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This report on speech research contains papers describing experiments involving both information processing and speech production. The papers concerned with information processing cover such topics as peripheral and central processes in vision, separate speech and nonspeech processing in dichotic listening, and dichotic fusion along an acoustic continuum. Speech production topics covered include the activity of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles in voicing control, velopharyngeal function in oral/nasal articulation and voicing gestures, laryngeal adjustments for vowel devoicing in Japanese, vowel stress and articulatory reorganization, tension in some American English vowels, and word-final stops in Thai. One paper in the collection concerns reading machines for the blind. The final paper discusses the evolution of human speech anatomy. A list of publications and reports is provided along with author and title indexes to the previous status reports on speech research. (VM)

This project was a partial evaluation of the new approach to teaching medical microscopic anatomy developed at the University of Iowa. The format of the course included specific objectives given to the students in advance, with the main sources of information coming from independent readings and laboratory exercises, demonstration of mastery of the units by passing combined written and oral examinations before moving on to the next unit, individualized pacing of course work, and weekly student seminars on topics from this course and others running concurrently. The overall effectiveness of the format compared to that of other courses was considered by the students responding to a questionnaire to be very high. It was found that comprehensive examinations and unit quizzes significantly increased achievement, even though the students rated them less desirable than other characteristics of the course. The seminars required more of the students' time for preparation than was justified by the benefits and therefore were discontinued. (CP)

Based on findings from the Health Examination Survey of 1963-65, estimates were reported on the prevalence of abnormal conditions of the ear, nose, and throat and the relation of these various abnormalities to hearing sensitivity of noninstitutionalized children aged 6 to 11 years old in the United States. A total of 7,119 children participated in the examination and were thought to be closely representative of the child population from which they were drawn with respect to age, sex, race, region, and other available demographic and socioeconomic variables. Major findings were reported to include: from the otoscopic examination, approximately 20% of the children were found to have some abnormality in at least one of their eardrums; enlarged tonsils touching at the midline were found among more than 1% of the children; one child in five was found to have some obstruction or defect of the nose; and children with abnormalities of their eardrums were found to have reduced hearing sensitivity, on the average, at all the test frequencies. Comparison of the results with a 1958-60 study among Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, school children 5 to 14 years of age was made. The majority of the report consisted of 31 detailed tables of statistical data. (CB)

Human linguistic ability depends, in part, on the gradual evolution of man's supralaryngeal vocal tract. The anatomic basis of human speech production is the result of a long evolutionary process in which the Darwinian process of natural selection acted to retain mutations. For auditory perception, the listener operates in terms of the acoustic pattern of the entire syllable according to the "motor theory of speech perception." According to the theory, human listeners perceive speech in terms of the constraints imposed by the speech-producing apparatus. It has recently been possible to reconstruct the supralaryngeal vocal tracts of extinct hominid species. Computer-implemented supralaryngeal vocal tract modelling indicates that these extinct species lacked the anatomic ability necessary to produce the range of sounds necessary for human speech. (Author/VM)

To aid in providing a sounder methodological program in the teaching of trumpet playing, a study was made of the profiles of physical parameters involved in playing the instrument. Data were collected while beginning, intermediate, or advanced players performed scales in F, D, and B-flat and two etudes in both staccato and legato. The means used to record the data were: audio recording of sound; graphic representation of sound; measurement of air pressure and a graphic representation of these recordings; measurement of air flow and graphic representation of these recordings; and anatomic cine X-rays of the larnyx during sound reproduction. The results are related to pressure control, absolute pressures, sound volume, and the importance of the vocal chord. Recommendations to teachers are that: (1) particular attention be given to achieving pharyngeal air pressure control in beginning students; (2) less effort needs to be given by the beginning players to achieving high pressure volume; (3) an increase in volume of air pressure will not necessarily lead to an increase of volume in the production of sound, but rather, it is through precise pressure variations and correlations between vocal chord and mouth region; and control movements of the true vocal chord are the most important for the production of sound and sound interruption in trumpet playing. (DB)

These instructional objectives have been selected from materials submitted to the Curriculum Laboratory of the Graduate School of Education at UCLA. Arranged by major course goals, these objectives are offered simply as samples that may be used where they correspond to the skills, abilities, and attitudes instructors want their students to acquire. These objectives may also serve as models for assisting instructors to translate other instructional units into specific measurable terms. For other objectives in a related course see: ED 033 711 (Physiology [First Semester]). (MB)

This collection on speech research presents a number of reports of experiments conducted on neurological, physiological, and phonological questions, using electronic equipment for analysis. The neurological experiments cover auditory and phonetic processes in speech perception, auditory storage, ear asymmetry in dichotic listening, auditory perception and processing, cerebral reaction to speech signals, and the relationship between speech and reading disability. The physiological experiments examine articulatory muscles, control of tongue position, laryngeal muscles, velopharyngeal mechanism, and vocal tract size normalization. The phonological investigations consider tense-lax features in some English vowels and "Vowel Duration as a Cue to the Perceptual Separation of Cognate Sounds in American English." One report covers the latest development in the Haskins electronic system for collecting and processing data in research. (VM)

This booklet contains five research works on kinesiology, the study of the principles of mechanics and anatomy in relation to human movement. The first article explains the use of Web graphics in isolating five movements: effort, force, balance, flexibility, and swing. The process for pinpointing values on the Web grid is presented in two sheets of directions (Appendixes A and B). The second article reviews existing methods of three-dimensional cinematography and proposes a new technique that emphasizes the accurate determination of spatial coordinates. The third article discusses the two basic methods used in determining the center of gravity of the human body: a) direct or whole body methods and b) indirect or segmental methods. The article also suggests guidelines which may be used for establishing the most appropriate method for quantitative analysis of human motion. Thirteen tables of data are included. The fourth article analyzes the problems of designing an undergraduate, kinesiology laboratory. The last article investigates the inherent movement patterns of the human body, emphasizing diagonal patterns of the upper and lower extremities and the diagonal patterns used in developmental and sport skills. Each research work presents a list of references. (BRB)

This report contains articles on research in kinesiology, the study of the principles of mechanics and anatomy in relation to human movement. Research on sequential timing, somatotype methodology, and linear measurement with cinematographical analysis are presented in the first section. Studies of the hip extensor muscles, kinetic energy, and individuality are included in the second section. A computer program for descriptive analysis of movements used during repeated performance of skills is explained. Motion simulation, using a three dimensional human form, is also presented. Each article presents figures and tables of data along with references. (BRB)

Building Research is urged to expand into areas concerned with human behavior, and a need for information on how people react physically and mentally, and how they perform their various tasks in environment created for them by the design professions, is cited. A research project at the University of Michigan is described, aimed at measuring the effects of all aspects of the environment on the learning process. Environment is considered in terms of--(1) atmosphere, (2) light, (3) sound, (4) spatial arrangement, and (5) social groupings. Human behavior is considered in terms of--(1) physiology and anatomy, (2) perception, (3) mental reactions, (4) performance, and (5) learning. (RH)

Investigated were (1) the acceptance and effectiveness of silent film loops as a teaching and review aid, (2) the possible substitution of loop films for prosected and/or fresh dissection materials, and (3) the comparative costs of loop films used in the presentation of five units of a gross anatomy course and six units of an applied anatomy course. The students in each of the two classes were divided into three randomly selected groups. Differences between the treatment groups were evaluated utilizing objective tests, student opinion questionnaires, time records, instructional costs, and loop film production costs. Results for the anatomy units indicated (1) there were no significant difference apparent between treatment groups immediately following the presentation of a subject unit, (2) the addition of film loops to a method of presentation appeared to aid retention, (3) a savings of time was apparent for the treatment group having loops as their guide in a technique-oriented exercise, (4) students liked the loops as aid but had doubts about their effectiveness as a primary means of instruction, (5) there were no significant differences in achievement as a result of the different procedures, (6) students preferred the film loops for review over active dissection or viewing the prosected cadavers. (RS)

Experimental Programed Instruction of the anatomy of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve is being conducted by the Harvard Computer-Aided Instruction Laboratory in cooperation with Tufts University Dental School. Two nearly identical programs are presented, one (PF) using representational diagrams and the other (PD) a schematic diagram and identification key. First year dental students were randomly selected and divided into four groups, each group taking the four sections of the two part course in a different sequence. Attitude testing toward programed instruction and subject achievement testing was performed both before and after the course. The entire course requires an average two and one-half hours of student time. Of the six pretest students who took the first three-quarters of the course, it was found that Program PD yielded the most gain on Sections One, Two, and the total, but Program PF yielded more on Section Three. There was less overall gain on Section Three than on the other two sections. More data will be accumulated in the academic year 1969-70. Included in the document are examples of the schematic and representational diagrams, pre- and post-attitude questionnaires, achievement tests, sample lessons, a table of results, a program abstract and a list indicating distribution of the document. (SH)

THE RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF TWO TYPES OF VISUAL MEDIA FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONCEPT OF A GIVEN ANATOMICAL REGION WAS INVESTIGATED. EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS WERE RANDOMLY SELECTED FROM 119 FIRST-YEAR MEDICAL AND DENTAL STUDENTS IN AN HISTOLOGY CLASS. BOTH GROUPS ATTENDED THE SAME ONE-HOUR LECTURE. FOLLOWING THE LECTURE THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP WAS TWICE SHOWN A FIVE-MINUTE ANIMATED SERIAL FILM THAT HAD BEEN CONSTRUCTED FROM APPROXIMATELY 400 SECTIONS OF HUMAN ORAL TISSUE. THE SECTIONS WERE TAKEN IN AN ORDERLY SEQUENCE FROM THE TISSUE, AND ALTHOUGH TWO-DIMENSIONAL, PRODUCED THE ILLUSION OF THREE-DIMENSIONALITY WHEN SHOWN AS A MOTION PICTURE FILM. THE CONTROL GROUP WAS TWICE SHOWN A SERIES OF FORTY 2 X 2 SLIDES THAT HAD BEEN DEVELOPED FROM KEY SECTIONS INCLUDED IN THE ORIGINAL 400. THE SAME NARRATION WAS USED FOR BOTH PRESENTATIONS. AFTER STUDENTS IN BOTH GROUPS HAD BEEN TESTED FOR ACHIEVEMENT, THEY WERE EXPOSED TO THE PRESENTATION THAT THEY HAD NOT PREVIOUSLY SEEN. FOLLOWING THIS VIEWING, STUDENT REACTIONS TO THE TWO APPROACHES WERE SURVEYED. WHEN ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE WAS APPLIED TO ACHIEVEMENT TEST SCORES, NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN ACHIEVEMENT WAS DETECTED BETWEEN GROUPS OR BETWEEN MEDICAL AND DENTAL STUDENTS. CHI-SQUARE ANALYSIS OF NON-COGNITIVE, ATTITUDINAL ITEMS REVEALED THAT BOTH THE MEDICAL AND DENTAL STUDENTS PREFERRED THE FILM TO SLIDES AS A MEANS FOR (1) STUDYING, AND (2) CONVEYING THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONCEPTS. THE SLIDE GROUP INDICATED THESE PREFERENCES MORE FREQUENTLY THAN DID THE FILM GROUP. (AG)

A model of the core of the stuttering block is presented, based on evidence that the disorder is essentially an inappropriate, vigorous contraction of the posterior cricoarytenoid in response to the subglottal air pressures required for speech. (Author)

A study of facilitating anatomy student learning through the use of multimedia devices. (CH)

Presented are the main features of lung histology as a source for biology teachers. Includes background material on the lung as well as labeled photographs and drawings. (BR)

These instructional objectives, written by Norman E. Rich, have been selected from materials used at Golden West College (California). These objectives are offered simply as samples that may be used where they correspond to the skills, abilities, and attitudes instructors want their students to acquire. These objectives may also serve as models for assisting instructors to translate their courses into specific measurable terms. For other objectives in related courses see: ED 033 711 (Physiology [first semester]); and ED 049 753 (Introduction to Physiology). (MB)

This report continues and extends the information provided in an earlier report (ED 035 238) by providing design data for students in further and higher education. The principle underlying the work is that equipment dimensions are determined from observation of student performance and that dimensions should be related to body size. Data on the functional measurements of 459 male and 147 female students are summarized on charts. Dimensional limits of students that can be used in the design of educational equipment are indicated. Additional diagrams, scales, and charts are included. (Author)

Performance of school children in regard to their standing and reach postures are described with dimensions given on the limits of their performance only. The facts of task performances are presented for the following tasks--(1) seeing into a shelf, (2) reaching into a shelf, (3) drawing on a vertical surface, (4) sitting or standing while performing a task at a work surface, and (5) working at a bench. Testing conditions and methods used in gathering criteria are given. Dimensional limits of school children are indicated and can be used in the design of educational equipment. Diagrams, scales and charts are included. (TG)

Written for students in the fields of speech correction and audiology, the text deals with the following: structures involved in respiration; the skeleton and the processes of inhalation and exhalation; phonation and pitch, the larynx, and esophageal speech; muscles involved in articulation; muscles involved in resonance; and the anatomy of the ear including the outer, middle, and inner ear and the auditory pathway. Information relating to the total speech and hearing process is given. Illustrations are used as well as sample exercises for learning and for self testing. An appendix consists of Latin and Greek derivations of English words and the International Phonetic Alphabet. (JK)

Developed by physical therapists on the basis of job analysis and field tested using 165 hospital trainees and junior college students, this programed text is intended for either individual or group use in a hospital or junior college physical therapy program. It is suggested that some discussion, demonstration, and application sessions be arranged in connection with each unit. The text, written in linear format, provides a survey of the structure and function of the circulatory, respiratory, and urinary systems. References are given, and two tests and answer keys are appended. Also available from the address above is a booklet containing summary sheets to be completed at various points in the reading and plate illustrations suitable for reproduction as overhead transparencies or other instructional aids. (SB)

Written for those interested in speech pathology and audiology, the text presents the anatomical, physiological, and neurological bases for speech and hearing. Anatomical nomenclature used in the speech and hearing sciences is introduced and the breathing mechanism is defined and discussed in terms of the respiratory passage, the framework and musculature for the breathing mechanism, and the functions of the muscles of respiration. A description of the structure and mechanics of phonation (biological and non-biological functions of the larynx) includes the history of laryngoscopy, the pitch and intensity mechanisms, vocal qualities, and theories of voice production. The articulators (the bones of the skill, the sinuses, and the cavities of the vocal tract) are examined; development and growth of the facial region are delineated; the function and anatomy of the ear are explained. Aspects of the nervous system considered are embryonic development of the nervous system, gross anatomy, some aspects of functional neuroanatomy, and an introduction to the endocrine system. Each section begins with an outline and ends with a bibliography of from 11 to 123 items. Illustrations (many of which are photographs of actual specimens), charts, graphs, and a glossary are included. The appendix gives a summary of the muscles of the speech mechanism and breathing. (GD)

With emphasis on the growing interdisciplinary approach to the treatment of cleft palate, Ruth M. Lencione introduces the subject covering incidence, causes, and classification. Richard B. Stark discusses surgery of the primary pharyngeal flap and E. Harris Nober presents a review of the literature on hearing problems. Aubrey L. Ruess examined psychological and social phenomena relevant for understanding persons with cleft palates; Mohammad Mazaheri and William H. Olin discuss prosthodontics and orthodontic considerations with pictorial clarification. Joanne D. Subtelny evaluates palatopharyngeal valving and Harold Westlake describes speech learning in cleft palate children. References follow each chapter. (JB)

Introductory material by Jack Matthews points out common interests between the fields of dentistry and communication disorders. Physical aspects of cleft palate are explored in papers concerning anatomy and growth, by Robert F. Hagerty; infant respiratory actions, by James F. Bosma, H.M. Truby, and John Lind; contemporary dental research, by Edward J. Driscoll; and surgical techniques, by John Marquis Converse. Audiological problems are presented by Claude S. Hayes, other physical anomalies by Edward F. Lis, and psychosocial aspects of cleft palate by Grant T. Phipps. In the area of speech and papers concerning the effects of orofacial anomalies, by D.C. Spriestersbach; photographic and radiographic research procedures, by Kenneth L. Moll; and air flow and pressure studies, by James C. Hardy. A final presentation in instrumentation, by Franklin S. Cooper, deals with electromyography in speech research. Pictures and diagrams are provided. (JB)

Paper delivered to the Council of Academic Societies at the 79th Annual Meeting of the Association of American Medical Colleges (Houston, Texas, November 1, 1968).