Search

This study of the 1973 Local Government Election in England and Wales shows that the position of a canal/date's name on the ballot paper can have an important effect in terms of the number of votes which he receives. In particular the lower-placed members of each party are quite seriously disadvantaged. Investigation into the relationship between this positional effect and other aspects of the election show that it occurs quite generally. A simple model is formulated which attempts to explain the phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The levels of aetiocholanolone, androsterone, and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids were measured in women without known disease of the breast, in women with benign breast disease, and in women with primary and advanced breast cancer. Statistical analysis showed there was no difference in the excretion of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in the various groups of patients. Detailed analysis of the aetiocholanolone and androsterone levels, however, indicated that patients with advanced localized disease excreted significantly less of these 11-deoxy-17-oxosteroids than those in the other groups.

Discusses the contents of the business records collection of the University College of North Wales, Bangor as of June 1, 1961. Types of materials in the collection; Procurement of these materials; Items related to slate and stone quarrying, mining, mills and factories, and other areas of interest.

The main trend in urban/rural migration is a continuous gain, in net terms, of towns from villages and large cities. But this is a result of two distinct migration streams associated with the process of family formation. While before marriage there is positive net migration from villages to both large cities and towns (and from large cities towards towns), after marriage there is a tendency for couples to move towards villages. This is explained by the desire of families, particularly those belonging to the middle class to move out of the urban centres to better accommodation in smaller communities. Considerable variations in migrations within and into regions are observed. These reflect the continuation of long-term trends in internal migration (as described in Part I of this paper) in particular, population dispersal from Greater London and larger distance migration into the Southern and Eastern regions. Some social characteristics of migrants and non-migrants are compared. Associations between the intensity of internal migration on the one hand, and occupational status, education, social mobility and family size on the other are observed. An attempt is made to assess the extent of migration associated with the marriage process. Although this process increases mobility, its relative contribution to total adult mobility appears to be only slight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the training practices for the profession of accounting in England and Wales. There are four professional organizations in Wales and England that influence training for accounting and they are: the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, the Association of Certified and Corporate Accountants, the Institute of Cost and Works Accountants, and the Institute of Municipal Treasurers and Accountants. There are chartered accountants and certified accountants with 50% of those chartered and 35% of certified employed as partners or employees of firms in public practice.

This paper outlines an interpretation of the modern rise of population based on experience of England and Wales and examines the credibility of this interpretation in the light of the different circumstances which existed in four other European countries: Sweden, France, Ireland and Hungary. It suggests that it is desirable to consider the modern rise of population as a whole, and to examine the post-registration period before turning to the uncertainties of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Using this approach in England and Wales the authors conclude that population growth was not influenced by improved sanitation before about 1870 or by specific medical measures before the introduction of the sulphonamides in 1935. They attribute the rise of population in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries to a decline of mortality which resulted from improvement in diet. The grounds for this conclusion are threefold: there was a large increase in food production; none of the alternative explanations is adequate; and in the conditions which existed at the beginning of the eighteenth century improvement in diet was a necessary condition for a prolonged expansion of population. The basis of these assertions is discussed at some length. The data for the four other countries, although less complete, are consistent with this interpretation. There is no reason to believe that medical measures or improved hygiene were elsewhere effective earlier than in England and Wales, and, with some differences in timing, advances in agriculture occurred throughout Europe from the seventeenth century. The fact that the decline of mortality and improvement in food supplies preceded industrialization in Sweden, and probably in Ireland, suggests that the initial phase of population growth was not dependent on it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years several writers have drawn attention to the dangers of relying upon "calendar year" reproduction rates, such as the conventional net reproduction rate, as indicators of future population prospects. The synthesis considered in the present paper is of the births to generations of women, and is thus free from these objections. In brief the defence of an analysis limited to females in England and Wales today is based on the shrinking proportions of females to males at the younger ages in the unmarried population and one may suppose, the decreasing dependence of the proportions of women marrying on the availability of potential husbands. In the simplest case, the definition was in terms of mortality and fertility rates, progressing to mortality, marriage and legitimate and illegitimate fertility rates and, if the pendulum had not swung away from this approach, no doubt further complexity would have been added introducing considerations of widowhood, divorce and re-marriage and distinguishing duration of marriage as an additional factor in fertility rates.

This paper analyzes trends of social mobility in England and Wales. Speculations about trends of social mobility have been prominent in contemporary commentaries on the condition of England, and on the changing structures of highly industrialized societies. Empirical research has given little support to expectations that definite changes would be observable when rates of social mobility were compared over time. The theory that in the U.S. the closing of the frontier and the consolidation of corporate capitalism must have reduced movement up and down the social scale has been questioned by recent research. And the contrasting notion, common in Western Europe, that economic, political and educational changes must have increased chances of social ascent and descent has also been empirically challenged. These studies have made little impact on the general debate about contemporary social stratification. But such evidence has also been only partly relevant to some major issues of the debate. For while the data relate to patterns of social mobility prevailing yesterday, the debate has often in effect centered on those patterns which may prevail tomorrow. It is possible that the occupational experience of those who are still only children or adolescents today will follow new lines–in consequence particularly, it has been suggested, of recent changes in educational policy.

Focuses on the studies initiated to gain information on the distribution of wind-borne salt in the Aberystwyth area in Wales. Instrument devised for collecting salt samples; Damage caused to plants due to occasional severe gale; Salt deposition on a hedgerow.

This short paper presents some results of an attempt to derive a suitable function to explain unit costs in the water supply industry in England and Wales. The data we used were the latest available at the time of writing. The data, in effect, were for the year 1965-66. It was not possible, because of lack of data, to carry out a time-series analysis to supplement our cross-section findings. At the moment the industry is composed of some 331 undertakings; our sample, which is based on data provided by I.M.T.A.,' covers 162 of those under- takings. In effect, it covers: 67 local authorities; 75 water boards; and 20 water companies. In this paper then we are concerned with the derivation of an industry average cost curve, or function. Although the resulting curve could be similar to the envelope curve, or to part of the envelope curve, as we know it, it will differ from the usual conception of that curve because of the nature of production conditions in the water supply industry. Section II notes the type and characteristics of the four cost functions we have fitted to the data. Section III briefly presents and assesses the statistical results obtained from using those functions. Section IV then makes some comments on the major issue of amalgamation in the light of the statistical results.

A conference paper about some aspects of the vegetation of sea-cliffs is presented. It analyzes the striking gradients of vegetational variation in sea-cliffs near Holyhead, Anglesey in Wales in an attempt to explain the requirements of individual species. Findings suggest that salinity reduces the abundance and vigour of mesic or inland species and provides an environment of low competitive intensity suitable for the growth of slow-growing, procumbent maritime perennials.

This paper examines the proposition advanced by some commentators that divorce petitioning in England and Wales fluctuates in accordance with the changing real value of legal aid. Direct evidence, from divorce figures and details of legal aid provision, is examined and shown not to fit the hypothesis. Indirect evidence drawn from Magistrates' Court proceedings and income provision by the National Assistance Board also fails to support the proposition. It is concluded that the proposition is false, and that increased divorce petitioning reflects more fundamental social changes than amendments to legal aid provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first section of the paper criticizes the concept of inconsistency between status ranks as an explanation of variations in attitudes and behaviour between different groups. The second section argues that the concept of relative deprivation may, if appropriately qualified, prove more useful and suggests a possible application of it to the topic of attitudes towards immigrants. The third section presents some findings from a sample survey carried out in England and Wales in 1962 which furnish a limited test of two proposed hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the ordination of Plantago coronopus in the vegetation of dune slacks at Newborough Warren in Anglesey, Wales, using pattern analysis technique of P. Greg-Smith. It states that the scale pattern shown by Plantago coronopus was related to microtopography. Results also showed that its poor performance in the dune slacks is attributed to low nitrogen and phosphorous status. It mentions that germination is retarded in the dark and with gain in soil depth. Also, there is no effect in germination when the seeds are chilled and, though there is no germination in 50% sea water, the high salt content indicates no considerable injury to the seeds.

The article presents a study which examines the plant associes and succession cycles of the sand dune and dune slack vegetation in Newborough Warren, Anglesey, Wales. A brief account of the strand flora and of the flora of the dunes, together with a more detailed account of the plant associes occupying the slacks is presented. The relation of successional trends to the physiographic development of the dune system are discussed. The study found that the ultimate stage of succession found at the present time at Newborough is a dry slack Calluna-Salix heath, which developed under the influence of continued leaching.

The article reports on the volcanic series of rocks on the southern and eastern flanks of Cader Idris in Harlech, Wales. The volcanic series of rocks of Cader Idris are composed of lavas and ashes with dolerite entry of slaty materials. Their determining factors are presence of lime in plants, existence of dripping water and ledges of good soil on rock-faces. They are dominated by calciferous rock namely pillow-lavas with calcite. They are also made up of acidic rocks with granophyres, rhyolites, ashy slates, mudstones, and dolerites.

The article presents a study which examines the relation of the distribution of floristically rich localities outside the transect in the Cadre Idris and Rhobell Fawr districts to the nature of the bed-rock in Wales. The study found that the rocks are chiefly composed of lavas and ashes with dolerite intrusions and intercalations of slaty material. The presence of lime in a form readily available for plants is the determining factor, but certain physical factors such as the presence of a head of water and of ledges and pockets of good soil on the precipitous rock-faces are also of considerable importance.

The paper describes the training of accountants in Great Britain, first discussing the situation in England and Wales and later mentioning ways in which the Scottish training differs. The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales has virtual control over the admission of people into the public accounting field in those two countries. There is no separate licensing of public accountants by a government. Membership in the Institute is comparable to holding a state license to practice as a certified public accountant in this country. Members are allowed to described themselves as "chartered accountants" and to use the abbreviations F.C.A. for fellows and A.C.A. for associates. Businessmen are accustomed to seeking the services of Institute members for their professional accounting needs, and "by far the most important part of professional accounting work is carried out by chartered accountants." To become a chartered accountant one must become an articled clerk under Institute regulation and supervision for a prescribed period of years, pass examinations prepared, administered, and graded by the Institute, be accepted by the Institute council for membership.

One of the prime needs of the physical planner is to know how many households he must plan for. Population forecasting is itself a complicated process which, in England and Wales, has only been undertaken comprehensively for local authority areas. This article seeks to discuss that population forecasting can usefully be undertaken in spite of the limitations of the basic data. The author stresses that the wide variations in the characteristics of local populations render the exercise vital, even when national household size appears likely to remain unchanged.

The article discusses a study on fertility of teachers in England and Wales, Great Britain. A sample of teachers differs from a population sample as it may be reduced not only by death but also by other factors which may have a direct bearing on fertility, such as health or change of occupation. In order to compare the fertility of teachers with other occupational groups, the Family Census material was used. The two samples are not entirely identical. The Family Census included divorced and widowed women provided they were divorced or widowed after their 45th birthday. The analysis which follows the pattern set by the Family census' of 1946 describes fertility in terms of numbers of live-born children per married male teacher by marriage cohort and duration of marriage. The data were collected partly by postal questionnaire and partly by personal interview. The postal and interview data were compared and showed no significant difference with respect to the factors under discussion in the present study and only minor differences for other factors.

It is well known that the early official vital registration data for England and Wales are not complete. Estimates are available of the magnitude of under-registration of births for England and Wales as a whole, but it is highly unlikely that under-registration was uniform over all counties. This article presents new estimates of the degree of birth under-registration for each of the 45 constituent registration counties of England and Wales from 1841 to 1910. The method employed involves the technique of reverse projection, using a characteristic model life table, which is defined for each county by its registered childhood mortality. Adjustments are made for the effects of non-stationarity and net migration. The variation in under-registration across counties is shown to be of considerable magnitude, and a particularly interesting pattern of under-registration and over-registration emerges for the counties of the London, England region. In 1841-50, the degree of under-registration in London was very close to that of England and Wales as a whole. The same is the case for 1851-60. However, by 1861-70 the calculated adjustment factor for the county of London indicates an apparent over-registration of births.

Studies the radial stem growth in Salix cinerea on Lake Vyrnwy margin in Wales. Disposition of Salix cinerea groupings; Vertical distribution of the Salix cinerea trees on the margin; Mean ages of the Salix cinerea groupings at Lake Vyrnwy.

From tribal times, the settlement pattern in Wales has been essentially a scattered one, consisting of isolated farms and small hamlets. The main unit of settlement is the tyddyn, a small holding usually less than 100 acres in extent. In the past, the settlements have been isolated only in a geographical sense; strong local bonds of community and kinship linked the dwellers of the tyddynod. This community structure has been preserved to a remarkable extent until recently, due to physical and cultural isolation. Nowadays, however, rural Wales is in urgent need of improved housing, schools, communications, and a wide variety of modern amenities. It is obviously easier and more economical to bring these improvements to a countryside where settlements are nucleated; but it has been argued that to replace isolated by grouped settlements would be to disrupt social relationships to such a degree that the traditional basis of community would be seriously impaired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the effect of waterlogging in peat soils of varying iron content on the growth and distribution of Erica cinerea. The study of H. E. Jones and J. R. Etherington showed that before E. cinerea died in a waterlogged soil, the iron concentration in its tissue has increased substantially. The five peat samples, which were used in the pot culture experiments, were collected from different bog types including the Trelleck Bog in Monmouthshire, Wales and the Fountains Fell in West Riding in England. To determine the total iron content of the peat soils, the sodium carbonate fusion method was utilized.

The article looks at the population structure of the species Salicornia europaea and Puccinellia maritima in developing salt-marsh at Foryd Bay in Wales. It is said that the spatial structure in species population refers to an aggregated distribution of individuals, which occur due to environmental heterogeneity or vegetative spread. Some researchers have claimed that the occurrence of structure will help in understanding the mechanisms of vegetational succession. Based on the article, the seed density of Salicornia is determined by the drifting of seed shorewards than by the density of Salicornia species that grew at the end of the season.

The article presents a preliminary survey of the blanket bog vegetation of the Berwyn Mountains, North Wales, carried out in the summer of 1968. The possible causes of vegetation modification is briefly discussed. By reference to both southern Pennine and Berwyn example, the study concluded that in many places peat erosion may no longer be active, there being at present a period of re-stabilization following a period of active erosion. Some of the problems concerning blanket bog vegetation and its development which have been raised by the survey are briefly mentioned in the article.

This article discusses the results of pollen analysis of a number of sites scattered over the blanket peats of upland mid-Wales. The analysis provided information on the vegetational changes which have occurred over the past 5,000 years in the area. Certain conclusions can be reached regarding the nature and extent of human interference with the vegetation during particular historic and prehistoric periods. By consideration of the positions of certain archaeological artefacts in the peat profiles, tentative conclusions are drawn regarding the correlation of vegetational changes with certain cultures and episodes in the local history of the area.

This article presents a study which investigated the vegetation of Cader Idris in Merionethshire, Wales. A brief background on the study area, a review of previous related literature and a description of the study's methodology are provided. The study found four major physiognomic/ecologic units that comprise Cader Idris. A comparison of the community-types on Cader Idris with those described in other areas indicates that there is a high degree of similarity between the vegetation of widely separated upland areas in Great Britain.

The article reports on the spread of Spartina in the Chesire estuary of Dee, Wales. The spread of Spartina in Chesire shore started since 1945 due to its open sand banks, channel edges, and pans with integrated salt marshes. It came from Connah's Quay, Flintshire in 1928 and 1929. It is influenced by the formation of sward at the marsh front and consolidated marsh. It depends on the specie's annual seed set and on the survival rate and germination rate of seedlings from upper and lower marshes of the estuary.

The article discusses the ecological aspects of Spartina townsendii, a dwarf brown form grass, in the River Dovey, Wales. The plant was found in the middle and lower parts of the zone on the southern portion of the estuary in various places from Ynyslas up to the marshes near Glandyfi. The height of the plant range from 10-15 centimeters (cm) in the extreme dwarf type to 20-30 cm. Another characteristic of the grass is the type of culms distribution, in contrast to the changes in its density in the area.

The article discusses a one-year study of the competitive ability of Cynosurus cristatus and its yield in simple mixtures. The experiment was conducted in boxes 16 inch square, located on the roof of the Memorial Building at the University College of North Wales in Bangor. During the study period, the species showed a seedling survival potential of less than 50 percent, poor competitive ability, heavy mortality as a result of heavy defoliation. At a seeding rate of 5 pound/acre the inclusion of Cynosurus cristatus in a simple mixture reduced the incidence of Agrostis tenuis in the seeding year and did not reduce the total yield.

The article focuses on the number of species contributing to the vegetation of an upland grazing on Ffridd, Ddu, Aber in Caernarvonshire, Wales. The study uses an ordination approach technique in the analysis of some plant communities present on the upland grassland of Ffridd Ddu, Caernarvonshire, while the performance of individual plant species has been related to single axis of floristic variation which correlates well with similar single axis variation in some edaphic factors. Moreover, the particular technique of ordination used is described in detail and placed on the potential value of this approach in ecological analysis.

The article focuses on the number of species contributing to the vegetation of an upland grazing on Ffridd, Ddu, Aber in Caernarvonshire, Wales. The study uses an ordination approach technique in the analysis of some plant communities present on the upland grassland of Ffridd Ddu, Caernarvonshire, while the performance of individual plant species has been related to single axis of floristic variation which correlates well with similar single axis variation in some edaphic factors. Moreover, the particular technique of ordination used is described in detail and placed on the potential value of this approach in ecological analysis.

The article discusses a study about the structure of the plant communities on an area of upland grazing on Ffridd Ddu, Aber, Caernarvonshire in Wales. A brief description of the pattern observed in different communities of Vaccinium myrtillus and Calluna vulgaris on Ffridd Ddu, Caernarvonshire is provided, along with evidence which emphasizes the importance of aeration as a factor controlling the distribution and performance of Vaccinium myrtillus in the area. Details of a field experiment designed to evaluate the relation between treading and grazing on the yield and stem/leaf ratio in Vaccinum myrtillus are presented.

The article discusses a study of the pattern of Ammophila arenaria at Newborough Warren dune system on the west coast of Anglesey, Wales. One of Ammophila arenaria's scales of pattern was the tillering pattern at a scale of 20-40 centimeters caused by the production of a number of tillers at the tips of a vertical rhizomes. The other pattern is the tussock pattern at a scale of 80-160 centimeters which may be caused by the stimulation of buds on adjacent of nodes of horizontal rhizomes in the initial stages of colonization.

The article presents a study which examines the vegetation of Rhosgoch Common, Radnorshire in Wales. The formations of swamp, bog, wood and rough grassland are recognized. According to the chemical analyses , the presence of a water supply rich in minerals and of high pH to the north of the common and the absence of such a supply to the southern side has led to the present distribution of plant communities and soil types. The study also found that the variation in the level of the water table in the bog communities has been shown to be not only on rainfall but also on the time of year and the location within the bog.

The article focuses on the development of dune slacks and vegetation at Newborough Warren sand dune system in Anglesey, Wales. Measurements of physiographic development of the dune system was used in the study. Soil analysis indicates that the soils of the dune slacks are only weakly leached. Results also showed leaching from surrounding dunes maintains a rich supply of calcium in the slack soil. Findings reveal that soil development is accelerated in the slacks than on dunes and therefore more favorable for plant establishment. Also, findings suggest that the surrounding dunes have an influence on slack development, thus, making slack a source of sand, nutrients and flood-water.

The article focuses on the survey which assessed the environment of Carneddau, a group of mountains in Snowdonia, Wales. The survey described the environment of a mountain massif in Snowdonia, the Carneddau, under topography, climate, rocks and soil, and land management. It revealed that the sub-mountain vegetation is divided broadly into grassland, heath and bog, which occupy most of the zone below the potential altitudinal tree-limit, but above the limits of enclosed land. The survey also found out that the land management practices appear to be causing economic degeneration of the hill-lands and moor-burning is perceived as a particularly harmful custom.

The article discusses the Great Inclosure Movement, which brought into private occupation in Wales. It is averred that transhumance dominated widely and was not eventually eliminated until the middle of 19th century in remote areas. It is averred that pastoral pattern and effect of Inclosure were essentially different in lowland in England wherein the open-field system of cultivable farming was too hampering in its pattern to adapt the needs of new agriculture. The Inclosure in Wales meant the enclosure of rough grazings and wastes exclusively for the comparatively little share of tillable land on low ground had antecedently been introduced and consolidated into self-possessed holdings.

The article focuses on the ecological and historical factors in the distributions of the British Helianthemum species. Among the specie of these plants is the Helianthemum chamaecistus which is widely distributed in short dry chalk and limestone grasslands in Wales and England. It is dominated by Festuca ovina, Seslerina caerulea, and Zerna erecta, and appears in substrata in dry Agrostis tenuis-Festuca ovina grasslands in Scotland. On the other hand, H. apenninum is confined to open xeric grasslands on slopes that faces south on Carboniferous and Devonian limestones in Southwest England.

The article looks into the rate of spread of Spartina townsendii in the sandy lower parts and relatively muddy upper areas of the Dovey estuary. It also examined the competition of two aspects of Spartina with other salt-marsh species. The invasion of established Spartina and the invasion of grazed saltings by Spartina were also investigated. Quadrats found in sandy and relatively muddy areas revealed that the muddy area was completely covered with Spartina in two or three years. The study also revealed that the invasion of established Spartina by other salt-marsh species is a conspicuous feature of the estuary. Existing vegetation in the estuary were not affected by the invasion of established Puccinellia, Armeria and Festuca sward by Spartina.

The article offers information on Impatiens parviflora, an erect annual herb, and its presence in Great Britain. The plant has stems branching from the axils of the cotyledons. Its flowers are 10 to 15 millimeters long including spur. Its seeds are oblong with fine longitudinal striations. The plant is frequently persistent in gardens and shady waste places in various parts of England, Wales and Scotland. It discusses the habitat, climatic and topographical limitations of the plant. It lists the most frequent species at more than 1 of 19 localities in England and Scotland.

The article investigates the impact of treading and burrowing by birds and mammals on the life of plants in Pembrokeshire, Wales. It is evident that the activities of vertebra fauna such as trampling, burrowing and manuring can directly and indirectly affect the plants on any area. It is revealed that these activities can destruct plant growth and too much exposure to these kind of animal disturbance are crucial to the safety of plants. Moreover, manure may help the growth of plants but too much exposure can cause damage because of the high toxic acids it produces.

The article presents a discussion on the ecology of species found in Pembrokeshire Islands. It shows the comparison between the grazed and ungrazed vegetation while indicating the effect of grazing on flowering, herbs and grasses, and other life forms of plants. It explores the rapid fluctuations in grazing intensity which cause vegetation changes. The article is supplemented with details on the artificial exclusion of mammals, plant successions, ecology, and diversity. Diagrammatic representations of plant successions controlled by grazing intensity and exposure are also given.

The article presents a discussion about the environmental factors which effect Skokholm as a plant habitat in Pembrokeshire Islands. The article explores the principal types of communities, vegetation, and ecology of the said island and offers knowledge regarding topography, soil, geography, climate, biotic factors, influence of wind, and rabbit activity. The article is also supplemented with details about major and minor land-surface, major cliff-face communities, presence of sylvestral species, and abundance of common species. It ends with a summary stating that animal occupation would probably destroy grazed vegetation and show marked changes upon cessation of animal activity.

The article offers information on an unusual type of maritime grassland discovered in the Grassholm Island in south Pembrokeshire, Wales. The flora of the island comprises mainly of a dense mat of festuca rubra with robust plants of holcus lanatus taking the moist. The controlling factors guiding to the type of vegetation seem to be the excessive exposure to spray-bearing winds, big amounts of guano from the population of 9000 breeding pairs of gannets. Moreover, there is a relict system of burrows which remained in the abandoned colonies of the puffins which were approximated at 250,000 breeding pairs.

Information about the Summer Meeting of the British Ecological Society in Bangor, Wales on July 17-21, 1947 is presented. It featured travels and excursions done for ecological examinations at the Bennarth woods, Coetmor wood, oak scrub of Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, Gorswen woods, woodlands of lower cwms of Snowdon, Wales, upland woodlands on the banks of River Dulyn, and Lleyn Peninsula of Carnarvonshire. A symposium on the significance of historical studies in plant ecology is also featured.

The article offers observation on the ecology of Juncus conglomeratus and Juncus effusus in Great Britain. Differences in their capsule and stem are the only thing that separates the two species. It notes that the Biological Flora of the British Isles failed to take into account the very widespread distribution of the J. effusus variety, which is often mistaken for J. conglomeratus. Specimens of J. conglomeratus can be found in some Wales localities such as the Conway Valley and Cwm Gwara. The distribution of these species can be described as patchy and rare among an abundance of other rush species. However, J. effusus species and its variety have an extensive distribution on the mountain slopes, poor pastures retrogressive to moorland, and open parts of the woods in North Wales counties.

The article reports on Figyn Blain Brefi as a bog type in Cardiganshire, Wales. Figyn Blaen Brefi is consisted of 1350 ft. landforms which lies between two hills and watersheds of the Afon Brefi and Pysgotwr Fawr. It is developed from Phragmites swamps in the peats of the boulder clay. Its vegetation is dominated by Scirpus caespitosus, Callunetum forms, and by woods namely Alnus, Quercus, Betula, and Ulmus. Figyn Blaen Brefi is also enclosed into permanent quadrats to clarify the interrelationships of its main vegetational zones.

The article presents a study which examines the vegetation of Figyn Blaen Brefi, an upland bog in Wales. A Callunetum forms a continuous band down the center of the bog as a result of the lowering of the water table due to erosion. According to the preliminary investigation of the peat, Figyn Blaen Brefi developed from Phragmites swamps in depressions in the boulder clay. The study found that the vegetation in the drier parts is dominated by Calluna vulgaris while Eriophorum angustifolium is attempting recolonization in the wetter areas.