the result will be the decline of the Joint family in terms of the property relations among fathers, sons and brothers. There are two important aspects of a Joint family in India: household composition and property held in common. Urbanization and education have not yet resulted in decreasing levels of Joint household participation in India. Legally, though, the Joint family is defined as those holding property in common. It was found that urbanization and education (a) have not increased the proportion of sons who separate their property from their fathers before his death, but (b) are associated with a significant increase in shared property among brothers. Neglecting the property aspect of Joint family life in survey literature may have falsely led to the conclusion that education and urbanization will preclude the cooperation of brothers and other relatives in using family property to its full economic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper abridged nuptiality tables for the single population of India have been constructed for the three consecutive decades 1901-1911, 1911-1921 and 1921-1931. No significant time trend has been observed in the nuptiality rates among the single Population of India. The rates are initially small, but increase rapidly until they reach a maximum at ages 25-30 for bachelors and 15-20 for spinsters, following which they gradually decline. During 1901-1931, unlike Western countries, India had not experienced any revolution in marriage habits encompassing traditional child marriages. The distinctive marks of the Indian age patterns of marriage are higher age-specific marriage rates combined with lower ages at marriage and lower proportions of people who never marry with relative stability of marriage habits during the early part of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluates various papers focusing on social development in Asia. Land reforms and agrarian change in India; Examination of professional profiles and employment problems in selected countries; Analysis of the political sociology of the process of economic development; Agrarian framework for development.

The process of economic development of any country depends on the ratio of industrial activity to agricultural activity. When measured in terms of per capita income, economic development depends on a growing agricultural surplus. According to Jorgenson, "Both classical and neoclassical theories of development of a dual economy provide an explanation of the increase in the share of savings." The increase in the share of savings depends on a significant increasing agricultural surplus but not on the presence or absence of disguised unemployment. In a recent article by Bardhan and Bardhan, the price elasticity of marketed surplus food grains was estimated. The significance of neither the ratio of industrial output to the agricultural output nor the growing agricultural surplus in determining the savings ratio (S/Y) was established empirically. This paper attempts to investigate such a relationship in the Indian economy. I use annual time-series data for the period 1953-65. The conclusions of this study corroborate Jorgenson's hypotheses. Due to the significant presence of agricultural surplus, the industrial sector is viable. This has implications for disguised unemployment in Indian agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have concluded that the restrictive industrial and trade control regimes adopted by many semi-industrial countries have been responsible for inefficient allocation of resources. These studies typically have been concerned with cases where the control regimes led to production of goods in which developing countries do not have a comparative advantage or raised the cost of production above the minimum attainable. This paper discusses a closely related but nonetheless distinct cost of one such control regime: the designs of many engineering goods produced in India during the 1960s were not the most efficient ones available for the products concerned. Producer goods were manufactured to designs which were technologically obsolete or economically inefficient. Similarly, consumer goods were produced to designs which were inefficient for the tastes and incomes prevailing in India. The first section of the paper examines design deficiencies of a number of Indian engineering goods. The second section discusses the role of government industrial and trade policies in explaining why goods with inefficient designs were produced. The concluding section considers the possibility that the industrial and trade control regime not only led to inefficient resource allocation but also reduced the rate of technological change. It also discusses the implications of the study for semi-industrial countries which are attempting to make a transition from import substitution to export in the case of new manufactured goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the ways in which legal norms enunciated by India's industrial tribunals are used by management and labor in their bilateral negotiations. Data from Indian courts and companies permit an empirical contrast between Durkheim's and Weber's analyses of the legal process. The evidence substantiates portions of both approaches: legal norms tend to be invoked as a function both of need for normative regulation and of the authority of the courts. A theoretical synthesis of the two positions is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freedom fighter Mahatma Gandhi's influence on Indian planning can best be understood by investigating the economic history of modern India and the role of Gandhian economics. Of course, one cannot speak of Gandhian economics unless one can show that there is a systematic approach to economics that can be called Gandhian; but this aspect has been widely discussed in an earlier paper. This article is a critical analysis of Gandhi's influence on Indian economic planning. Gandhi's influence on Indian planning was subtle rather than obvious. This emerges from the fact that officially he was neither a member of the National Planning Committee nor a believer in vigorous economic planning. He also did not wish to be associated with any political party. During the latter part of his life, Gandhi was not even an ordinary member of the Congress Party.

A district headquarters town In India is, virtually by definition, the seat of a whole complex of law courts. The personnel whose activities contribute to the patterning of social life in such towns includes as an essential feature a small brotherhood of local legal practitioners. This article describes one such brotherhood: the advocates who practice in a district headquarters town in Haryana, India. It is mainly concerned with isolating and describing the system of social relations, the inter-connected set of behavioral patterns, that occurs in the daily interactions among a hundred or more professionals in the district courts. For the litigants of an Indian district, the courts are an important occasional social arena. For even the busiest of chronic litigants, however, they are only an occasional arena. The professional and administrative personnel of the legal system are necessarily somewhat marginal figures in the litigant's world, of not as much concern to him as the allies and opposite parties of his numerous lawsuits. For a vast majority of district legal practitioners in India, on the other hand, the courts are the arena, the physical and social setting, for a lifetime's work.

The article presents an insight to the colleague relationships among Indian lawyers. For the litigants of an Indian district, the court is an important occasional social arena. In the lives of lawyers outside the courts, caste is significant. In general, however, caste does not have the role- summation significance for city professionals that it has in village life. For almost everything that goes on in the courtroom, there exists somewhere a set of written rules namely government manuals on court upkeep and organization, textbooks on advocacy, codes and case law. Colleague interactions here are highly legalistic in content. The constant struggles of lawyers to prevent conflicting hearings from getting on their appointment books suggest that there is scope for some division of labor even if not amounting to formal specialization in fields of law. Unlike, the linkages of an action set, the alliance does not have a variety of possible bases. All the ties that are used in alliances are those created by mutual involvement in the day to day working of the courts.

This paper re-examines the matter of rural-urban fertility differentials in India. It is a commonplace that urban fertility is lower than rural fertility in the West, and it is frequently assumed that this holds for non-Western populations as well. In the case of India, previous studies of rural-urban fertility ratios have appeared to bear out this expectation. However, fertility ratios based on the most recent available age distributions show no significant rural-urban fertility differentials. This conclusion is supported by several recent sample surveys of children ever born and is consistent with the generally accepted fact that contraception is negligible even in the cities of India. It is noted that the virtual disappearance of the Indian rural-urban fertility ratio differential over time has in all likelihood resulted from a narrowing of the rural-urban infant and child mortality differential.

Much of the research on the Indian family is an attempt to establish the presence or absence of the joint family. The present paper deviates from the usual joint family controversy and focuses on the nature of the kinship and family ties among the 287 migrant lower-class and lower-caste gold miners in Kolar Gold Fields in Mysore State, India. The data suggest that the geographic mobility has caused the breakdown of the localistic patrilineal kinship system. However, the kinship ties are maintained despite the spatial distance. The nature of the kinship ties among the respondents is predominantly expressive and instrumental in character. In the city the modal family is the nuclear family. The respondents have adapted to the industrial setting despite the breakdown of their face-to-face extended kinship system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper deals with caloric values of important plants and insects occurring m the grassland vegetation at Kurukshetra, India. The data indicate variations in energy content among different species and at different seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper develops a theoretical framework for the application of cost-benefit analysis to management education in developing countries. Social returns are estimated through a combination of the import substitution and income creation approaches, both of which are considered in the evaluation of investment. The cost-benefit analysis of a major national project in India within this framework shows that its educational program has a positive net present value even at a social discount rate as high as 13 percent. The net returns appear to be quite sensitive to the values assigned to the foreign exchange rate, discount rate, and price elasticity. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of the cost-benefit analysis of a specialized branch of education in India. The branch selected is management education, which, though relatively new to India, is likely to expand significantly, given the managerial and organizational problems facing the country. The first section of the paper presents a conceptual framework of the cost-benefit analysis appropriate to management education.[1] The second section reports the results of the cost-benefit analysis of a national institution for management education in India. The conclusions of the study and its relevance for educational planning are summarized in Section III of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Responds to the comments of K.L. Gupta on the author's article discussing the response of household savings in India to prices and price changes. Dependence of savings on personal disposable income, price level and price changes; Koyck-type distribution lag function.

The present paper has two goals. First, since rotating credit associations have not been described for India, except in the briefest of terms, we shall contribute in a small way to filling this void. Our data are limited. They derive from a month of field work in the city of Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), carried out in July 1962, and include two days in a village approximately twenty miles from the city. The focus of the field investigation was voluntary associations generally. Only a few interviews dealt with chit funds, as rotating credit associations are commonly called in India. The work in the village, limited as it had to be, was more than usually fruitful, because reports were available from earlier studies by other social scientists. The second aim of this paper is to consider the potentialities of such associations for socializing to modern business life. Before dealing with the latter problem, let us look at the three types of chit fund that we found. (The number is not necessarily exhaustive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper may be regarded as a first short step into a scheme of systematic geography, since it deals with an island off a young coastal plain that is Shriharikota, Madras, India. The island is probably the simplest part of the simplest type of land form. Moreover, its inhabitants, simple jungle folk, are in the most elemental stage of evolution. The island has the monsoon type of climate. The East Coast of India presents to the Bay of Bengal a shoreline backed. except in a few places, with a monotonously low relief. If one braves the tulmultous shallow inshore waters of the bay from the city Calcutta to Cape Comorin his typical view is of a silver strand surmounted by jungle growth.

This paper discusses the experience of India and its anti-malaria campaign since 1953 and subjects it to economic analysis. Errors in the prevailing method of comparing the cost of alternative programs are pointed out. Findings are presented and discussed, including the demographic and production implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a contribution to the growing body of empirical literature challenging basic assumptions and policy conclusions regarding industrial wage determination in the Lewis-Fei-Ranis model of economic development in labor surplus economies. We shall show that in India wages in modern industry are some four times higher than the earnings of agricultural laborers, rather than the 30 percent or so hypothesized by W. A. Lewis as necessary to attract labor to the modern sector and to compensate for the higher urban cost of living. More important, we shall show that the earnings differential, expressed in real terms, has been rising at an average annual rate of 1.5 percent from 1949 to 1965. Available evidence points to rising real wages in industry as an investment in higher productivity for the employer, not a wasteful deduction from the investable surplus forced upon industry by government and unions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the rationing system used with the Bhakra canals, one of the major new canal systems in north India, and focuses on study area in Hissar District. Rationing occurs at three principal levels: first, at higher levels, with the allocation of water available in the reservoir; second, at the middle level, with the rotation among channels of the preference to receive water; and third, at the farm level, with the rotation of turns among farmers (warabandi) served by the same watercourse, which is the ditch from the main channel to the farmers' fields. Institutional or administrative decision rules and schedules rather than market forces govern canal-water rationing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the trends in employment and labor productivity and attempts to link such trends with the overall development strategy that was followed during the last two decades in India. The trends in employment and labor productivity in agriculture, manufacturing, and services sectors are discussed in Section I. Data on employment and labor productivity are further disaggregated and analyzed separately, for as many sectors as possible, in Section II. The last section deals with the policy implications and conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classification of areal units by population size has been suggested as a useful tool for studies of within-urban and within-rural variations. Size of population is doubtless one of the most important factors affecting mans collective life. But in studying within-urban or within- rural variations, population size will be a powerful tool only if the places so classified are approximations of communities in the sense of a collective phenomenon. That is, population size may not differentiate organizational characteristics of areal units unless the aggregates studied are inter-dependent wholes, organized units, entities exhibiting a high degree of unit character. Data from India presented in this paper illustrate this point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study about the studies on grasslands of the Western Ghats in India. This paper focuses on the ecological conditions, topography, climate, soil and vegetation in this area covering the period from June 1953 to December 1955. Various regions were surveyed giving the phytosociological data of the grasslands in Bombay, Khandala, and Lonavla. The methods applied in this experiment are described. Behavioral succession of vegetation were studied related to the biotic factors. Results of the study are discussed in brief.

This paper offers cross tabulations between parameters on family planning and other health practices. The findings indicate that people who act positively with respect to health practices are similarly motivated in family planning. This point lends support to the policy of integrating family planning services with health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Such accounts make hardly any mention of the importance of institutional factors in the working of the labour market. India in particular is well known for the degree of control and influence which the Government tries to exercise over the economy, not least over the labour market, so that in her case the omission of such factors can hardly be justified. There is a voluminous Indian literature on this subject, particularly since the report of the National Commission on Labour in 1969,[1] and one of the striking facts about wage settlements in India is the extent to which public debate and public policy have been continually brought to bear on such settlements. Wages are very much influenced by administrative and legislative factors, and, while not denying the importance of market forces, more attention should be given to the former. Thus the purpose of this paper is to give a simplified account of some of the institutional features of wage settlement in India's economy, together with some brief critical comments on the wider implications of the system and on recent proposals for changing it. The analysis of this paper has tried to show how the Government has evolved a politically viable wage policy which has ensured some restraint on, and equity in, the movement of industrial wages. But the Government cannot expect to have both its wage policy and an absence of industrial disputes in times of rising prices. Strikes are the inevitable cost of wage restraint, and the appropriate remedy is not to abandon a politically well-tried and feasible wage policy, but to try to ensure greater price stability: the best labour policy recommendation for India is to continue gradually to adapt the existing system to the changing demands of balanced economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I have tried to suggest some probable extensions and projections into the future of what is at present a dimly visible and restricted condition. As previously reported, the situation at present is stable, in the sense that the attitudes supporting the traditional way of life of both Ladinos and Indians are dominant, and some of the tensions are capable of being drained off by desertion of Indians to other areas. Moreover, the average Indian is so securely orientated and integrated to a pattern of poverty, illness, and hard work that he seems quite capable of taking considerable slack in his psychological belt to adjust to still more of the same. The dynamics of alienation from tradition are at present cumulating their forces. How quickly the power which they contain will be recognized by or forced upon the Indians and Ladinos is a matter of speculation. The evidence would seem to point to considerable resistance to any variation in the way of life to adjust to the new forces at work. It is for this reason that in a previous paper the situation was described as one which has much promise of long life. For, there always remains the alternative that the Indians will grow increasingly small in numbers, but will nevertheless stubbornly keep up their traditions. If this alternative is pursued, it may be some generations yet before they either effectively disappear as a local community, or, through various other mechanisms, become so altered as to be no longer recognizable for what they were in 1940. It seems of significance to note here, finally, that the stratification by age and generation and the vertical division of the sexes in the community have come to have special significance. It makes considerable difference to the observer whether he views the situation through the eyes of a young man or an old man, a father or a son, a mother or a daughter. One does not get the same picture from any randomly selected individual in the community. This in some measure is a decided qualification on the usual assumption of homogeneity of such peasant or primitive communities, an assumption which underlies the use of one or two "trust- worthy informants" as the principal sources of information about such communities. These materials therefore incidentally suggest that a more adequate sampling of peasant populations in transition is called for than has hitherto been practiced in typical ethnographic investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The registration of births and deaths in India, even at present, is too inadequate to be of much help in estimating fertility and mortality conditions in the country. From time to time, Indian census actuaries have constructed life tables indirectly by comparing one census age distribution with the preceding one. Because of inaccurate age reporting in Indian censuses, it was essential for those who constructed life tables to smooth the age distributions. The results obtained depended to a large extent on the method chosen for smoothing. This paper is an attempt to estimate some demographic measures for the nine census years between 1881 and 1961 by applying uniform computational methods to the data of all years. The measures, by sex, include an abridged life table, the growth rate, birth rate and death rate and as a by-product of, rather than a prerequisite for, obtaining other measures, the smoothed age distribution. The basic assumption underlying this paper is that, for all practical purposes, the Indian population can be considered as stable or quasi-stable for a period of 100 years in the immediate past.

This paper analyzes the relationships between certain socio-cultural and demographic or family size variables and attitudes toward family planning held by a sample of industrial workers in Ambarnath, a western Indian city. A comparison is made between these findings and those obtained from the nearby village of Badlapur. The major finding is that the variables which predict the presence or absence of favorable attitudes toward family planning in the village male sample are the most important ones in the male industrial sample. In both studies the education was the first ranking variable, followed by number of living sons. Caste, too, was significant in both studies. This evidence seems to indicate that the urban-industrial milieu's effect is almost non-existent in developing this attitude. Favorableness toward birth control seems to be part of a non-traditional value complex chiefly associated with educational attainment, not urban-industrial exposure or effects associated with this environment.

After the abolition of slavery in British colonies in 1834, many thousand labourers left India under indenture for employment on colonial plantations. Their efforts resulted in a striking rise in exports of plantation products. At the end of their indenture, many Indians decided to settle in their new home, especially' in British Guiana, Trinidad, Mauritius and Fiji. The paper discusses the districts in India from which labourers were recruited; the conditions of service under the indenture system, and its advantages and abuses. It discusses the opportunities open to the Indian labourer at the end of his indenture, and the facilities which the government or the planters provided for his settlement on the land. Those who did not settle on the land turned to the professions or trades, often with success. The paper discusses the attitude of the communities of reception" to the Indian during and after indenture, and his adjustment to a multi-racial society. It analyses his change in outlook as a result of emigration, the increase in his ambition and initiative, and his transition from submissiveness to independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the composition of Indian emigration to Fiji is analysed from documentary data. Most emigrants went as indentured labourers from 1879 to 1916. The system of recruitment, the considerable resistances to emigration and pressure stimulating it, places of origin, age, sex, marital status, economic position, religion and caste and expectations of emigrants are considered; 75 % of the emigrants embarked at Calcutta. In the main they were unaccompanied, young men and women, came from the north-eastern United Provinces and were a fair cross section of village castes. The emigrants were driven primarily by economic but also by social pressure and intended to return to India. Emigration from Madras differed in some respects. Other Indian emigration to Fiji, of Puniabis and Gujratis particularly, is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents updates concerning the field of operations research as of 1960. The Seventh International Meeting of the Institute of Management Sciences will be held in New York City from October 19 to 22. The Argentine Operations Research Society had elected officers of its directing council. The Operations Research Association of Bangalore held its Third Annual General Meeting in Bangalore, India in February 27. The Canadian Operations Research Society has elected D. B. DeLury as president.

It is the contention of this paper that there is interpretive value in looking at aspects of mystical experience from the perspective of the psychological development of man's growth from childhood to maturity, it is not argued that mystical experience is a simple function of psychological crises in human development, but it is maintained that psychoanalytic interpretations of human development do provide clues for gaining a new perspective on mystical experience and can contribute to building a mystical anthropology. The mystical traditions of India provide the context (or the analysis. Based on these many traditions it is possible to suggest a four-fold typology of mystical experience oriented primarily around the stages of human development. Enough texts are readily available in the Sanskrit Literature to set the typology in a psychological, sociological, and linguistic framework that is reasonably homogeneous and integral. The typology includes the following kinds of mystical experience; (a) unitive, (b) isolative, (c) copulative, and (d) nihilative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper embodies the findings of a field study made of communication of modern ideas and knowledge into some Indian villages. The diffusion into seven villages of the following modern ideas and kinds of knowledge was studied. The intellectual perspective of the villages makes for greater communicability of certain items. Both intranational and international items of communication were analyzed. Limited as the sample of each of these was, however, they brought out the relative predominance of knowledge of local over world events. Interviewing and observation were the main tools. The schedule containing the questions had sometimes to be kept in the background. Experience in the villages proves that greater information can be obtained by informal chats and discussions than by asking straight questions. Questions had to be mixed with a good deal of other conversation. Certain broad conclusions emerge from the study. As is revealed by the scalogram, it is not merely the distance from or nearness to the city that facilitates communication of ideas and knowledge. The social structure also determines the qualitative and quantitative content of the communications that are assimilated.

This paper reports on the matricentric family system as it appears in three different societies: the Caribbean, the Nayar of India and Afro-American families in the United States. The author's purpose is to show the variations in female-centered families by studying their nature and functions among different groups in diverse parts of the world. A suggestion for more conceptual clarity of the matricentric family concept is posed in order to provide more theoretical consistency in its further analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purdah system, which limits a woman's mobility outside her home, may be an extreme example of highly segregated systems of sex role allocation, but shows many fundamental features in common with other societies. Purdah is an important institution among Muslims in Pakistan and India, but has not been well studied, partly because secluded women are inaccessible to male researchers. The purdah system is related to status, the division of labor, interpersonal dependency, social distance and the maintenance of moral standards; the two conceptual formulations used to analyze the system with reference to these factors are "separate worlds" and "symbolic shelter." In the present paper, special emphasis is placed on the influence of purdah observance and values on women's participation in modern occupations. Medicine and teaching are found to be the most important high prestige occupations for educated women because of the special needs of a female clientele in a sex-segregated system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on a variety of sources of information and describes the biraderi system of kin relations in Pun jab. The system consists of a larger circle of relatives who share a common identity through its name and a more restricted circle determined by competitive gift giving. Functions of this institution are outlined and their implications are traced for a developing country like Pakistan. It is maintained that a fresh approach is needed to resolve the conflicting requirements of the kin groups and the development processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]