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Presented in this summary document are 17 charts and statements concerning youth unemployment. Topics covered include: (1) the ratio of teenage to adult unemployment rates, (2) the population explosion, (3) effects of staying in school, (4) state minimum wage patterns, and (5) the effects of a differential on family income. A recommended course of action is a special minimum wage rate for youth. (JS)

This report explains the applicability of the Fair Labor Standards Act to child labor. Statistics are provided on violations which occurred during fiscal year 1970, and individual cases are described. This document is a revision of ED 048 498. (BH)

Wages and working conditions for private household workers have not kept pace with other occupations, partly because of lack of coverage by labor laws. This pamphlet describes the protection available to domestics under both federal and state laws. Not only wages and hours, but also coverage by Unemployment Compensation, Workmen's Compensation, and Social Security are discussed. This paper is a revision of MP 000 543. (BH)

"Strategies for Closing the Poverty Gap" by Gertrude Goldberg and Carol Lopate, which makes up the contents of this issue of the IRCD Bulletin, critically reviews income maintenance schemes, social insurance and public assistance programs, family allowances, the negative income tax, and full employment proposals. Of these plans to end poverty the authors feel that full employment with an adequate minimum wage is the most desirable. (NH)

More than 50 authors contributed to the papers at this conference, which emphasized the industrial relations aspects of education and manpower. Campus revolts were discussed in this perspective, and sessions were devoted to the economics of education and collective bargaining in the schools. Manpower programs were approached from the standpoints of their impact on metropolitan areas, private initiative in their development, and their relationship to economic growth. New departures were also seen in the sessions devoted to organizational development and to labor relations in hospitals. Even in the sessions devoted to employer and union bargaining, the overall emphasis was on new goals, approaches, and strategies. (Author/BH)

This pamphlet provides general information concerning the application of the Fair Labor Standards Act to employees of preschool centers. Included is a discussion of: (1) Basic Monetary Requirements, including minimum wages and facilities furnished to the preschool employees, (2) Equal Pay Provisions, (3) Overtime, (4) Hours Worked, (5) Exemptions, (6) Child Labor Provisions, (7) Records, (8) Poster, which briefly outlines the Act's basic requirements, and (9) Enforcement. Brief descriptions of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act and the Federal Wage Garnishment Act are discussed, and a list of publications is provided. (SB)

THE FEASIBILITY AND METHODS OF USING MOBILE FACILITIES IN UPGRADING THE WORK SKILLS OF RURAL LOW INCOME WAGE EARNERS ARE EXPLORED. SUCH MOBILE FACILITIES WOULD BE DIRECTED TOWARD 3 SPECIFIC GROUPS OF PEOPLE--SMALL ACREAGE FARMERS WHO PRODUCED ONLY A MINIMAL INCOME, THE RURAL LOW-INCOME NEGRO POPULATION, AND YOUNG RURAL SCHOOL DROPOUTS WITH LITTLE OR NO EDUCATION AND AN ABSENCE OF SALEABLE WORK SKILLS. THE STUDY RECOMMENDED THAT A ONE-YEAR PILOT STUDY BE CONDUCTED TO FIELD TEST 2 MOBILE UNITS. ONE UNIT WOULD SERVE PRIMARILY AS AN EXPLORATORY UNIT DESIGNED TO INTRODUCE A NUMBER OF TRAINING POSSIBILITIES FOR ENTRY WORK SKILLS, AND WOULD SERVE AS A "RECRUITER" UNIT FOR THE MOBILE TRAINING UNIT WHICH WOULD FOLLOW. THE SECOND UNIT WOULD BE THE ACTUAL TRAINING UNIT, DESIGNED TO HOUSE 2 SPECIFIC TRAINING MODULES WHERE THE ACTUAL TRAINING FOR SPECIFIC SKILL CLUSTERS WOULD BE UNDERTAKEN. SKILL CLUSTERS WERE DEFINED AS THOSE IN DEMAND BY INDUSTRY AND OTHER CATEGORIES OF EMPLOYMENT, I.E., SMALL APPLIANCE REPAIR, GARMENT AND DRYCLEANING, GENERAL MANUFACTURING, SMALL ENGINE REPAIR, ETC. THE PROJECT WOULD BE ADMINISTERED BY THE VOCATIONAL DIVISION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, AND THEIR 10 AREA VOCATIONAL-TECHNICAL SCHOOLS WOULD SERVE AS OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE BASES FOR THE SATELLITE MOBILE FACILITIES. A PROPOSED BUDGET FOR THE PILOT STUDY IS INCLUDED. (DK)

Seven studies dealing with adjustment to technological change which were done by independent experts are presented. "Programs in Aid of the Poor," by Sar A. Levitan assesses the state of social insurance, public assistance, the poverty program and other assistance to the poor and compares them to current proposals as the negative income tax. "Manpower Adjustments to Automation and Technological Change in Western Europe and the United States which were designed to aid displaced workers. "Technology and the Negro," by Mahlon Puryear, examines the problems of Negroes due to technological developments. "The Uses of Systems Analysis in Manpower Adjustment," by Evelyn Murphy and Gary Stonebraker, reports a pilot project on the use of the computer to analyze the adjustment process in the labor market. "The Role of the Federal Government in Technological Forecasting," by Donald Schon, surveys the art of manpower projections and the needs of projection users. "The Effects of Wages on the Relative Employment of Unskilled Labor," by Malcolm S. Cohen, examines questions relative to the effects of minimum wages on unskilled employment. Nat Weinberg made a proposal for the "Use of Investment Tax Credit to Facilitate Adjustment." Other appendixes to VT 003 962 are VT 003 960, VT 003 961 and VT 005 794- VT 005 797.

An analysis of existing data on youth unemployment was used to (1) review the reasons for high and rising youth unemployment, (2) account for high youth unemployment in 1966, and (3) measure the importance of the various causes of rising youth unemployment. Summary findings included--(1) Relatively high rates of youth unemployment are to be expected even in years of low general unemployment because of the large amount of movement into and out of the labor force resulting from the extended period of education characteristic of the United States, (2) In 1966, between three-fifths and seven-eights of youth unemployment arose from inexperienced and reentering job seekers, (3) Rapid increases in the size of the youth labor force and the proportion enrolled in school has led to increased proportions of youth seeking part-time and summer jobs, (4) There is no evidence that employers have become more restrictive toward young job seekers, but they have become increasingly selective among youth, with the result that unemployment rates of the youngest age groups, nonwhites, and girls have increased more than others, and (5) Insufficient vocational guidance, lack of information, and the seasonal pattern of enrolled job seekers entering and leaving the labor force contribute to high frictional unemployment. High economic growth rates, modifications in minimum wage standards, and job creation are recommended to relieve youth unemployment. (ET)

THERE ARE SEVERAL FACETS TO THE PROBLEMS FACING FARM WORKERS AND SMALL FARMERS. THE AVERAGE RATE OF FARM RESIDENT DECLINE SINCE 1960 IS ABOUT 4 PERCENT FOR WHITE AND 10 PERCENT FOR NEGRO FARM PEOPLE, ALTHOUGH FROM 1959 TO 1964, EIGHT SOUTHERN STATES HAD A NEGRO FARMER DECLINE RATE OF 32.4 PERCENT. THESE PEOPLE LEAVE TO ESCAPE THE POVERTY WHICH IS DISPROPORTIONATELY CONCENTRATED IN THE SOUTH. THERE WAS A DECLINE IN THE EMPLOYMENT OF FOREIGN WORKERS, BUT SUBSTANDARD DOMESTIC WORKERS' HOUSING STILL EXISTS. TO AUGMENT THE EXTREMELY LOW FAMILY INCOME OF FARM WORKERS, AN ESTIMATED 375,000 CHILDREN BETWEEN THE AGES OF 10 AND 13 WORK IN THE FIELDS. UNIONIZATION OF FARM WORKERS IS SEEN AS THE MOST HELPFUL TREND OF THE YEAR. VARIOUS FEDERAL PROGRAMS SUCH AS MANPOWER TRAINING PROGRAMS COMBINED WITH CROP DIVERSIFICATION AND LOAN ASSISTANCE, AND MARKETING COOPERATIVES, ARE CITED AS SUCCESSFUL PROGRAMS TO HELP THE SMALL FARMER AND HALT THE EXODUS FROM THE LAND. (SF)

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

This study analyzed the potential impact of an extension of minimum wage legislation to cover household maids and servants. Through empirical analysis of Longitudinal Labor Market Survey data on women aged 14-24 and 30-44, and consumer price survey data, the study concluded that the 1971 hourly earnings of approximately one-half of all maids amounts to less than $1.40, and predicted that if legislation were enacted in 1971 raising their minimum wage to $1.60 per hour, the effective demand for maids would be reduced by 40%. The report pointed out that domestics' wages have risen very rapidly, have led to a substantial decline in domestic employment, and that in 1970 there were only about one-fifth as many maids per household as in 1900. (NTIS)

The study examines teenage unemployment within an historical, theoretical, and empirical context. Explanations for trends in unemployment and labor force participation are analyzed in terms of economic theory and the mechanisms by which these factors might operate in labor markets. It is demonstrated that the trend of increasing unemployment began during the 1950's and has not affected white males eighteen-nineteen. Substantial evidence is presented to argue that the lack of correspondence between any teenage age-sex-color group and a relevant labor market is so great that regression analysis based on aggregated labor market data is very unreliable. Turnover, or other such "voluntary" unemployment explanations currently in vogue, are found to explain little of the increase in unemployment or unemployment differentials among teenage groups. Far more important are involuntary unemployment explanations, especially the rapid mechanization of agriculture and the minimum wage. Even with no minimum wage unemployment for nonwhite teenagers would still present a substantial problem. (Aughor)

CALIFORNIA FARM LABOR PROBLEMS INCLUDE LIMITED WORK OPPORTUNITY, LOW EARNINGS, LITTLE ECONOMIC SECURITY, POOR HEALTH, HOUSING, AND EDUCATION, AND UNSAFE WORKING CONDITIONS. REPRESENTATIVES OF ORGANIZED LABOR RECOMMEND ESTABLISHING A STATE MINIMUM WAGE LAW TO COVER ALL EMPLOYEES, INCLUDING AGRICULTURAL WORKERS, AND ALSO EXTENDING FEDERAL STATUS TO COVER FARM EMPLOYEES. LITTLE SUPPORT IS RECEIVED FOR INCLUDING FARM EMPLOYEES IN A STATE MINIMUM WAGE LAW. DIFFICULTIES IN THE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION OF UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE INCLUDE ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS, THE RISK FACTOR IN SEASONAL EMPLOYMENT, AND ADDED EXPENSE TO FARM EMPLOYERS. LONG-TERM RECOGNITION OF THE HEALTH PROBLEM OF SEASONAL FARM WORKERS HAS NOT LED TO SIGNIFICANT REMEDIATION. CONSISTENCY OF FINDINGS, REPEATED RECOMMENDATIONS, AND LACK OF ACTION ARE NOTED. A SUMMARY OF HEALTH RECOMMENDATIONS MADE BY CALIFORNIA GROUPS FROM 1915 TO 1960 IS PRESENTED IN A TABLE. ACTIONS TAKEN FROM 1961 TO 1962 ARE LISTED. ADEQUATE HOUSING CAN BE ACHIEVED BY ATTACKING THE CAUSES OF THE PROBLEM WHICH ARE THE NEED FOR ADEQUATE PAY AND MAXIMUM EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY. PUBLIC WELFARE PROGRAMS CAN RELIEVE CONDITIONS, BUT THEY HAVE LIMITED ABILITY TO STRIKE AT THE CAUSES OF THE PROBLEM. FEDERAL AND STATE LAWS AND ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS FOR LABOR HAVE NOT PREVENTED A WAVE OF DISPUTES IN CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE. THERE IS A NEED FOR A DIFFERENT METHOD OF GOVERNMENTAL HANDLING OF FARM LABOR STRIFE. APPENDIXES ARE INCLUDED.

Based on report prepared for the Conference on Transition from School to Work (Princeton University, May 9-10, 1968), sponsored by the National Manpower Policy Task Force.

Low-paid workers are defined as the lowest paid one-fourth of nonsupervisory employees in private industry in the nonfarm economy, mostly in service and retail industries, not covered by union or other labor standards, and concentrated in the South. (MF)

Article suggests that the Child Labor Laws should be changed because the present system handicaps both the employer and the child. (ML)

Comparative statistics are used in this study to show that wages in the public sector tend to be higher than in the private sector for most blue collar jobs and lower level white collar jobs. However, salaries are usually lower in the public sector for managerial and professional occupations. (Author/DS)