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The paper is an attempt to work out the `continuation rate' for the diaphragm and jelly method by applying the life-table technique as developed by Potter and Tietze to the data obtained in a retrospective survey of women who accepted this method from clinics in Greater Bombay. Some problems, which arise in extending the use of the life-table technique to methods other than the I.U.D. to which it has been widely applied, are discussed. The `continuation' rate as found for the diaphragm and jelly method was slightly higher than that observed for the pill in Singapore. The paper also contains an estimate of the `use-effectiveness' rate of the diaphragm and jelly method by using the life-table technique and points out that the use of this technique, as flow recommended by Tietze, does not adequately take into account Some of the biological considerations which used to figure Prominently in earlier discussions of the subject. For this reason, many of the figures on use-effectiveness which have been published by applying the life-table technique to methods, including the I.U.D., are not strictly comparable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates that in Malaya the results of testing birth registration completeness according to the conventional method which involves a comparison of an independently estimated child population with the corresponding census population does not yield satisfactory results. This is because the assumptions underlying this method are not quite tenable under Malayan conditions. A minor modification of the method by taking into consideration Singapore-Malaya migration does not seem to have completely eliminated the shortcomings of the method. A new method utilizing data on the number of children ever born to women in the two post-war censuses taken in 1947 and 1957 is presented in this paper. It is ascertained that marked variation in the extent of under registration of births existed between the three principal races, viz. Malays, Chinese and Indians, and between the eleven States. Some of the important reasons for this variation may be traced to the differences in the rate of literacy, the number of years spent in school, the degree of urbanization and the proportion of the population residing in estates.

Modern Singapore has been a focus of contact between the three cultural blocs of China, India, and Indonesia, and between Orient and Occident. Asian migrants came as laborers, artisans, and entrepreneurs; the much smaller European migrant group introduced western economic and administrative institutions. Subsequent modernization and development, necessitating improved coordination and development of all resources, has been hampered by substantial cultural divergences relating to economic and social practice and attitude. Contrasting cultural patterns are commonly identified with ethnic differences and can most readily be analyzed on this basis; the ethnic data utilized in this paper serve to highlight significant cultural differences which are only gradually breaking down despite sustained locational contiguity and the unifying force of political independence within, and subsequently outside the Federation of Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the growth and income distribution in Singapore. In the process of development, the question of whether to have more rapid economic growth or to have a more equitable income distribution always becomes a highly controversial issue. Most development experts and policy-makers tend to view these two as independent and incompatible strategies for development. Although it is ideal to have both, they cannot be achieved simultaneously, especially during the period before the country reaches its take-off stage. Singapore is one of the few countries, which has successfully achieved rapid economic growth and a more equitable income distribution. This paper attempts to deal with the correlation between economic growth and income inequality, measures of income distribution and instruments for income redistribution in Singapore. The problems faced by the new administration and demanding priority consideration were--the rising unemployment, the effects of high birth rates in the years immediately following the Second World War.

The article presents a study which examines the distribution of light reaching the ground vegetation in a tropical rain forest in Singapore. A data on the occurrence of sunflecks, and also on lighting conditions in the shade when the sun was shining, and obscured by cloud is provided. The pattern of light on sample plots on the forest floor under cloudy conditions is also examined. The pattern on the forest floor under sunny conditions without sunflecks and the pattern on the forest floor under cloudy conditions were compared.

This paper takes a look at the belief that the number of couples currently desiring to limit family size is sufficiently large that the provision of supplies, services and education will be adequate to bring the birth rate down to acceptable levels within a reasonable time period. Current family planning programmes emphasize the provision of supplies, services and education. Attempts to change motivation through the use of monetary incentives have raised a very minor role so far. Implicit in this ordering of priorities must be the belief that the number of couples latently or actively desiring to limit family size is sufficiently large - or can be made sufficiently large through education and persuasion - to bring the birth rate down to acceptable levels reasonable soon. A debate is in progress about the extent to which the official family planning programmes in Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and South Korea have been responsible for the fall in their rates. Monetary incentives were not widely or intensively used in these programmes. While there is no doubt that they speeded up the process of demographic transition, it is not clear how successful they would have been had they been initiated ten or twenty years earlier, before the socioeconomic situation became favorable.

The article states that as particular findings and concepts related to urban structure began to appear consistently in a variety of studies, city administrators and urban planners can begin to evaluate their usefulness for applied purposes. Much sociological research and a number of sociological concepts may now lend themselves to some kind of application; in this paper the case for social class or socio-economic status as such a concept will be made. Its treatment by urban sociologists and urban geographers working in social area analysis and factorial ecology will be reviewed briefly. Social area analysis seeks to analyze urban structure by identifying certain dimensions as basic to an understanding of how that structure develops and changes. The distribution of class or socio-economic status within a city is related to various other phenomena: zoning laws, real estate value, in and out-migration patterns, distribution of facilities, etc.

It is commonplace that the roles of labor organizations and of collective bargaining in developing countries raise political and economic problems of peculiar difficulty. One legislative experiment for dealing with some of these problems is Singapore's Industrial Relations Court, the subject of this article. The industrial relations system of which that court is a part combines collective bargaining and compulsory arbitration in fairly unusual fashion. This combination is here described, as are the interrelationships of the court with unions, employers, and the executive branch of government, and also interrelationships of judicial procedures and economic issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variations in interethnic marriage rates in Singapore demonstrate that the influence of ethnicity and religion on family organization is far stronger than the influence of class or education. In particular the striking variations in the proportions of men and women marrying out of each of the major ethnic groups in the Republic appear to result from the continuing operation of traditional ideals of family and local-group organization in a contemporary situation that is otherwise rapidly changing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information related to juvenile delinquency in Singapore. One of the most interesting but most neglected aspects of juvenile delinquency research concerns the differences which have been reported between ethnic or cultural subdivisions of a population. Such differences can be found both in official statistics and in the more sensitive observations of youth workers and while some of the differences are probably due to variations in police coverage, court procedures or social setting, others do not permit such easy dismissal. There are locations around the world, however, where peoples of different cultures live together under the same administration without much difference in status. One such place is Singapore, which thus offers an unusually favorable setting for the study of the relationship between culture and juvenile delinquency. Singapore is an island of 225 square miles lying 1 degree north of the equator and at the time of this study linked to Malaya by an almost frontierless causeway.

Forty cases of lichen amyloidosis were found in 2 medical units in a Singapore general medical hospital over a 3-year period The majority of the patients were middle-age Chinese females with a long standing history (over 20 years) of the disease. Pruritus was significantly absent in 37.5%. The common cutaneous lesions were papules (62.5%,) and plaques (22.5% found mostly on the shins and thighs (90%). A number of precipitating factors and associated skin diseases were noted, but their relationship to lichen amyloidosis is obscure. Treatment with intralesional and topical steroids is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts to answer some of the questions relevant to the cause of Singapore's secession and to project the future course of the Federation. It seems that the various societal diversities have already weakened the political unity of the Federation in view of the fact that Malaysia has neither sustained these functional interests nor enhanced their perpetuation. The union has been weakened as a fortress of common defense and resistance against Communist subversion and terrorists' offenses. Indonesia claimed a victory with the secession and might still increase her guerrilla activity in the Borneo states, although the latter policy may change with the outcome of the current power struggle. The Borneo states, on the other hand, may feel that dissolution of the Federation is all the aggressive Indonesians want and that withdrawal from the union would end all aggression. The shared belief of the necessity to maintain a balance between the Chinese and the Malays no longer unites the states, since with Singapore's withdrawal the balance is heavily in favor of the Malays. There is, of course, a slim chance that Singapore, which since secession has encountered serious economic problems, may rejoin the Federation despite its weaknesses, and hence the Federation may eventually complete its task of building a multi-ethnic nation.

This article focuses on recent trends in the sex and age composition of a cosmopolitan community in Singapore. Modem Singapore was founded during the early stages of the rapid commercial expansion by western countries which established in South-east Asia such major trading and administrative centers as Manila, Djakarta, Saigon and Rangoon. Population growth during recent decades has been very rapid but since the Second World War the rate has been astronomical. Between the 1931 and 1947 censuses the average annual rate of increase was 3.3 percent, but between the 1947 and 1957 censuses it increased to 4.3 percent. The rapid upward trend in post-war birth rates, which occurred in many parts of the world, was also characteristic of Singapore--a rapid increase in the years immediately following the Second World War was followed by more moderate but still substantial increases; and in Singapore this trend has been accompanied by a relatively low and declining death rate. The sex and age composition of the population as a whole and of the ethnic groups taken separately clearly reflects the forces, which have contributed to the present-day condition of the population.

It is informed that an interesting feature of the Malayan demographic picture is the fall in the crude birth rates which has been going on for several years and which now shows signs of steepening. This phenomenon can be partly explained in terms of change in the population structure. The proportion of the community below reproductive age is still increasing as a result of the post-World War II declines in infant and child mortality. Nevertheless, the total fall has been sufficiently great, and has occurred over such a short period of time, as to indicate that part of it must be explained in terms of a real decline in fertility. The increasing difficulty faced by females, especially Chinese females, in achieving marriage is probably a major reason for the present decline in fertility in Singapore and the Federation of Malaya. The magnitude of the decline in the former area between 1958 and 1960 seems to be too great to be explained entirely in these terms. Almost certainly voluntary decisions are also being made to postpone marriage or to limit fertility within marriage. In Singapore, and to a lesser extent in parts of the Federation of Malaya, economic, social and political change, particularly as evidenced by higher educational levels and a spread of family planning knowledge, make it probable that such decisions are increasing in volume.

Fifty-four opium smokers with chronic obstructive lung disease were studied for two-and-a-half years. Forty-eight patients had a cough for at least two years before the onset of inappropriate exertional dyspnoea. Fine, bubbling adventitious sounds suggesting small airway disease were heard on auscultation over the middle and lower lobes in 38 patients. The prevalence of inflammatory lung disease and chronic respiratory failure in this series is suggested as the main cause for the frequent finding of right ventricular hypertrophy and congestive heart failure. Physiological studies revealed moderate to severe airways obstruction with gross over-inflation and, in 32 patients, an additional restrictive defect probably due to peribronchiolar fibrosis. Radiological evidence of chronic bronchitis and bronchiolitis was observed in 45 patients, `pure' chronic bronchiolitis in six patients, and `widespread' emphysema in 25 patients respectively. Necropsy examinations in nine patients, however, showed destructive emphysema of variable severity in all. Chronic bronchiolitis often associated with striking bronchiolectasis was present in six cases. More severe bronchiolar rather than bronchial inflammation was noted. The heavy opium smokers had characteristic nodular shadows on chest radiography, sometimes associated with a striking reticular pattern not seen in `pure' cigarette smokers. This was due to gross pigmented dust (presumably carbon) deposition in relation to blood vessels, lymphatics, and bronchioles, and also within the alveoli. It is speculated that the initial lesion is an acquired bronchiolitis. Opium smoking induces an irritative bronchopathy favouring repeated attacks of acute bronchiolitis and eventually resulting in obliterative bronchiolitis, peribronchiolar fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, and destructive emphysema. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In recent years economists have again been emphasizing the importance of human capital formation in the development process. The cure most commonly prescribed for skill shortages has been increased training capacity. While expansion may be necessary, it is an expensive and intrinsically long-term solution. Moreover, it is not without its perils. This article briefly describes health services situation in Singapore, analyses the wastage patterns of qualified and student nurses, and presents suggestions for reducing this wastage.

Reports on Australia's foreign investments in manufacturing industries in Singapore and Malaysia. Gross expenditure from 1948 to 1949 and 1964 to 1965; Management of labor in factories; Australia's contribution to manufacturing development in Singapore and Malaysia.