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This paper involves two objectives. Firstly, a descriptive analysis of the institutions represented at the 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, and 1973 an nual meetings of the North Central Sociological Association is presen ted. Although the sociology convention has occasionally been the object of study (e.g., Higbie and Hammond, 1966; Mintz, 1967; Hammond and Hibgie, 1968; Lin, Garvey, and Nelson, 1970, Leonard and Schmitt, 1973), it has not been examined extensively. In view of the increasing in terest in the sociology of sociology, the intrinsic concern of sociologists with formal organizations, and the role of regional, and especially, national psychology conventions in the early dissemination of research findings (Garvey and Griffith, 1971:355-58), this neglect is un warranted. Secondly, an analysis of the substantive concerns, as reflected in session, panel, topic etc. titles, is contained herein. It seems reasonable to conclude that some of the dominant and pressing considerations of the discipline are mirrored in these entries.

INTRODUCTORY statistics courses are taken each year by hundreds of thou sands of students across the country. These students come from many fields: the life sciences, humanities, education, agriculture, business, but above all from the social sciences. They rarely take sta tistics voluntarily. They sign up for the course because of departmental or grad uation requirements. The great majority has minimal preparation in mathematics, rarely more than they bring along from high school. They carry over into statis tics their prejudices of mathematics and quite often, justifiably so. Teachers of sta tistics courses should then ask themselves how they can make the introductory sta tistics course statistically meaningful and not simply an exercise in mathematics or, what may even be worse, a meaningless compendium of statistical techniques. A recent report, Introductory Statistics Without Calculus, by the Committee on the Undergraduate Program in Mathe matics (CUPM) addresses itself to this question. (Free copies of the report may be obtained by writing to CUPM, P.O. Box 1024, Berkeley, Calif. 94701.) The report strongly recommends courses whose main objectives are understanding of basic statistical concepts, rather than technical facility or the extensive study of the prob abilistic background of statistics. The report concerns itself in consider able detail with what it calls the conven tional approach, the approach taken by the large majority of present-day intro ductory statistics texts. Three other approaches, referred to as the decision theoretic, nonparametric, and problem oriented approaches, are discussed much more briefly. In this paper, we shall com pare the conventional and nonparametric approaches. The author has been using the nonpa rametric approach for quite a number of years and feels that it offers important advantages. These advantages stem from the fact that problems such as estimating the center of a population, comparing the observations in two samples, or measuring the strength of relationship in pairs of ob servations, which in the conventional ap proach are solved by methods appropriate for normally distributed populations, in the nonparametric approach are solved with the help of nonparametric procedures, that is with the help of procedures that are not tied to parametric population models like the normal model. Nonpara metric techniques not only require less preparatory work than normal-theory techniques, but are also conceptually much simpler than the latter as the paper will try to show. In connection with the first point, let us refer to descriptive statistics and the

After providing some background for the need to consider estimates other than those resulting from normal theory, there is a brief review of some nonadaptive robust estimators. We introduce adaptive estimators using those of Tukey and McLaughlin, Jaeckel, Johns, Birnbaum and Mike, Takeuchi, Hajek, van Eeden, and Beran. Adaptive estimators based on preliminary testing and Stein-like procedures are then considered, and recommendations are made on how to select the amount of trimming. Various proposals for estimating regression coefficients are also considered. Adaptive distrubution-free tests look very promising for improving the power of nonparametric tests, and some of these techniques can be used effectively in data analysis. Asymmetric trimmed means, adapted to the particular sample, can easily be used with data and provide good descriptive statistics having an approximate error structure. Finally, it is conjectured that estimators based on “cliff-hangers” might be extremely effective if there ...

This paper reports the results of an experimental study of the relationship between the effectiveness of aggregate production planning decisions and the form of the information system used to support the decision making. The experiment, involving twenty two graduate business administration students devoting an entire week end to the decision making activity in a simulated, computer based environment, generated results showing significantly different performance according to the form in which information was presented. Decision makers given data summarized through the use of simple descriptive statistics (1) made higher quality decisions than those receiving the same data in standard formats, (2) had less confidence in the quality of their decisions, and (3) took longer to make their decisions.

Several hundred college and university computer installations now offer various types of statistical packages for general use. Among those most widely available are OSIRIS, SPSS, BMD, DATA-TEXT, and TSAR. In order to provide users with a basis for selection and use, tests were made for each of these systems, and the results are summarized as to cost and performance.

In principle, research is considered as an important thing in the realm of academics, especially for students and lecturers. However, in the reality, it is still easily found that many academia encounter difficulties in conducting research, especially in the field of Islamic education in which its paradigm is different compared to others. The purpose of this present study is to investigate the Islamic paradigm in research methodology and its implication for Islamic Education studies. This study employed a qualitative approach and literature review method. The collected data were analyzed thoroughly using a descriptive analysis method and in the same time, the writer also elaborated as well as provided understanding and explanation proportionally. Based on the results of the discussion, it is obvious that the Islamic paradigm appeared to be different from the paradigm developed by the western world in research methodology. The Islamic paradigm considers that science is not value-free. In addition, the Islamic paradigm has a special characteristic which is different from other paradigms. As a result, a researcher puts Islam as a fundamental paradigm in conducting research on Islamic Education and it in fact has implications for the research processes from the beginning to the end of the research, in relation to research intentions, finding problems, formulating the background of the research problems, formulating research problems, research objectives, research benefits, research theories, and research methodology. In particular, research methodology in this case covers bayani, burhani, tajribi, and 'irfani method. Similarly, all the processes covering data processing, data analysis, conclusions, research publication, research facilities, and all necessary things related to the research should always be associated with the commands and prohibitions as well as permission of Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala.

formants were selected for a particular phase of the research (that of identifying the poorest and wealthiest communities of the county) with the hope that from detailed presentation of a specific case, some general principles of use can be drawn. In this article we shall define what we mean by the technique, and then analyze its use in gathering data. This will be followed by a section on the kinds of data we hoped to discover through the use of the technique. Our research design will then be outlined and the reasons for deviating from the original design will be explored. Finally, the manner in which the operation was carried out will be described. The procedures for the analysis of the data as well as the results are not pertinent to this paper and are therefore omitted from it, but they can be found elsewhere (Tremblay 1955). THE KEY INFORMANT TECHNIQUE 1. Definition of terms. As used here, the term "key informant" has a more delimited definition than is usual. In traditional anthropological field research, key informants are used primarily as a source of information on a variety of topics, such as kinship and family organization, economic system, political structure, and religious beliefs and practices. In brief, they are interviewed intensively over an extensive period of time for the purpose of providing a relatively complete ethnographical description of the social and cultural patterns of their group. In that particular fashion, a few informants are interviewed3 with the aim of securing the total patterning of a culture. The technique is preeminently suited to the gathering of the kinds of qualitative and descriptive data that are difficult or time-consuming to unearth through structured datagathering techniques such as questionnaire surveys.

By and large the Congress of the United States has been studied on its own terms, as a somewhat unique political institution. Studies of Congress are usually considered to be important simply because they shed light on an important institution in the American political system. It is true, of course, that Congress is an important policy-making body and does deserve study for that reason. But there is no reason why substantive importance cannot be combined with “importance” in another sense. It is also important, for example, to develop theory within any discipline which will help explain the phenomena under study. Trivial substantive problems can be made interesting because of the theory which they suggest. And because a problem may already be substantively important does not mean that it cannot be made even more significant by theoretical development.As a result of this substantive focus, research on Congress has produced a very rich body of descriptive data on various components of the institution, including its members and leadership, group structure, committees, party systems, organization, and rules and procedures. Studies have also provided generalizations concerning such things as the decentralized decision-making of Congress and the effects of the seniority rule on the distribution of power within the House and Senate. These descriptive data and generalizations may serve as the content to be explained within the context of a theory. As yet there has been very little effort at theory construction concerning Congress. The data are there—their organization and explication remain.

In order to explore the potential contribution that one form of critical path analysis, namely Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), could make to a systematic ordering of interrelated units of study in science and mathematics, data were obtained from 312 experienced high school teachers of science and/or mathematics with respect to suggested time estimates together with a sequential ordering of topics to be studied by individual students majoring in these specialized areas of study. With data collected, a modified form of the IBM PERT Program # 10.3.006, run on the IBM 1620-40K computer, produced output within a matter of a few minutes. This information facilitated the drawing of the network model-a sketch which enables all parties concerned to see the critical path(s) which indicates points in scheduling time requiring special attention. Based upon an analysis of the statistical and descriptive data gathered in the study, the results showed that knowledge of PERT concepts and principle...

The small scale cattle fattening enterprise is represents an important component of the agribusiness sector of the economy with great economic, income, poverty reduction and social implications. A large number of farmers involved in cattle fattening just before 3 or 4 months of Eid-ul-Azha (Muslim festival), when they sell the animals with profitable prices. Cattle fattening for beef production have become an important business of the small farmers in Bangladesh. This study examined the profitability as well as operational economics efficiency of cattle fattening enterprise of Rajbari District. Data used to achieve this objective was obtained from 120 nomadic farmers, which were randomly selected using a multi-stage sampling procedure. Data were generated using a survey schedule as well as direct observation (cost-route method). Descriptive statistics, economics analysis as well as operational efficiency index were used to analyze the data. Results showed that small scale cattle fattening enterprise were profitable and flexible. A net enterprise income of BDT 5559 per cattle was realized by an average enterprise in study area. It was also shown that operational efficiency was not generally high among the entrepreneur. Based on these results, the study advised less efficient entrepreneurs to adopt the practices of the efficient ones in order to make the enterprise more profitable. The study shows that small scale cattle fattening enterprise is profitable due to agribusiness context. Farmers used three years old cattle for beef fattening. Cattle fattening period is 4.5 months in rural study areas of Rajbari district in Bangladesh. Keywords: Economic efficiency; Cattle farming; Profitability DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i1.8756 JBAU 2011; 9(1): 141-146

It has been common to approach the study of differences in Negro-white fertility from an assimilationalist perspective. A recent paper criticized this approach, suggesting as an alternative a social psychological argument which approaches the differential in terms of the insecurities associated with minority-group status. This explanation suggest that (1) minority-group status exercises an independent effect on fertility, and (2) minority-group status and certain structural factors interact to effect fertility. This paper attempts to test these two aspects of the " minority-group status hypothesis." The use of simple descriptive statistics early in the analysis tends to support the minority-group status hypothesis; however, the use of more rigorous inductive statistical techniques suggests that the hypothesis does not stand when applied to Negro-white fertility differences. It is suggested that the hypothesis be reformulated to take account of the extent of structural assimilation.

I have attempted to confine this article to an analytic description of the operations of the commission's personnel security program. This program has been analyzed critically and in detail by a number of individuals. I have not attempted to take issue with criticism, for this is not the purpose of a descriptive analysis. I have mentioned those limitations inherent in our program which do not entirely coincide with the traditional methods of due process. These limitations are significant, but, if they are properly exercised in the context of the commission's program, I feel that they are justified.

The study assessed the technologies available for empowering women in cassava production in Abia State. The objectives were to determine the availability and utilization of technologies for empowering women in cassava production. Questionnaire was the instrument for data collection which was developed on a 4-point measuring scale and was validated by peer review of researchers in agricultural extension. Reliability was established by the Cronbach’s alpha which gave co-efficient of r ∝ = 0.74 indicating a high reliability. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 240 and the extension filed officers were used as research assistants to facilitate the administration and retrieval of the questionnaire. Data analysis was achieved with the use of descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean which referenced x = 2.50 as the benchmark and inferential statistics as t-test at 0.050 level of significance. The findings revealed that majority (x = 2.56) agreed that technologies were available for empowering women in cassava production while (x = 2.03) indicated that the extent women were empowered utilizing technologies for cassava production was low. The t- test of no mean significant difference was not rejected because t = 0.01 at P ≥ 0.05 which indicated no mean difference between availability and utilization of technologies for empowering women cassava producers. On the basis of the findings the study recommended that more extension field personnel should be employed and retrained on how to train women on how to use the technologies.Keywords: women, empowerment, cassava, production

Background: Birth is a major challenge for the newborn to negotiate successfully from intrauterine to extra uterine life. The first few hours since birth is the most crucial period in the life of an infant for further growth and development, which is largely determined by the quality of care that the newborn receives. Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the quality of care provided by nursing personnel to newborn in the labour room. Materials and methods: This study was conducted in BP Koirala Institute of Health Science. Cross sectional, non participatory observational research design was adopted for the study. Care provided by nursing personnel to 814 normal newborns was observed. Samples were chosen by non probability purposive sampling technique. Data was collected through observational method by trained nursing personnel, using 46 items pre-tested, validated and self developed observational checklist. Care provided to newborns was observed from birth to two hours and categorised as good, average and poor based on scores obtained. Data was entered and analysed using SPSS-10. Descriptive statistics- [Mean, percentage, frequencies and standard deviation] was used to describe the quality of care provided to the newborn babies. Results: Overall quality of care was good in 42.36%, average in 57.64% and none of them received poor care. Overall mean score for quality of care was 34.75/46 (75.54 %). Regarding subscales quality of care was good in majority of newborns in areas such as Preparation to receive the baby (76.1%), Initiation of breathing (100%), Maintaining thermoregulation (77.3%), Physical assessment (90.9%), and other aspects of care (95.2%). However the quality of care was poor in majority of newborns in establishment of breast feeding (58.23%) and average in prevention of infection (76.9%). Conclusion: Study findings highlight the need for focus in establishment of breast feeding and prevention of infection. Key words: Quality of care; newborns; nursing personnel; breast feeding; prevention of infection and assessment of newborn. DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v7i3.2729 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009) Vol.7, No.3 Issue 27, 231-237

Employee motivation is considered as a force that drives the employees toward attaining specific goals and objectives of an organization. Nowadays motivation has become one of the most indispensable factors in management toward the achievement of organizational goals. There nothing more central to management than the question of human motivation. The main objectives of the study are to find out that what kind of motivation factors influence Nigerian employee and also to find out to which extent motivation affect the employee performance. 200 data are collected from teachers from some selected public schools and private in Talata Mafara and by using self-administered questionnaire. A Structured interview was also carried out with the management of the schools. Descriptive analysis is applied is applied to find the effect of employee motivation on employee performance involving five variables. Employee promotion, employee motivation, employees performance, employee perceived training effectiveness, and intrinsic reward. The result of this work shows that there is positive and significant relationship exist between employee motivation and employee performance. It also show that promotion and intrinsic reward has positive impact on employee performance.

S OCIOLINGUISTICS has been described as the study of verbal behavior in terms of the social characteristics of speakers, their cultural background, and the ecological properties of the environment in which they interact (Hymes 1962; Ervin-Tripp 1964). In this paper we will explore some of the formal aspects of this relationship. We will examine the language usage of specific groups and attempt to relate it to linguistically distinct dialects and styles on the one hand and variables employed in the study of social interaction on the other. The raw material for our study is the distribution of linguistic forms in everyday speech. As is usual in descriptive analysis, these forms are first described in terms of their own internal patterning at the various strata (phonemic, morphemic, etc.) of linguistic structure (Lamb 1964; Gleason 1964). Ultimately, however, the results of this analysis will have to be related to social categories. This condition imposes some important restrictions on the way in which data are gathered. Since social interaction always takes place within particular groups, linguistic source data will have to be made commensurable with such groups. We therefore choose as our universe of analysis a speech community: any human aggregate characterized by regular and frequent interaction over a significant span of time and set off from other such aggregates by differences in the frequency of interaction. Within this socially defined universe forms are selected for study primarily in terms of who uses them and when, regardless of purely grammatical similarities and differences. If two grammatically distinct alternatives are employed within the same population, both will have to be included. On the other hand, in those cases where socially significant differences in behavior are signaled by grammatically minor lexical or phonemic correlates, the latter cannot be omitted from consideration.

This research aims to describe and analyze various aspects of children's education and find the concept of children's education in the perspective of psychology and Islamic education. This type of library research research, data collection techniques using documentation, after the data collected and then analyzed with descriptive analysis and content analysis. The results show the first: the conception of children's education in a psychological perspective has four main dimensions namely, physical, psychological, spiritual, and social-cultural. Parenting education of children must be in accordance with the psychological condition of children with authoritative style. Second: educating with the perspective of Islamic education, will make children more healthy souls namely those who have excellent physical requirements, higher intellectual mental intelligence (IQ), mental health conditions / personality that develops and is stable in their emotional emotional mentality (EQ) is high (mental-social) and have the strength of faith and Islam. Third: The important role of psychology in Islamic education is to bridge the process of delivering knowledge so that it pays more attention to the psychology of each individual or student, because this will determine the parents or educators in transferring knowledge given to children.

The method of survey followed in this study is that of the bibliographical approach, i.e. a descriptive analysis of publications in terms of a number of categories. Presented is an analysis of the titles in J.C. Hoorweg and H.C. Marais, Psychology in Africa. A bibliography (Leiden, 1966). In this bibliography, publications were included irrespective of quality, but confidential reports or papers pertaining to white subjects only were omitted. The 1312 entries were categorized in terms of: year of publication; field of psychology; geographical location; language of publication; publication medium. Extracted from these data were cross-tables: year of publication/field of psychology; year of publication/geographical location; language of publication/year of publication/field of psychology. Ref., notes, tables

This study assessed awareness and use of information and communication technologies among extension agents in Maigana Zone of Kaduna State A.D.P. All extension personnel in the zone (70) were interviewed through the use of structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were used to achieve the objectives of the study. It was found that 60.15% of the respondents were aware of at least one ICT in the study area. The multiple regression analysis of the relationship between the extension workers’ socioeconomic characteristics and ICT usage showed that level of training and membership of professional association showed a positive significant relationship at p

Daily engineering records from two road construction projects near Jefferson City, Mo., for the years 1965-68 were combined with soil moisture and precipitation measurements from nearby meteorological stations to develop a model capable of producing an experimental series describing conditions suitable for road building activities. This model was then applied to a long-term series of daily precipitation records for Jefferson City (1918-65) to calculate road construction conditions over this period. Monthly and seasonal statistics describing the feasibility of various levels of road building activity are presented for the 48-yr period. These statistics include second-order Markov chain probability estimates of working and nonworking days. Aside from the inferences which can be directly drawn from the seasonal and monthly descriptive data, the statistics may have value in developing further simulation models for estimating the effects of various management strategies. Effects of weather conditions on particular components of the economy have been considered by a number of investigators. Studies assessing the association between weather and agricultural production (Maunder 1968), housing starts (Musgrave 1968), retail trade (Linden 1961), electrical power production (Johnson et al. 1969), natural gas consumption (McQuigg and Thompson 1966) , and agricultural land prices (Johnson and Haigh 1970) are among those of more recent vintage. The weather sensitivity of the construction industry in the United States has also been considered (Russo 1966, Theil 1966, US. Department of Commerce 1966), but little attention has been devoted to the road building sector. Expenditures for road construction are, however, an important part of the total expenditure on construction and of the budgets of Federal, State, and local governments from which they are financed. In this study, effects of climatic variables on the highway construction industry are estimated through their influence on working conditions during the main construction months. Data from two construction projects are combined with a soil moisture index to obtain conditions under which construction activities can proceed. This relationship is used to generate an experimental series of working conditions based on available weather data. The resulting series of simulated working conditions are then assessed regarding their potential as aids to planning and scheduling highway construction projects.

Este trabajo se propone revisar la postura que sostiene que “el mundo actual” es un indéxico que funciona como lo hacen “yo”, “ahora”, “aquí”, etc. Dicha postura es la sostenida por David Lewis (1970), para defender su realismo modal, es decir, la teoría de que existen mundos posibles que tienen el mismo estatus ontológico que el mundo en el que habitamos. A pesar de la importancia y novedad que tuvo el análisis indexical de mundo actual, este no está exento de objeciones que dificultan sostenerlo. A lo largo de este trabajo presentaremos distintas objeciones al análisis indexical y argumentaremos que un análisis descriptivo de “mundo actual” es el adecuado.

The study assessed the perception of secondary school student across Borno State towards fisheries as a profession. A total of 300 structured questionnaires was administered among secondary school students in five (5) Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) zone which were Maiduguri, Biu, Gwoza, Bama and Monguno zones. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. The result revealed that, 65% of the respondents were male while 25% were female. The source of awareness about fisheries was through their teachers which had 50.70%, 16.27% through mass media, 15.06% through extension agent, 13.57% through friends, while others had 4.6%. The respondents’ interest/likeness about fisheries revealed that 52.14% had interest, 32.14% has no interest while 15.72% are yet to decided. A total of 76.43% had positive perception in practicing fish farming while 23.57% had no interest. Awareness about fisheries as profession revealed that 72.14% are aware while 27.86% are unaware. Conclusively, the perception of secondary school students to fisheries is encouraging, so there is prospect for fisheries as a profession in Borno state. It will be recommended that more awareness should be created to secondary school students about fisheries profession and as prospect for youth empowerment.Keywords: Fisheries, Perception, School, Student, Profession.

This paper proposes a method for the statistical evaluation of small subsystems performance. The method requires that performance data from a small subsystem be analyzed using a multiple linear regression method; this has been programmed for a digital computer making use of a step-wise solution. The result along with predetermined component variation is then used in a computer programmed Monte Carlo simulation to develop both the output distribution and descriptive statistics. Experimental results from a small, one-core impulse-switched memory system are presented. Other applications include the analysis of high speed computer circuits; one application integrated circuitry, offers great promise.

The results of an economic and financial diagnosis of 30 small producers, selected from the different sectors of the Mafil Community, Valdivia, registered in the Technical Support Service (TSS) of the Agrarian Development Institute (INDAP) are presented. Information regarding milk and meat production during the 2007 season are presented with a detailed description of social and important technological and economic - financial variables of the selected farmers. The information which is related to December, 2007 is presented using a quantitative type of descriptive analysis. It is concluded that the farmers included in the study do not present disadvantages with regard to rate of solvency, appraised financial autonomy, degree of indebtedness, general liquidity and acid index, but they present disadvantages regarding profitability of their own and total capitals.

This research investigated a link between classroom climate and reading achievement, and discovered the influence of the classroom climate and reading achievement of the students at one junior high school in Palembang, South Sumatera, Indonesia. Fifty seven students participated in this study and were chosen by using convenience sampling method. In collecting the data, Constructivist Learning Environment Survey (CLES) and reading test were used. Descriptive statistics, Pearson Product Moment Correlation and regression analysis were employed to analyze the data. Based on the data analysis, it was found out that r (.175)

Background An increase in cancer incidence in developing countries is expected due to the possible decline of mortality from infectious diseases, improved healthcare, population growth and increasing life expectancy. It can therefore be anticipated that the number of cancer patients requiring palliative treatment will also rise in Nepal, creating a discrepancy between the requirement and delivery of health care. Estimation of trends is very essential for the planning of future requirements in any such programme. Method This retrospective study analysed the records from the Radiotherapy Department at Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal to calculate the number of cancer patients who received palliative treatment with radiotherapy between September 2000 and December 2008. Descriptive statistics was used for the analysis and subsequently, statistical modelling techniques were applied for forecasting of future trends. Results Of 1001 cancer cases, 363 patients received radiotherapy with palliative intent during the study period. Excluding the constant term from the equation, the Logarithmic model was the best fitted, with R2 = 0.727, p = 0.002 for the forecasting of cancer patients receiving palliative treatment. Using this model, the number of cancer cases receiving palliative radiotherapy at the hospital in the year 2015 was estimated to be 68. Thus, the number of patients requiring radiotherapy with palliative intent shows a pattern of increasing trend over the coming years. Conclusion The data analysed in the present study indicates an increasing future trend of patients requiring palliative therapy at the centre. In the future, a discrepancy may arise between the requirement and capacity of care available to these patients. Government and healthcare agencies of Nepal must ready themselves to promote better strategies for adequate provision to the cancer patients receiving palliative treatment in the coming years. Key Words Statistical Modelling; Palliative Oncotherapy; Forecasting DOI: 10.3126/nje.v1i1.4111 Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 2010;1 (1):38-43

The aim of this paper is two-fold: (1) To give a unified treatment of the theory of order statistics when the parent distribution is not necessarily continuous. (2) To assess the effects of grouping on the distribution of order statistics and to indicate the convenience, under suitable conditions, of using order statistics for the estimation of parameters from grouped data with or without censoring.

The results of this investigation have arisen as a further outcome of the long series of McGill researches on standard cells, originally started by H. L. CALLENDAR, F.R.S., in 1896, and continued for several years by H. T. BARNES, F.R.S.; they may be regarded as a new by-product of the investigation on the absolute measurement of the electromotive force of the normal Weston Standard Cell, conducted by A. N . Shaw from 1909- 1911, and described in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions ’ in 1913 (loc, cit,) . It is, however, considered that the present contribution brings forward entirely new points of considerable importance, and it is in no sense whatever a recapitulation or further treatment of results discussed in earlier articles. Apart from the descriptive data about apparatus and old cells, contained in former papers,* the results recorded now, and the treatment developed, constitute an independent investigation.

THE breeding of domestic animals for economic purposes has for centuries proceeded on the basis of trial and error methods, and by and large is still carried on in the same manner today. Although Wright (1921) more than a quarter century ago laid down most of the genetic principles upon which breeding schemes with predictable rates of gain could be established, it is only recently that, through the efforts of Lush (e.g., 1945) and of his students, the descriptive data which have been accumulating for many years have been subjected to analyses necessary for the formulation of efficient breeding plans. The validation by empirical tests of the theoretical principles deduced by Wright has been slow, largely because of the necessity of collecting data for a long period of time and of the laborious statistical analysis required. With respect to egg production in the domestic fowl such verification has been recently . . .

tion as the vehicle for the achievement of sociology's advance, although others uphold a contrary position. Should some theories prove sterile, adequate descriptive materials would endure as a foundation upon which to construct others. Furthermore, sociology may never embrace one theory satisfactory to all. The complexity and inherent change within the social order make it possible to envisage a situation where several conceptual schemes, all logically consistent within themselves, exist side by side. And, finally, a few sociologists maintain that a search for generalizations is legitimate and logical, but that failure is a reasonable possibility and the most that can be expected is a description of the interrelationships within a society.27 These views strike somewhat pessimistic notes; nevertheless they will be totally disregarded only by confirmed dogmatists. The influence of social or cultural change on descriptive research deserves elaboration. Anthropology, it appears, is in a comfortable position on the strength of the Boasian influence and the numerous field studies it engendered. Some significant theoretical advances may be anticipated in the near future. Yet, social or cultural change and the resultant urbanization of world folk-societies require further descriptive data on cultures about which rather complete information has heretofore existed. Therefore, this change may require a continual redescription of social units. Not only should impetus be given to descriptive studies of societies from diverse frames of reference, but these must be carried out on a world-wide scale. Sociologists all too often lull themselves into a complacency whereby research in one region, or even a part of one region, is considered definitive. Generalizations drawn from a theoretical frame*work are unscientifically accepted as conclusive without further checks. Therefore, descriptions of societies from the vantage point of both time and space are scientifically imperative.

The study identified the perception of final year agriculture students of the University of Port Harcourt (UNIPORT) and the Rivers State University of Science and Technology (RSUST) towards farming as a means of sustainable livelihood. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 173 respondents for the study. Data was collected with the aid of a questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics. The findings show that 57.22% of the respondents were between the ages of 22-24 years. About 73% of the respondents were willing to take up farming as a means of sustainable livelihood. Livelihood preference of respondents in other areas of agriculture other than farming showed that the majority preferred to work in commercial banks (5.0), agricultural company (3.62), ministry of agriculture (3.23), food processing industry (3.39), agricultural bank (4.05), Non-governmental organizations (4.27) and agricultural marketing departments (4.46). The major perceived challenges of respondents in taking up farming as a means of sustainable livelihood include inaccessibility of land, high cost of farm machineries, and insufficient initial capital. It was recommended that Government agencies and NGOs should make available incentives and farm machineries for Agriculture graduates who are willing to take up farming as a means of sustainable livelihood. Land should be easily assessable to agriculture graduates to encourage their willingness to work, this could be done through lease by the government and other governmental bodies in charge of land allocation.Key words: Perception, Agriculture, Sustainable livelihood, students

Synthesizing data analysis methods adopted under in situ global project in Nepal along with variables and nature of study could be guiding reference for researchers especially to those involved in on farm research. The review work was conducted with the objective to help in utilizing and managing in situ database system. The objectives of the experiment, the structure of the treatments and the experimental design used primarily determine the type of analysis. There were 60 papers of this project published in Nepal. All these papers are grouped under 8 thematic groups namely 1. Agroecosystem (3 papers), 2. Agromorphological and farmers’ perception (7 papers), 3. Crop population structure (5 papers), 4. Gender, policy and general (15 papers), 5. Isozyme and molecular (6 papers), 6. Seed systems and farmers’ networks (5 papers), 7. Social, cultural and economical (11 papers) and 8. Value addition (8 papers). All these papers were reviewed basically for data type, sample size, sampling methods, statistical methods and tools, varieties and purposes. Descriptive and inferential statistics along with multivariate methods were commonly used in on farm research. Experimental design, the most common in on station trial was least used. Study over space and time was not adopted. There were 5 kinds of data generated, 45 statistical tools adopted in eight different crop species. Among the 5 kinds of data under these eight subject areas, categorical type was highest followed by discrete numerical. Binary type was least in frequency. Most of the papers were related to rice followed by taro and finger millet. Cucumber and pigeon pea were studied least. Descriptive statistics along with Χ 2 , multivariate analysis and regression approaches would be appropriate tools. Similarly SPSS and MINITAB may be good software. The best one among a number of statistical tools should be selected and utmost care must be exercised while collecting data. Key words: Data analysis methods; on farm research; on station research; subject areas DOI: 10.3126/narj.v6i0.3371 Nepal Agriculture Research Journal Vol.6 2005 pp.98-108

This study examined the entrepreneurial competencies among women farmers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Specifically, this paper described the characteristics of the respondents, identified the characteristics (type, form and duration) of enterprises the respondents engaged in, and examined their constraints to entrepreneurial development. Structured interview schedule was used to collect relevant information from 165 women farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure across 6 local government areas of Nasarawa State. Descriptive statistics (percentages and mean) were used to analyze the data. Most (82.8%) of the women entrepreneur were married, and had less than secondary education (82.3%). Also the mean age, household size and annual income was 39, 8 and ₦208,759.38 respectively. Furthermore, the majority (81%) did not belong to their respective business associations. Processing was the major type of business engaged in by many (58.8%) as sole proprietor (87.9%). Persistence, commitment to work contract, and risk-taking ranked highest with a mean score of 2.55, 2.47 and 2.40, respectively among the women entrepreneurial characteristics. Lack of start-up capital (95%), poor infrastructural facilities (93%), and inadequate access to relevant information (89%) were the major constraints to women farmers’ entrepreneurial development. Various tiers of government should create the enabling social and physical infrastructure environments to catalyze entrepreneurial development (with special focus for women) in the rural areas.Key words: Entrepreneurial development, women farmers, rural entrepreneurial challenges, Nasarawa State

Citizen consumption for the times towards food is more increase. This matter will be influenced by the increasing need of citizen on nutrition and nutrient. This phenomenon is followed by the existence of many restaurants as business caterers. Jakarta is one of the cities in Indonesia with a variety of diversity, including in terms of food. There are various kinds of foods sold in restaurants in Jakarta, both from within and outside the country. One of them is a unique Japanese food. Currently, there are more and more Japanese food restaurants in Jakarta. One of the restaurants that still survive until this day is Midori Japanese Restaurant. In maintaining its business, Midori Japanese Restaurant needed to explore its consumer characteristics, consumer satisfaction, and consumer loyalty. The restaurant can implement marketing strategies to maintain its business. This research was commenced from March to May 2010 and conducted at Midori Japanese Restaurant branch K.H. Wahid Hasyim Central Jakarta. This research used descriptive analysis for consumer characteristics, Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI), Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) to know the attributes improvements, and loyalty pyramid to determine the level of consumer loyalty. This research also provided recommendations that can be done as marketing strategy.Keywords: Japanese food, consumer characteristics, consumer satisfaction, consumer loyalty, descriptive analysis, Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI), Importance Performance Analysis (IPA), loyalty pyramid.

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la confiabilidad y la validez de contenido y predictiva de un modelo de formulación desarrollado desde una perspectiva conductual. Para ello se utilizó un diseño de investigación mixto que integró niveles de análisis descriptivos y experimentales de caso único A-B-con seguimiento. Se analizó la fiabilidad de las siguientes categorías descriptivas y explicativas: (a) problemas, (b) predisponentes, (c) precipitantes, (d) adquisición y (e) mecanismos inferidos, en formulaciones hechas por terapeutas entre el años 2005 al 2008 y por otros psicólogos con el modelo derivado del presente estudio. Con respecto a la validez, jueces expertos determinaron que el modelo tenía validez de contenido y a través del uso de éste en tres estudios de caso se determinó que tenía validez predictiva. Se discute la importancia de ampliar la investigación con otras poblaciones y establecer la validez concurrente y clínica del modelo.