Search

This paper is limited to treatment of ulcers of the cornea, but to indicate intelligently the proper procedures which one must use in treating this ever varying symptom it is necessary to have as a basis some classification of the pathologic process, for the treatment must vary according to the conditions. In other words, no hard and fast lines can be laid down for the handling of ulcerations of the corneaper se. If we consider the subject from the standpoint of development then we have to treat ulcers of the cornea on the ground that they are either primary or secondary, and if secondary the cause is of first consideration in the line of treatment. The treatment, too, is modified, as the ulcer may be marginal or central, superficial or deep, simple or infected, progressive or regressive. Then, also, we may have to approach the subject from the symptomatic

During the past few years there has been a considerable amount of confusion with respect to the terminology used for adrenocorticotropins (ACTH) isolated from the pituitary glands of various species. In this paper ( 1 ) a unified system of nomenclature for these hormones is proposed. It is hoped that this system will furnish readily and at a glance, from the terminology itself, pertinent information about the source of the particular preparation as well as the chemical formula of any active degraded product derived from the natural hormone.

Held Oct. 6-7, 1966, Richmond, Va. Sponsored by Water Resources Research Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute Includes the papers presented at the symposium and reports by the Division of Mineral Resources and by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Nashville District.

Mr. Embleton next read his paper, illustrated by sections “On the Order of Succession of the Coal Seams in the Northern Coal Field of Yorkshire.” The subject of discussion on this paper was confined to a consideration of the order of the various seams found in the Township of Whitwood, Methley, Stanley, Wrenthorpe, Lofthouse, Rothwell, Ardsley, Middleton, and Beeston. Mr. Embleton commenced his paper by saying it would be of great importance to the society if the order of the seams of coal were determined in each district, and that it was the only sure foundation for comparison with distant parts of the coal field. He remarked that it was only by a careful collection of shaft sections that many important questions in local geology could be satisfactorily cleared up. As for instance, the thinning or thickening of certain seams in particular directions, the existence of seams at one colliery which were not found in an adjoining one, the origin of coal itself. They would also show when that variety of coal, called cannel coal, was chiefly found, and whether, as had been often stated, though, perhaps, without much foundation, it was only found in the vicinity of certain throws. The workable seams in the Townships before mentioned are the Stanley Shale Coal, the Stanley Main Coal, the Warrenhouse Coal, the Lofthouse or Haigh Moor Coal, the Fish Coal, the 40 Yards Coal, the Yard Coal or Little Coal, and the Main or Deep Coal of the Rothwell Haigh and ...

The average frequency spacing 〈Δfmax〉 between adjacent maxima of the frequency response curve between two points in a room is determined by experiment, theory, and Monte Carlo computation. In earlier papers it had been shown that, above a certain critical frequency, 〈Δfmax〉 is reciprocally related to reverberation time and not dependent on other room characteristics—disproving a belief that 〈Δfmax〉 is a useful measure of the acoustical quality of rooms. Theory predicts 〈Δfmax〉 = 3.91/T60, where T60 is the reverberation time. Monte Carlo computation gives 3.90/T60. Measurements in two very different rooms using a vacuum tube voltmeter for reading the sound pressure are in good agreement with these predictions. Measurements with a logarithmic level recorder give, as in earlier investigations, much larger values. The discrepancy cannot be explained by the level recorder's 0.5‐db quantization. This paper shows that: (1) The Monte Carlo method is a useful tool for solving complex problems in room acoustics. (2...

In this paper, some general variational principles in the theory of elasticity and the theory of plasticity are established. Consider an elastic body in equilibrium with small displacement. By regarding u, v, w, e x , e y , e z , y yz , y xz , y xy , σ x,σ y, σ z,τ yz ,τ xz ,τ xy as fifteen independent functions, and letting their variations be free from any restriction, we establish two variational principles, called the principle of generalized complementary energy and the principle of generalized potential energy. Each principle is equivalent to the four sets o?fundamental equations of the theory of elasticity, namely, the equations of equilibrium, the stress strain relations, the strain displacement relations and the appropriate boundary conditions. Special cases of these principles are examined. These principles are next expressed in other forms, where u, v, w, σ x ,σ y , σ z ,τ yz ,τ xz ,τ xy are regarded as nine independent functions with their variations free from any restrictions. Next we consider the bending of a thin elastic plate with supported edges under large deflection. By regarding M x , M y , M xy , N x , N y , N xy , u, v, w as nine independent functions with the restriction that w should vanish along the contour of the plate, we establish a variational principle, called the principle of generalized potential energy, which is equivalent to the three sets of fundamental equations in the theory of bending of thin plate, namely, the equations of equilibrium, the displacement stress relations (strain stress relations) and the appropriate boundary conditions. This principle is next expressed in another form which is more convenient for application. As an illustration, von Karman's equations for the large deflection of thin plate are derived from this principle. In von Karman's equations, one unknown is the deflection and the other unknown is the membrane stress function. Therefore it is impossible to derive von Karman's equations either from the principle of minimum potential energy or from the principle of complementary energy. Finally we consider the equilibrium of a plastic body with small displacement. In the case of the deformation type of stress strain relations, we establish two variational principles, each of which is equivalent to the equations of equilibrium, a certain type of stress strain relations and the appropriate boundary conditions. In these variational principles, u, v, w and their variations are free from any restriction, and σ x ,σ y , σ z ,τ yz ,τ xz ,τ xy and their variations satisfy a certain yield condition. In the case of the flow type of stress strain relations, we get two similar variational principles, in which u, v, w and their variations are free from any restriction, σ x ,σ y , σ z , τ yz ,τ xz ,τ xy and their variations satisfy a certain yield condition and σ x ,σ y , σ z , τ yz ,τ xz ,τ xy have no variations.

One of the previous papers by Coutts(1) in this series has directed attention to the value of the data obtained from what is now generally referred to as the perforated box experiment devised by the present writer and Raczkowski(3). In a further paper Coutts(2) has described an improved and simplified technique, which gives results that are either identical with the old method (pore space) or else related to them by simple linear expressions (water retention; volume expansion or “swelling”). As Coutts’ procedure is now being followed at Rothamsted, and is likely to be taken up by other workers, it appears desirable to record some hitherto unpublished data bearing on the technique of the method, obtained at Rothamsted some years ago by Prof. Ohga (S.M. Educational Institute, Mukden, Manchuria) and dealing with the effect on the results of the degree of packing to which the soil is subjected. The original method, followed by Coutts in its essential details, is to add the soil in small quantities, tapping the box on the bench after each addition, until the box is nearly full, at which stage the filling is completed in the manner described in the original communication.

In this paper the variation of both chemical and catalytic activity of Fe 2 O 3 MoO 3 catalyst occurring as a result of high-temperature treatment is investigated. Three variations with temperature are observed. The first occurs at about 350 °C and is characterized by the start of bulk diffusion, increase of the electrical conductance, and formation of high amounts of CO in methanol oxidation. The second occurs at about 450–500 °C and is characterized by the complete oxidation of Fe 2+ to Fe 3+ and by the decrease of the isomerization power of 1-butene of the catalyst. The third variation occurs at about 600 °C and is characterized by a final decrease of surface area, by a strong decrease of catalytic activity and a variation of the IR spectra in the region of MoO stretching frequency.

The fate of basal nitrogen (ammonium sulfate) enriched with 15N was investigated in the paddy field in 1969 and 1970. The paddy soil was relatively poor in organic matter, fine-textured and poorly drained. Rice plant was transplanted at two different times and was grown with two rates of basal nitrogen addition as previouly reported. The soil ammonium nitrogen derived from the basal fertilizer was more in the plots with the high rate of basal nitrogen than in those with the low rate. It decreased gradually and almost disappeared in every experimental, plot at the end of June. The fact above-mentioned was coincident with the results of a previous paper indicating that the absorption of basal nitrogen was finished in all the experimental plots at the end of June. The quantities of fertilizer nitrogen left in the soil after harvest ranged from 18 to 21 per cent. On the other hand, 22 to 27 per cent of the nitrogen was absorbed by rice plant. Therefore, the recovery of basal nitrogen was less than 50 per cent. According to the frequent determinations of the amounts of nitrogen absorbed by rice plant and soil ammonium nitrogen, it was assumed that ammonium formation in the soil had two maxima during the growing season -one, from the early to middle June and another, from the end of July to early in August.

This is the sequel to Urban Issues I, the special issue which was edited by this Department and published in Management Science, Vol. 16, No. 12 (August 1970). Like its predecessor the present collection has been pointed toward delineating new possibilities for management science approaches to urban problems. Also like its predecessor, the present compilation is drawn from a variety of sources which include papers presented at scientific-professional society meetings, papers selected from the normal flow of mss. into this department and papers obtained by special invitation.

In a survey of virus cross-infection in paediatric wards there were 15 cross-infections due to respiratory syncytial (R.S.) virus and 16 due to influenza A, both during a four-month period, and 19 due to parainfluenza viruses over two years. The illnesses produced by these infections acquired in hospital ranged from a slight cold to severe pneumonia: in 17 of the 50 cases the illness involved the lower respiratory tract. A measure of cross-infection frequency in the form of a “cross-infection rate” has been devised, and it is suggested that this can be used to assess the influence of factors such as ward design and admission policy on the frequency of cross-infection.

The effect of stress distribution on fatigue was explained in the previous paper. Here, taking this effect into account, fatigue limits under cyclic tension-compression, cyclic torsion and rotating bending were calculated respectively. The ratio of fatigue limit under torsion to that under bending conforms very closely with experiments. As for the ratio of the limit under tension-compression to that under bending, the calculated value formerly did not conform with experiments in some cases. Now, the effect of stress distribution on fatigue being taken into account, the calculated value conforms with experiment in any case.

AT the anniversary meeting of the Chemical Society held March 31, 1884, the President read an address to the Fellows, which contains a series of remarks upon the prosecution of original research in England requiring some notice, particularly as a separate issue of the address has been circulated by the author. Attention is directed to the fact that we have an increased number of laboratories in Great Britain1 A and greater facilities for the prosecution of research through the aid of the Government grant and the Chemical Society's fund. Notwithstanding this the startling and anomalous fact is to be observed that the number of papers read before the Society is declining year by year.

The paper uses a proposition-strategy-consequence analysis as a vehicle for presenting behavioral science findings in a form useful to the designer or administrator of a professional development system.

The purpose of this communication is to announce certain results relative to the expansion of a symmetrisable function k ( s , t ) in terms of a complete biorthogonal system of fundamental functions, which belong to k ( s , t ) regarded as the kernel of a linear integral equation. An indication of the method by which the results have been obtained is given, but no attempt is made to supply detailed proofs. Preliminary Explanations . 1. Let k ( s , t ) be a function defined in the square a ≤ s ≤ b , a ≤ t ≤ b . If a function ϒ ( s , t ) can be found which is of positive type in the square a ≤ s ≤ b , a ≤ t ≤ b and such that ∫ a b ϒ ( s , x ) k ( x , t ) dx is a symmetric function of s and t , k ( s , t ) is said to be symmetrisable on the left by ϒ ( s , t ) is the square. Similarly, if a function ϒ' ( s, t ) of positive type can be found such that ∫ a b k ( s , x ) ϒ' ( x , t ) dx is a symmetric function of s and t , k ( s , t ) is said to be symmetrisable on the right by ϒ' ( s , t ).

T HE purpose of this paper is to attempt to show the relationship between environmental stress, physiological change, and human evolution. With this in mind I shall start from two relatively well-established empirical findings on the differences between lower animals and Homo sapiens. 1. Man differs from lower animals in the great variability of his genetically determined mechanisms for governing intraspecific interaction. Stated another way, man differs from lower animals in his enormous reduction of genetically determined innate response mechanisms. In fact, whatever genetically determined mechanisms man has for governing intraspecific relations are so obscured by cultural and idiosyncratic factors that it is at present almost impossible to describe rigorously any stable interpersonal response pattern that is valid for the species. Here, of course, as in all other aspects of his life, man is approached by the higher primates (Riesen 1954; Yerkes and Yerkes 1929). 2. Man differs from lower animals in the enormous increase in the varia

With reference to Herbert S. Denenberg's study on the value of Best's general policyholders' ratings, the author develops models to predict a decline or maintenance in the ratings. He also uses the ratings as events to be predicted by two sets of accounting data-namely, statutory insurance company accounting data and the same data adjusted to historical cost data-thereby providing some empirical evidence concerning the relative merits of alternative accounting procedures. In a study1 published in 1967, Herbert S. Denenberg noted the importance of Best's general policyholders' ratings in serving as surrogates for the degrees of solvency of property-liability insurance companies. Because of the importance attached to those ratings by parties external to the insurance companies and by parties within the companies, it would be useful to be able to predict a decline or maintenance of the ratings. This paper describes the methodology and results of an empirical study which deals with the use of accounting data to make predictions concerning the maintenance or decline of Best's general policyholders' ratings. It also illustrates how the ratings can serve as events of interest, to be predicted in comparing the usefulness of two alternate sets of accounting data-namely, statutory insurance company accounting data and that same data adjusted to conventional accounting data-thereby providing some empirical evidence with respect to the controversy concerning the use of non-conventional accounting procedures by insurance companies. Nature of the Ratings The A. M. Best Co. assigns general policyholders' ratings to propertyliability companies. These ratings consist of six grades: A+, A, B+, B, C+, and C. In Best's Insurance Reports (Property-Liability),2 one can find a description of the principal factors used in determining the ratings: Philip J. Harmelink, Ph.D., is assistant professor of accounting at The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. He has authored articles appearing in accounting and tax journals. This paper was submitted in July, 1973. 1Herbert S. Denenberg, "Is 'A-Plus' Really a Passing Grade?" The Journal of Risk and Insurance, September, 1967, pp. 371-384. 2A. M. Best Co., Best's Insurance Reports (Property-Liability), vol. 7, Morristown: A. M. Best Co., 1970, xvii-xviii.

O N MARCH 16, 1830, total transactions on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) amounted to 31 shares.' In contrast to this record-low volume, total transactions of 20,410,000 shares on April 10, 1968 represented to that point the highest volume in the history of the NYSE as well as the first 20 million share day. These dates, spanning over thirteen decades, serve to emphasize (1) the growing importance of the New York Stock Exchange as a market for equity securities, and (2) the role of total volume as a popular index of exchange activity and also as a business barometer. The NYSE together with the other organized exchanges have also become focal points for economic inquiry within academia by virtue of their "approximation" to truly competitive markets. Much of the recent controversy concerning the securities markets and the investigation of potential regulations for these markets has centered around the question of just how well do the securities markets exhibit these idealistic conditions of competition. During 1968, a major change occurred in the operating procedures of the New York Stock Exchange and certain of the other exchanges. Because of the rapidly increasing volume of market activity, many of the member finns who provide brokerage and other services-have become engulfed with a growing backlog of paperwork and administrative detail. Beginning in early June 1968, therefore, these exchanges adopted the policy of remaining closed on Wednesdays in order to give member firms an opportunity to reduce this unmanageable backlog. Whether or not the "Wednesday closing" achieved this goal is relatively uninteresting except to those firms directly concerned. Of more interest to the investment community is the question of how Wednesday closings have affected the activity of the securities markets. Such a question provided the motivation for the empirical study presented here. In particular, the purpose of this study was to test empirically certain hypotheses concerning the effect of the Wednesday closings on one of the basic services provided by the securities industry. The hypotheses are developed in Section II and the research design used to test them is explained in Section III along with the basic data which were used. Results of the empirical test are presented in Section IV. The paper concludes in Section V with a discussion of the implications of the Wednesday closings.

A Conference on Research, Graduate Education, and Post-Doctoral Training in Departments of Preventive Medicine, organized by the Association of Teachers of Preventive Medicine (of the United States), was held in Saratoga Springs, New York, June 10th14th, 1963. The conference provided an opportunity for informal discussion and exchange of ideas between the Canadian delegates, who represented all but one of the departments of preventive medicine of Canadian colleges of medicine. This paper summarizes the points emerging from these discussions dealing with the teaching of preventive medicine to undergraduates. The descriptions of the individual departmental curricula are at variance in some instances with the "official" descriptions given in the respective university calendars. This point is not too unexpected. Like any other promotional literature, university calendars tend to overemphasize certain point and underplay others. Although discrepancies may be noted between what is reported here and in the university calendars, the accuracy of the information in this report

The slogan "Down with nonbehavioral objectives" has dominated and still dominates educational research in this country. It is taken to mean that the goals of instruction shall be stated in terms that command agreement as to reference by all who use them. Presumably, goals defined in terms of overt behavior are most likely to meet these criteria. However, it seems to me that objectivity rather than behaviorality carries the basic import of the slogan. For, primarily, the motive of the slogan is to exorcise the evils of fuzziness and idiosyncracy from subjective judgments. Accordingly, language behavior (usage) that employs only terms unambiguous in reference, whose total meaning can be made explicit, would also satisfy the intent of the demand for "behavioral objectives." In this paper I shall so construe the slogan, and my objections will be aimed against the demand for total explicitness as well as against the stricter demand for overt behavioral equivalents of all terms used in educational research.

Opening ParagraphThe publication of Mr. F. J. Pedler's note on what are called ‘joking relationships’, following on two other papers on the same subject by Professor Henri Labouret and Mademoiselle Denise Paulme, suggests that some general theoretical discussion of the nature of these relationships may be of interest to readers of Africa.

The paper gives a number of statistical facts about squalls at Delhi. Change of surface wind direction at the onset of squalls and during their progress and the time taken to reach the peak speed have also been briefly discussed. Squally winds which do not strictly conform to the definition of squall but have all the important features of squall, have also been examined. A list of severe squalls (with peak speed of more than 50 mph) is given in Appendix I.

T " nHAT the New Zealand economy is based upon agriculture' is evidenced by the fact that agricultural products normally contribute between 60 and 70 per cent of the total value of national production, and also by the fact that products of pastoral farming alone usually constitute more than nine-tenths of the value of the dominion's exports. It is, therefore, only natural that the New Zealand railway system2 should be intimately related to the country's agricultural activity. Indeed, a large part of the railnet was built, either in response to the needs of farming, or in order to encourage agricultural development. Today, rail traffic provides a useful means of assessing the flows of farm products and farm supplies in New Zealand, and the nature of this traffic is a reflection of the character of agriculture in various parts of the dominion. The interrelationship between the railways and agriculture is made closer by the dominance of railways in New Zealand's internal freight transportation. In the years since the end of the Second World War, New Zealand's railways have carried approximately five times the tonnage handled by coastal shipping. Highway competition is severely restricted by law. In areas where rail service is available, trucks are generally limited to hauls of 30 miles or less. Exception is made in the case of fat lambs, which are permitted truck journeys of as much as 50 miles in competition with train service. As a result of these statutory provisions, trucks rarely haul goods for distances of more than 30 miles, and railways seldom carry freight over shorter distances. Considering the importance of agriculture in New Zealand, and the close relationships between farming and the New Zealand Railways, it is not surprising that haulage of agricultural products and supplies amounted to more than a third of all net ton-miles of freight transportation service rendered by the railways during the period covered by this study. Detailed traffic data are not available for all agricultural commodities and supplies, and this analysis is necessarily limited to traffic in the most important types of agricultural products and supplies hauled by the railways: livestock, dairy products, wool, frozen meat, wheat, agricultural lime, timber, fuels, fertilizer, and miscellaneous manufactured goods. This study is based largely on traffic data compiled by the railways for I In New Zealand, a distinction is made between agricultural and pastoral activity. The term agriculture is used in this paper in its broad and generally accepted sense. 2 The railway system here considered is the New Zealand Government Railways, which make up practically the entire railnet of New Zealand. In addition, there are a few short, private lines which feed timber, coal, and other bulky goods into the government system.

Introduction. Serre has asked [5, p. 243] whether projective modules over the polynomial ring K[XI, * * *, X"], K a field, are free, and Seshadri has proved that this is so when n =2. More precisely, he showed that every R[X]-projective module 'comes from" one over R if R is either a principal ideal domain [6] or the coordinate ring of a nonsingular affine curve over an algebraically closed field [7]. By modifying Seshardri's argument in [6] we show here (Theorem 2.4) that R may be any Dedekind ring(2). Moreover we provide an example, due to S. Schanuel, which shows that some assumption like integral closure on R, is, in general, necessary for this conclusion. Problems of the above type can often be reduced to showing that a projective module is a direct sum of modules of rank 1, and this led us to ask for what integral domains R this is true for all (finitely generated) torsion free modules. Our main result (Theorem 1.7) gives an essentially complete solution to this problem. With mild assumptions on R, a necessary and sufficient condition is that every ideal in R can be generated by two elements. Thus these integral domains are very close to, but need not be, Dedekind rings. We assume a familiarity with the basic techniques of commutative algebra as developed in Zariski and Samuel [9]. Homological algebra is appealed to in two discrete instances; one is a reference in the proof of Proposition 1.5, and the other is the proof of Lemma 1.9. The latter result, elementary as it is, seems to defy any proof which does not either use, or essentially reconstruct, the functor Ext'. Minor portions of this work were present in the author's doctoral dissertation. He gratefully records his indebtedness to Professor Kaplansky, who communicated a computation which suggested one of the essential ideas in the proof of Theorem 1.7. 1. Torsion free modules. Throughout this paper 'module" means "finitely generated module," and "ring" means "commutative ring." If M is anRmodule PuR(M) denotes the least number of elements required to generate M, and ,.t*(R) =sup PR (@) where 2t ranges over all finitely generated ideals of R. We call R local if it has a unique maximal ideal.

The administrator of a social work department in a psychiatric hospital?and perhaps in any host setting?must practice diligently the art of mediating between the needs and demands of his social work staff and the needs and demands of the setting. To do this the administrator must clearly perceive the total institutional structure and the hierarchy of priorities that the institution must establish in order to insure the best care for patients. However, the perception of total needs should not lead the social work administrator into the error of rejecting or deserting his special province. Rather, the practice of social work and the contribution it makes to a total program will be intimately known in both theory and practice. Only out of such knowledge can there arise the sense of dedication and conviction designed to create an atmosphere unclouded by the dark haze of misinterpretation and doubt. Successful administration of a public mental hospital has been defined as "the creation of an environment which enables a group of qualified people to contribute toward socially valued purposes to the fullest extent of their individual capacities, with resultant personal satisfaction, growth, and fulfilment."1 This definition is as applicable to the social work administrator as to the hospital administrator. His task, however, is to foster within the hospital environment a climate that will enable social workers to operate at the highest level of professional competence. It is the thesis of this paper that the crucial concept in developing an optimum climate for social work practice in the psychiatric hospital is that of autonomy?the autonomy of the social work department within the hospital setting. It is also the thesis of this paper that, out of administrative practice and experience, there can be developed guides that will enable the administrator to move his department toward an autonomous position within the institution. This paper will, therefore, discuss: (1) the concept of autonomy, (2) the psychiatric hospital and general patterns of social work development in such a setting, (3) the problems or categories of problems met in the administration of a social work department as one unit of the setting, and (4) some guides developed out of experience.

First, let me say that I enjoyed Professor Edmister's paper and found his Inquiry into ratio analysis and multiple discriminant analysis (MDA) for small business financing decisions quite interesting.

It is usually assumed that although Memory Span is on the whole a poor measure of intelligence and its scores show rather little individual differences, it is nevertheless an extremely good test at the lower levels of mental ability. The present paper reports how Span for digits in WISC (Japanese edition) correlates with intelligence and academical efficiency.Subjects are: 83 mental defectives (MDs), from imbecilities to borderlines, 6-18 years of age: 263 normals, 6-15 years; 23 cerebral palsied children (CPs), 7-14 years. In this paper academical efficiency is in some cases used absolutely as the proof of intelligence. As an example, we can very safely assume that a child has normal intelligence when he is able to master operations of fractions, decimals, i.e., rational numbers.Findings and interpretations are: (a) Ability to repeat 6 digits forward and 4 or 5 backward means that the subject has normal intelligence, with very rare exceptions. But not always vice versa. (b) MDs, including borderline adolescents, hardly go beyond 5 digits forward, and 4 backward, with only one exception in this report. Again not always vice versa. (c) Generally speaking, correlations of subtests with global intelligence are lowest at the younger age (4 years in this report), and highest at the adult age, and again a little lower at the senility. While the correlation of Span with global intelligence remains constant throughout the different age levels, scoring about .5-.6. Hence it occurs that at the Kindergarten age, Span is one of the most effective subtests for measuring intelligence, (d) Development of Span of MDs as related to MA shows three stages. Below 4 years of MA, Span does not exceed 3 forward, no backward. Within 5-7 years of MA, Span ranges from 3 forward, and no backward, to 5 forward, and 4 backward. Here Span and MA have no correlation. Beyond 8 years of MA, Span is 5 or 4 forward, and 4 or 2 backward. (e) It is rather rare that a child has superior academical efficiency in spite of a little low IQ. Such a case can be found in CPs who have received enough academical training in spite of many hadicaps in everyday life. And it was found that a superior Span (here 5 or more forward, and 4 or more backward, ) goes with normal academical achievements, that is, the virtually normal intelligence, again with very few exceptions. (f) Span seems to have a particular role in thinking or reasoning. Span is a sort of capacity to retain in mind several elements which have not logical relationships between each other. While in solving a problem, we must often retain in mind several elements before we can make out the logic of them to hit at the correct solution. Moreover, Span means a sort of mental effort to keep attention and to inhibit automatism which often distracts thoughts from the correct course. (g) We can attribute a special validity to such tests as devised by Rey (1955) which requires the capacity to retain in mind a set of nonsense materials or nonsense series of stimuli. (h) Whether Span is subject to training, and if so, whether the increase of Span might be accompanied with that of intelligence or not, remains unsettled.

Suppose X X is a metric space, and Y Y is a complete metric space. In this paper a sufficient condition is given to insure that a sequence of continuous functions from X X into Y Y converge to an embedding from X X into Y Y .

1. The electromyogram from voluntary contractions of the muscles of the forearm is made up of two types of waves, the large or primary waves, called Type A waves by Wachholder, occurring at frequencies varying from 5 to 65 per second, and small secondary waves, Wachholder's Type B waves, occurring at frequencies between 180 and 250 per second. Besides these two types, we may also distinguish on the large waves irregular projections—Nebenzacken. 2. The primary waves increase in frequency as the intensity of the contraction increases. Their amplitude also increases with the contraction, but only to a certain stage, beyond which the amplitude becomes smaller again. At a maximum contraction the amplitude is smaller than it is just before the maximum is reached. 3. The secondary waves usually do not appear in the electromyograms unless a tight string is used. Then they may be seen distributed fairly evenly throughout the curve. Their presence is most conspicuous, and they can be most easily counted, however, in the troughs between the large waves. They increase in amplitude as the contraction increases, but their amplitude is never very great compared with that of the primary waves. This is contrary to Wachholder's belief that at the height of the contraction their amplitude may become just as great as that of the primary waves. 4. The secondary waves must be distinguished from the irregular projections or Nebenzacken in the large waves. These can be studied best with a loose string and the secondary waves with a tight string. The presence of the Nebenzacken appears to depend on the low frequency of the primary waves. They are conspicuously present with frequency near 40 per second, and then gradually disappear, until at 60 per second they are entirely absent. 5. An attempt was made to determine the origin of these various types of waves, in order to see what light they might throw on the nature of the impulses arriving at the muscle during voluntary contraction. Records obtained from the same muscles of the forearm during the reflex grasping response of the human infant showed very regular, large waves with a 60 to 75 per second frequency. Because of the fact that the grasping reflex response is present long before voluntary activity begins, the results suggest that the large waves must have their origin somewhere within the reflex arc. 6. It was then shown how, on the basis of the results of the recent work of Adrian and Zottermann, the origin of the large waves could be explained almost in every detail in terms of the impulses arriving at the muscle from the proprioceptive end-organs. The end-organs discharge at approximately the same frequency, and also increase in frequency as the stretch applied to the muscle is increased. 7. The irregular projections (NebenZacken) superposed on the large waves may indicate that the proprioceptive impulses are out of phase, and their absence at frequencies near 60 per second may mean that the impulses are all in phase. 8. It is demonstrated that the frequency at which the large waves from the muscles come into phase seems to depend on the length of the arc rather than on an inherent rhythm of the anterior horn cells as suggested by Piper and others. The shorter the arc the higher the frequency. Thus in the masseter muscle, with a short arc, the frequency is high, near 100 per second, while in the tibialis anticus, with its longer reflex arc, the frequency is low, near 40 per second. 9. Our data regarding the origin of the secondary waves are very meagre, but the results we have so far obtained suggest that these waves have their origin in the mechanisms involved in the production of voluntary activity. 10. If the theory developed in this paper regarding the origin of the primary and secondary waves is correct, then every voluntary activity must be dependent to a large extent on impulses from the proprioceptive end-organs as Hoffmann has suggested. We wish to acknowledge our indebtedness to the Department of Obstetrics and Pediatrics of the Johns Hopkins Hospital for their co-operation in this work.

This paper describes the action of various drugs on the bronchial muscnlature using the technic of a modified method of Bhattacharya and Deiaunois on the isolated guinea-pig's lung perfusion preparation. As ether inhalation tends to produce bronchial hypersecretion, animal bled to death by cutting both carotid artery withont anesthesia. The Mariotte bottle and the cannula of the pulmonary artery shonld be lied on the same level. The addition of 3% dextran in the perfusion Tyrode's fluid and heparinized anto-blood in a ratio 2% was of great help to prevent oedema in the duration of the experiment. 5% CO_2+95% O_2 mixture shonld be enter into the lung through the tube, using the artificial respirometer (120/min, 150 cc/volume). Using this technic, it has been possible to work at least 3 hours or more with the lung preparation in a physiological state. Acetylcholine, histamine and serotonin produced increasing effect of the inner-pressure of the beonchus, contraction of bronchial musculature and decrease of the pressure of perfusion fluid. Adrenaline antagonise the effect of acetylcholine, histamine and serotonin on the bronchial musculature. Atropine antagonise markedly the contractile effect of bronchial musculature induced by acetylcholine and histamine but, it is not an effective antagonist against serotonin. Anergen and Diparcol antagonise the spastic effect of histamine and acetylcholine but has no influence against serotonin effect. Tn a small doses of chlqrpromazine failed to observe any influence against the effect of acetylcholine but there is an antagonistic effect to it in a more larger doses. Chlorpromazine is not .an effective antagonist against serotonin.

The paper is mainly a description of the Late Woodland pottery in the Arney Collection. Three problems are considered: the distinction between the ceramics associated with the Boone Focus and the M...

In the very interesting paper of Mr. W. H. Edwards, published in the May number of this journal, in which another valuable addition is made to the knowledge of our Lepidoptera, by the identity therein shown of the Lycænas pseudargiolus and violacea–autumnal and vernal forms of the same species–it is suggested that neglecta and lucia may prove to bear the same relationship to one another.

EEG findings in schizophrenia have been discussed by a number of workers. Various types of abnormalities have been described, including major paroxysmal discharges in a small proportion of cases. The authors have investigated the significance of photic activation procedure, the correlation between EEG and psychopharmacological treatment and the longitudinal study of each case in schizophrenic patients. From these studies, attention was focused on the correlation between photically activated theta waves and hallucination. Then we are interested in the correlation between activated theta waves and the existence, frequency, intensity (or content) of hallucination and patient's attitude to it. For this purpose, a number of patients with hallucination are needed as the subjects. This paper attempts to provide some data on these problems obtained in schizophrenic patients with hallucination.

The objectives of this study were to improve our methods of secondary prophylaxis of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Barbados, to estimate the overall prevalence of these diseases and the relative load imposed by them on available health services, and to measure the yield, feasibility, and effectiveness of mass programmes for the detection and prophylactic management of rheumatic heart disease in schoolchildren.Improved methods of surveillance and follow-up resulted in 97% adherence to therapy by patients on prophylactic penicillin. Thirty-four children, 27 with a first attack, were admitted with acute rheumatic fever, representing a 7% occupancy of children's medical beds during the 12-month period of the study. Out of a possible 3,942 schoolchildren aged 5-11 years, 3,882 (98%) were screened for rheumatic heart disease. Four cases (about 1 per 1,000) were discovered.

THE brilliant experiment of Lamb and Retherford1 has conclusively demonstrated that in the hydrogen atom the 2S-level is higher than the 2P1/2-level by about 10 megacycles, a result which reveals a breakdown of the Dirac equation of the electron when applied even to the simplest of the atoms. In a fundamental paper, Bethe2 has given an explanation of the observed level-shift on the assumption that the transverse self-energy of the electron, in general, depends on the state in which the electron is.

Introduction___________________________ Acknowledgments. ___________________ Previous palynological work in the area_____ Methods._______________________________ Processing samples and preparing slides. Quantitative and qualitative counts. _ _. Fossil palynomorph localities ______________ Stratigraphy___________________________ Midway-Sabine Stage boundary _______ Sabine-Claiborne Stage boundary. _____ Page

According to the generally accepted theory of viscoplastic flow of ice, the velocity of ice flow, related with shear stress by the exponential law (after GLENN), is independent of cmnidirectional (hydrostatic) pressure. The author's experiments in Antarctica and analysis of distribution on the depth of ice density in the Antarctic shield, however, showed that this pressure affects, to some extent, the flow of ice, namely, flow velocity decreases with increasing omnidirectional pressure. The same effect, but in a still more pronounced from, has been noted in frozen grounds. The paper sets forth the theory of viscoplastic flow of ice taking into account the dependence of flow velocity on omnidirectional pressure. It is well known that the flow of glaciers and ice shields takes place under conditions of a complex stressed-deformed state, and therefore in order to describe the process of flow it is necessary to know the relationship between all the components of stresses and velocities of deformation. This relationship is usually given in tensor form, the stress tensor being divided into a deviator σ_i causing a change of form (flow), and omnidirectional pressure σ_0 causing a change of volume. The author has suggested a generalized expression defining the relationship between the stress deviator, the velocity deviator and omnidirectional pressure. The initial equation of this theory relating stress and deformation is written in the following general form : σ_i=φ_1(ε_i)+φ_2(ε_i)Φ(σ_0), (1) where σ_i-intensity of shearing stress, ε_i-intensity of flow velocity, σ_0-omnidirectional pressure. The first term of the equation characterizes flow under conditions of pure shear, the second-retardation of this flow by the forces of omnidirectional pressure. The function φ_1 (ε_i) is assumed to have an exponential form (after GLENN), and so is the function φ_2 (ε_i). The function Φ(σ_0) is taken as linear. Then Eq. (1) has the form σ_i=Aε_i^m+Bσ_0ε_i^n (2) or ε_x-ε_0=X(σ_x-σ_0); γ_=2X_……etc., where X=(ε_i)/(2σ_i)=(ε_i^)/(2(Aε_i^+Bσ_0)) This is the generalized equation of the flow of ice. The equation parameters A, B, m and n are determined from a test under complex stressed conditions. The paper also discusses special cases of Eq. (2) simplifying this equation, and demonstrates the utilization of this equation in solving problems.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die in [1] begonnenen Untersuchungen der algebraischen Struktur des Größenkalküls fortgesetzt und ergänzt. Von der algebraischen Struktur des Kalküls wird eine kurze auf die Anwendungen zugeschnittene Beschreibung gegeben. Der Kalkül wird auf Geometrie, Mechanik und Elektrodynamik angewandt. Der für die Anwendungen fundamentale Homomorphismus wird beschrieben, damit zusammenhängende Fragen der Erweiterung eines gegebenen Einheitensystems werden untersucht., In the present paper investigations of the algebraic structure of calculus of physical quantities referred in [1] are continued and completed. A short description of the calculus with respect to applications is given. The calculus is applied to geometry, mechanics and electrodynamics. The homomorphism fundamental in applications is described, connected questions concerning extension of a given system of units are investigated.

SynopsisThe results of an investigation into all the valuation elements of a homogeneous group of superannuation funds relating to 75 administering Authorities and involving nearly 200 separate Local Authorities operating in Southern England are presented.The principal conclusions arrived at are:—Transferability:The element of withdrawal has been investigated in particular detail in view of the possible compulsory introduction of complete preservation of transfer rights.The true cost of introducing complete transferability (as opposed to the apparently trivial cost on any traditional valuation basis) is about 10% of the present annual outlay on superannuation, provided that transfer values are properly related to reserves.The reduction in the employee's contributions from 5% or 6% to 3% as proposed in the Labour Party's “National Superannuation” would be much more costly, the total additional burden on Local Authorities amounting to about 1½d. in the pound of rateable value.The present scale of statutory transfer values laid down by the Government Actuary is suitable in the case of bulk transfers or of transfers, at all ages, within the Local Authority field. Owing, however, to the preponderance of withdrawals at the young ages the present scale of transfer values would be unsuitable if complete transferability were introduced. It would be necessary (a) to recast the present scale of transfer values at the younger ages, or (b) to adopt the “cold storage” system, or (c) to limit the payment of transfer values in the case of transfers to employment other than Local Government employment to employees who transfer after an age not earlier than 35.Even so, Local Authorities, were they allowed to do so, could quite readily administer their own schemes side by side with a national scheme.Mortality:So far as mortality is concerned, (i) it does not appear that service mortality can be represented by any standard assured table, (ii) the mortality of age pensioners may in the particular examples be suitably represented by a select annuitants' table, (iii) the mortality of ill-health retirements may be taken as such that, as at the date of retirement, ill-health annuity values may be regarded as constant up to some given age x + n where x is normal retirement age and n is number of years by which impaired lives require to be rated up.Subject to a small ad hoc reserve, ill-health retirements may as a matter of fact be ignored in Local Authority valuations.Retirement Ages:The usual assumption that optional age retirement takes place at the earliest date at which the option is exercisable is too far removed from reality and there are grounds for suggesting that a valuation assuming all retirements to take place at one age, viz., the normal retirement age, would be preferable.Salary Scales:A warning is given as to the, usually unacknowledged, fallacies inherent in a salary scale derived from a mere consideration of average salaries at each age at a given point of time and examples are given as to the difficulty, if not the impossibility, failing the possession of powers to invest in equity shares, of providing in advance by means of a specially constructed salary scale for even a moderate annual increase in salary and wage levels.The paper closes with a description of the investment structure of 27 administering Authorities at 31st March 1955 and a discussion of some of the problems peculiar to Local Government funds—the effects of the introduction of the Local Government Superannuation Act, 1953, the various methods of modifying retirement allowances and grants, the determination of the degree of approval for income-tax purposes, the “Article 7” liability (new entrants) and apportionments of charges amongst different Authorities and amongst different departments of the one Authority.

To the Editor: —The theory, so ably supported by Metchnikoff, which ascribes to the leukocytes the function of picking up and destroying bacteria which find their way into the blood or tissues (phagocytosis) is now generally accepted as having been demonstrated by observation and experimental evidence. I have no desire to detract from the credit due to Metchnikoff in connection with this theory, but in justice to myself desire to call attention to the fact that this theory was suggested by me several years before the publication of Metchnikoff's first paper on the subject. In support of this statement, I quote from my book entitled "Bacteria," published in 1884 (William Wood & Co., New York), pp. 250 and 251: "If we add a small quantity of culture-fluid containing the bacteria of putrefaction to the blood of an animal, withdrawn from the circulation into a proper receptacle, and maintained in a

The characteristic property which some molecules have of trans­mitting influences from one part to another is an indication that the electrons constituting the bonds cannot be segregated into closed localized pairs. This feature is represented in the Pauling method by the super­ position of a number of canonical structures, each of which corresponds to a chemical picture of localized bonds. The state of the molecule has properties which are different from those of the individual canonical structures, but can be defined or interpreted in terms of a set of them. The energy of the lowest or normal state is usually lower than that of any one canonical structure, even than that which would appear from the orthodox method of drawing bonds to be the most stable. The amount by which the energy sinks as a result of the superposition has been called resonance energy by Pauling, and numerical estimates of its value have been made for a large number of organic molecules. In calculating this energy change, however, no account seems to have been taken of the change in the lengths of the links which may be caused by the interaction of the electrons. Links are regarded as single or double, and the appropriate energy content calculated as though they were isolated single or double links, whereas the interaction between adjoining links may result in a length and an energy of link, to which the description single or double is no longer appropriate. Pauling has recently discussed the relationship between the nature and the lengths of links in typical organic molecules. Taking the known lengths of links in ethylene, benzene, graphite, and ethane, and the frac­tional order of their links (as two, three-halves, four-thirds, and unity) derived from the coefficients which occur in the linear sum of canonical structures, Pauling has derived an empirical relation between them. From it he deduces in other cases the extent to which the double-bonded character enters into other links. Pauling’s method will be made more precise in a paper which follows this.

Your use of the JSTOR database indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use . A copy of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use is available at http://wwwjstor.org/about/terms.html, by contacting JSTOR atjstor-info@umich.edu, or by calling JSTOR at (888)388-3574, (734)998-9101 or (FAX) (734)998-9113 . No part of a JSTOR transmission may be copied, downloaded, stored, further transmitted, transferred, distributed, altered, or otherwise used, in any form or by any means, except : (1) one stored electronic and one paper copy of any article solely for your personal, non-commercial use, or (2) with prior written permission of JSTOR and the publisher of the article or other text.

This paper gives the results of investigations on corals, obtained from the Carboniferoes rocks of the Taishaku district, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan, with special reference to their stratigraphic distribution and geological age. Lithostrotionella taishakuensis, n. sp., Stylidophyllum yokomizoi, n. sp. and Pseudoparona taisyakuana are described and illustrated in the last chapter.

A compound decision problem consists of the simultaneous consideration of $n$ decision problems having identical formal structure. Decision functions are allowed to depend on the data from all $n$ components. The risk is taken to be the average of the resulting risks in the component problems. A heuristic argument for the existence of good asymptotic solutions was given by Robbins ([1] Sec. 6) and was preceded by an example (component decisions between $N(-1,1)$ and $N(1,1)$) exhibiting, for sufficiently large $n$, a decision function whose risk was uniformly close to the envelope risk function of "simple" decision functions. The present paper considers the class of problems where the components involve decision between any two completely specified distributions, with the risk taken to be the weighted probability of wrong decision. For all sufficiently large $n$, decision functions are found whose risks are uniformly close to the envelope risk function of "invariant" decision functions.