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The article discusses a report based on a research by R. Stephen and Margaret F. Fells of the Chemistry Department at the University of Chicago about the energy cost of automobiles in the United States. The research aims to provide the Institute of Environmental Quality of State of Illinois with aid in making decisions on the disposal of automobile hulks and of solid waste in general. It also analyzes one aspect of how to use materials and energy from a thermodynamic perspective. The study concludes that recycling junked automobiles and reusing the scrap in the manufacture of new ones would realize reductions in total power consumption.

The recycling of solid wastes is a major ecological goal. Although recycling is technologically feasible, reversing the flow of materials in the channels of distribution -- marketing trash through a "backward" channel -- presents a challenge. Existing backward channels are primitive, and financial incentives are inadequate. The consumer must be motivated to undergo a role change and become a producer -- the initiating force in the reverse distribution process. INSET: A New Business Competitor Abroad.... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discuses issues and topics related to the polluted streams and rivers that have flowed with the refuse of industrial and urban growth in the U.S. Proposals on how water resources might better be managed is presented, including a radical approach to halting water pollution. The authors in this paper report on a plan for obtaining enough water for North America's growing needs, professionally engaged in studies of environmental health and described the effects of foaming detergents in our waste water. INSET: WHAT THE PENDING FEDERAL BILL WOULD DO.

The article presents an analysis regarding issues that pose a serious threat to the economic growth of the area in Polk and Hillsborough Counties, Florida. The presented threat is those phosphorus derived from the rock and has an annual market of $100 million reflecting on the one major component of agricultural fertilizer. The manufacturer of triple-superphosphate involves treating phosphate rock with sulfuric acid to obtain phosphoric acid and gypsum. The sampling programs were carried out by the Air pollution Control District. They pinpointed locations of affected area where the fluoride came from the industry waste present which gets 10 parts per billion by volume from November through April 1965.

The article discusses the pollution and the increasing danger of the natural resources at the Mississippi River due to waste disposal coming from industries. Developing cities and industries have damped wastes to the river, leaving it untreated. The river has been saturated in the past years, before 1964, with destruction to fish and wildlife revealing an increasing danger. However, the implementation of the Water Pollution Act of 1956, pollution was reduced through intensive construction of sewage disposal and treatments. Moreover, degradation and serious threats to human life continue to emerge.

Solid waste disposal differs greatly from air pollution and water pollution control because of its involvement with management. The article examines various methods used presently in the United States which have proved to be successful, as well as plans for solid waste management which look promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At a transfer station arriving trucks dump collected refuse, and larger capacity trucks haul the refuse to a final disposal point. Transfer of refuse from collection to haul trucks is direct at some such facilities, while at others a storage area serves as a buffer into which refuse is dumped and from which it is loaded for shipment. A (single) deterministic queuing model is formulated for idealized forms of both direct and indirect transfer. The model takes into account a time-dependent arrival rate of refuse, the number of haul trucks, the hauling time, the number of collection loads per haul load, the storage capacity, numbers of dumping and loading channels, and dumping and loading times. Arrivals and departures of both types of vehicles are treated as fluid flows. Mathematical relations that describe physical behavior are derived, and interpreted graphically. Quantities represented graphically include storage level, and queues and delays of both kinds of vehicles. Optimal haul schedules are obtained for 'typical' examples. The San Francisco (indirect) and Orange County (direct) transfer stations are discussed, based on direct observation. The model is applied directly to the former facility; a variation of the model is outlined for the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a paper that summarizes the present status of output measurement in urban government--the state of the art as well as the use being made of it--and discusses briefly prospects for its use and further development in the immediate future. The paper is concerned with measurement of both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of local government services. Two services, solid waste collection and recreation, are used to illustrate problems of measuring output and how they are being resolved. An important quality factor of solid waste collection is the resulting cleanliness. To measure this output the Washington D.C. government has implemented a method of inspector ratings of street and alley litter conditions. Three general conclusions regarding the present state of output measurement in local governments emerge from the two surveys. First, most governments collect some data on quantitative outputs. Second, some local governments collect data on qualitative aspects of output. And third, the state of measurements varies dramatically by service or program area.

Describes how companies in the U.S. can develop and manage their waste control programs. Need for U.S. executives to respond to the increase in official environmental actions; Definition of company's waste stream; Tasks of a vice-president of environmental affairs; On-site treatment facilities; Regional waste treatment center; Treatment alternatives.

Federal and state legislation is increasingly making solid waste management an important service provided by rural communities and planning regions. Few systems have been designed for rural areas, and few studies have included data on spatial effects of collection density and transfer distances to disposal sites. Models are given estimating quantity of solid waste generated and costs per ton of solid waste collected, transferred, and disposed for different service areas and alternative technologies. The data can be used to project quantities of solid waste for collection and disposal and to determine optimum site location of disposal facilities in rural regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with a study which examined the environmental impact of recycling of solid wastes in Wisconsin. In 1971, the Governor of the State of Wisconsin created a recycling task force to investigate the feasibility of creating a statewide recycling of solid waste program. After a year, the task force concluded that recycling of solid waste would be economically feasible within the near future and recommended that a Board of Engineering Consultants be hired to prepare a preliminary engineering report. The computer programs have been redesigned to provide the basis for a data information system for the State Department of Natural Resources in solid waste management. The state plans to use these computer programs in two ways. One, to provide information to regional planning agencies and county solid waste management organizations created under Wisconsin legislation and two, DNR also intends to use the programs as a basis for developing its state-wide plans and reports to the Environmental Protection Agency.

The Canada Water Act provides for the establishment of regional management agencies in areas designated as water quality management areas. These agencies must establish water quality standards within their area and design a control program to meet these standards efficiently. This paper describes a model for planning an efficient water quality program within a river basin. The waste abatement control employed is called the rent allotment control, whose merit is that its implementation provides a solution to the information problem of efficient waste abatement. The control is implemented through a bargaining process or game between the agency and the waste dischargers that may be characterized as an n-person prisoner's dilemma. The game provides the agency with information about individual waste abatement costs, and terminates in a set of agreements on rents and allotments which depend upon the bidding strategies adopted by each player. "Optimal" bidding strategies are examined under the assumption that waste dischargers are risk averse and cost minimizing. An example of the operation of the control is provided using data from the Ottawa River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discharge of wastes from firms into the environment is determined by market considerations. Firm production is classified as primary product, by-products, and waste products, and the theory of the firm is used to show the economic difference between waste products and by-products and the effects of user charges on the three types of production and the employment of resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

waste disposal in the textile industry are reviewed. No simple economical treatment is yet available to handle removal of color, BOD, COD, phosphates, and other wastes. Each waste seems to demand a tailored solution requiring a combination of methods. Biological treatment alone does not remove enough color, COD and nutrients to be used alone but is the most economical of the methods. Reverse osmosis or use of adsorptive resins for removal of dissolved organics and color must be preceded by chemical flocculation, sedimentation or some other type of filtration. Success of a carbon adsorption method depends on the dyes used and the nature of the liquid to be filtered, and can also require chemical treatment prior to use. Hyperfiltration as a method of upgrading effluent is promising, If cost can be competitive. Gamma irradiation of textile waste effluents degrades refractory dye colors which most conventional treatments do not reduce. The use of an adsorbent to concentrate the organic fraction prior to irradiation is another possiblity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a case study in the law of torts. Case of the owner of a tract of land bounded on two sides by a river, who brought separate actions against six mining companies to recover compensation for alleged damage done to the land by the deposit of tailings from the tin mine into the river and to subsequently to the land during flood-time; Equitable remedy of an injunction as a concurrent remedy for a wrong actionable under the common law; Requirements for invoking of the doctrine of public utility in support of the denial of a remedy by injunction.

The article highlights an Anti-Waste Exhibition that was held in November and December 1932 at the social headquarters of the Union des Industries Métallurgiques et Minières in Paris, France. The exhibition talks about the loss of the industries due to waste and disorder. It also discusses the proper use of raw materials and the appropriate time allocation of the workers.

Written by a mechanic of thirty years' experience, this article criticizes the policy of factories which pay great attention to the general features of internal organization and neglect important details such as tools and tackle. Inadequate tool supplies, tools which are antiquated or unsuitable, and machines which, belonging to nobody in particular, are nobody's business to keep in order, are cited as among the most fruitful sources of waste and inefficiency. The author suggests that this could be largely remedied by providing each man with a complete kit and instituting a system of tool inspection, and urges that the initial outlay would be more than compensated by the resulting increase in efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluates the tolerance of populations of plants species to heavy metals and their effectiveness in the reclamation of industrial waste. Laboratory assessment of heavy metal tolerance of grass species; Response of plant species to a range of treatments involving additions of domestic refuse or sewage sludge; Difference between populations in response to applications of inorganic fertilizer and lime on slag tips.

Discusses efforts by companies to solve the world waste problem. Magnitude of global waste; Pollution control in long-range planning; Call for government help in unproductive waste control facilities; Appointment of environmental directors; Investment by U.S. firms in pollution control; Reclamation efforts; Idea of edible food wrappers; Public relations campaigns.

Are recycling and reclamation of waste materials significant ways of dealing with the problem of waste disposal? This review of the subject puts this important issue in perspective and suggests a national approach as well as some reasons why it is not used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the resolutions adopted by the governing council of the American Public Health Association (APHA), an organization of public health professionals in the U.S., from October 11-15, 1971. Those resolutions include the enforcement of consumer protection regulations, establishment of neighborhood health centers, coordination of federal government's health-related programs, and the development of rapid mass transportation systems. Also included in the resolutions adopted by APHA are the elimination of advertising that stimulates unnecessary drug use, the development of solid waste disposal systems, and the creation of a comprehensive national energy policy.

A report is presented on the role of a county health department in handling the disposal of solid waste. Although not directly involved in actual disposal, it cooperates with the agencies that are, acting as a consultant and clearinghouse for information, providing training courses, and developing a public information and relations program in connection with the problem of wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores economic issues in solid waste disposal and suggests problems for analytical research. Approaches to solid waste disposal; Significance of economic research encompassing evaluations of benefits and costs of various waste disposal strategies and systems; Considerations for the sanitary landfill disposal strategy.

The changes that are taking place in the textile industry will determine the methods which will be used for waste treatment. Fibers, sizing chemicals and finishes that were at one time biodegradable are now resistant to microbial degradation. Product changes over the last 20 years are presented and their suitability for biological treatment is discussed. The limitation of the BOD test for evaluating the effectiveness of waste water treatment is also mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dyeing and finishing wastes are among the most difficult of all wastes to treat. Because of the variables involved, each plant has its own peculiar problems that require specific solutions. This case history of a piece goods dyeing and finishing plant illustrates how its problems were analyzed and a waste treatment system designed for it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the rehabilitation of mine and industrial waste heaps. It is inferred that the strongest held views on the aesthetics of concrete lamp standards and street furniture were likely to avail but little whilst the entire landscape was being re-modelled on a gigantic scale by the activities of Industry and of the National Coal Board. It notes that the Clean Air Act of 1956 places upon the mine owner an obligation to employ all practicable means for preventing the spontaneous combustion which has long been one of the worst features of colliery tipping. Moreover, it cites various objections from the waste tipping method including the unnatural shape as landscape features, drab grey color with lack of vegetation, and loss of area to productive use.

Describes the planning facility model for a solid waste management for urban public systems. Cost of collection for a particular household; Benefits associated with changes in system technology; Variation in land costs over a city.

The article reports on the results of a public opinion poll on the sources of pollution and the role of industries in air and water pollution in the U.S. American industry is the culprit on the ecological scene, as the public sees it. Industrial wastes are considered the major pollutants of both air and water. Vehicle exhaust fumes are a close second in fouling the air (but both the vehicles and the gasoline are also products of industry). Sewage is the second most sinister contaminant of water. People see much less harm from all domestic and farm by-products, though all such sources have experienced growing censure during the years since pollution problems have been mounting in public awareness. Natural pollutant such as pollens, dust, and mud washing into rivers and streams are the only substances which now loom less large in the public eye than formerly. People are bothered by most exhaust in the Northeast and in the West. Westerners also consider insecticides and fertilizers greater dangers to water supplies than anywhere else in the country. The Midwest is worried predominantly by industry, the South by dust. The vast majority of the U.S. public feels that improvement in the environment can come only through government action, that voluntary means are ineffective. Four in ten think companies in general do very little toward reclaiming the environment, as compared with one out of ten who credit business with doing a great deal. But outstanding is the fact that seven in ten persons do not know anything at all about antipollution efforts in any specific industries.

Focuses on a study which extended the Crusoe economic model to include the pollution effects of production. Description of Crusoe economy without pollution; Optimal system of taxes and transfer; Effects of pollution on the marginal utilities of work and consumption.

The article discusses the extent of pollution caused by natural contaminants and pesticide on the physical environment including air, food, water and soil. It is stated that nature is the prime polluter followed by the public, who pollute with industrial activities and farming. It is stated that esters and terpenes released into the atmosphere by the plants pollute the environment 1000% more than all man's fires, factories and vehicles. The primary contaminants of food are considered to be natural filths and disease organisms while a study by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration has revealed that the presence of pesticides in food items are far below the level necessary for safety.

This paper describes the rationale and methodology applied by the Economics and Planning team as part of the comprehensive studies on Solid Waste Management conducted by an interdisciplinary group involving Economics, Planning, Operations Research, Engineering and Public Health at the University of California, Berkeley. This investigation was supported in part of U.S. Public Health Service Grant No. UI 00547-02, from the National Center for Urban and Industrial Health. The present discussion refers to the initial phase of work that are being carried on during the last two years. Efforts are under way to launch new phases of Waste Management on a continuing basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental health services, especially refuse collection and sewage disposal, though relatively small in terms of outlays compared to other urban government services, have played a major role in the rapid urbanization of society. Residential refuse collection service involves the regularly scheduled pickup, collection and disposition by a sanitary agency of solid waste materials resulting from the operation and maintenance of households. Its main components are garbage, ashes and rubbish. Unlike residences, commercial and industrial establishments vary greatly in the amount of refuse they produce, and many large industrial firms provide their own collection and sometimes even disposal service. In this article, an ideal residential refuse collection cost model is presented. There are a variety of physical, human, legal, and political factors, all of which can bear on the difficulties encountered in providing residential refuse collection services. One such variable is density. A further factor is the average distance to the disposal site. Collection and disposal technologies undergo changes over the years. While they have been comparatively slow in the past, the future could conceivably produce breakthroughs in disposal technology, as of February 1965. Their use would likely be expensive at the outset, becoming economical after a time.

This paper discusses the problems faced by the Solid Waste Management Office (formerly the Bureau of Solid Waste Management) in evaluating competing environmental health alternatives, given a set of decision criteria. The concepts of scoring models are reviewed. Techniques for the implementation of a linear scoring model are critically examined; and a new method, termed DARE, is discussed as it is presently applied in this Office. The DARE method is a rational, orderly procedure that minimizes the number of decisions required of the decisionmaker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of carbon's use as an adsorbent is presented along with its entry into the wastewater treatment field. Interpretations of the fundamental kinetics and thermodynamics of carbon adsorption are also given with several specific examples cited. The effect of carbon bed depth, pH, wastewater flow rates and total electrolyte concentration are discussed and recommendations made for optimizing these variables in plant operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the late 1963 and the early 1964 building boom, the building industry faced serious local shortages of its main resources of labour and building materials. A physical increase of these resources which were already in short supply did not seem to provide a feasible answer for the immediate needs of the industry. It was suggested then that the industry could achieve a part of its objectives, of meeting the increased demands for manpower and materials, in a shorter period of time, by looking 'inward' for the better utilization of its present resources. The author tested this hypothesis on a sample of ten large building sites in the North-West region of England. The object of the research was to assess waste performance in the industry, taking into account labour, materials and mechanical plant. Waste of manpower was defined as the unutilized time by the operative due to idling or performing operations other than those assigned to it. Waste of mechanical plant was taken to mean the time in which the plant item was not engaged in an operation. Waste of building materials was taken to mean the quantities of materials damaged, lost or misused.

The article discusses the implication of industrial wastes on the production of safe water to people as well as the destruction of planktons in Memphis and Shelby County, Tennessee. According to the article, a series of fish kills have been happening in the Mississippi River due to the overflow of raw sewage and stagnation. In addition, it states that although the federal government has passed a legislation which aims to insure the conservation of natural waters and establish necessary standards for its protection, the level of destruction that such pollutants have on waterways cannot be easily assessed.