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Highlights the Sixth International Congress of Plant Protection held in Vienna, Austria in September 1967. Participants and papers submitted in the congress; Papers on the practical use of herbicides; Other papers on weed control.

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This paper reports on a study of five different types of group care settings for children in Austria, Israel, Poland, and Yugoslavia, in which assumptions about intellectual, personality, and value development of group-reared children were tested. In general, the group-reared children appear to show no intellectual or psychosocial deficiencies when compared with children reared at borne. The group setting also seems to have the potential to change values. The author concludes that the conditions necessary for an environment conducive to change, as shown by these settings, may not be wholly acceptable to the American professional, but that he must surmount the conflict he feels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts of various papers that were read on November 23,1968 Conference of the Society for the Study of Labour History. The paper "Resistance in Austria, 1938-1945" discusses the history of Austria that has been closely connected with European history. In 1918 the multinational Austro-Hungarian dissolved into various new independent states. In February 1934 armed conflict broke out between militants of the Austrian labor movement on one side and fascist groups, police and army on the other side. Nearly a thousand people were killed in this last dramatic act of democracy in Austria. The revolution of November 1918 came as a quite unexpected shock to the vast majority of Germans and for short time traditional political attitudes shifted remarkably to the left. But when the majority socialist government called in the army against the revolutionary left the course of the revolution was decided: things and people began to return to a considerable extent to their pre-war framework and pre-war remedies were increasingly used to solve post-war political problems.

Highlights the Symposium on the Use of Isotopes in Weed Research held in Vienna, Austria, October 25-29, 1965. Organizers of the event; Topics discussed; Speakers who attended the event.

Economist Friedrich Freiherr von Wieser, the last of the great triumvirate who founded the Austrian School of Economics was born on July 10, 1851, at Vienna and was descended from an old Austrian family, his father held an important position at the war-ministry. Both his parents had marked artistic inclinations and gifts which the son inherited. From his early youth Wieser took a lively interest in history because this science seemed to him the best way to obtain an understanding of social phenomena and social organizations. But in spite of this interest in historical research he took up at the University of Vienna the course of study which was traditional for his social class in those days, jurisprudence. He found Roman law particularly attractive and, indeed, late in life declared that the severe logical training which is involved in the study of Roman law had a considerable bearing upon the type and manner of his later investigations in economic theory. Of the three founders of the Austrian school, Wieser felt most vividly the necessity of systematic analysis, as is apparent from the structure of his work and probably this circumstance, in part at least, was due to the influence of Roman law.

1. The problems presented have arisen in practice when carrying out international comparisons of national income and its elements between the CMEA countries. Some rough conclusions are drawn from the nearly completed comparison of consumption level between Poland and Austria. 2. The basic methodological principles of the comparison were similar to the methods used by the group of economists directed by Milton Gilbert and Irving Kravis in their comparison relating to Western European countries. However, a number of new problems have emerged in the course of our work which required practical and theoretical solutions. Some differences in theoretical approach between the Gilbert-Kravis study and ours are discussed. Gilbert and Kravis based their comparison as far as possible on average prices of commodity groups or quantity data, and price indexes for representative goods were applied only as a practical necessity. On the contrary in our study we based our calculation mainly on representative goods and their price relation as this method, in our opinion, takes into account quality differences, which escape from the picture in the Gilbert-Kravis method. 3. Some special theoretical and practical problems of comparisons between countries having market economies and those with planned economies are presented in terms of the example of the comparison of consumption levels between Austria and Poland. Three groups of questions are pointed out: (1) the problem of the definition and boundaries of the aggregates compared; (2) the problem of differences in pricing in the groups of products and services compared, resulting from the social policy of the government concerned; and (3) the problem of differences arising from general price policies in the countries compared. 4. At the end of the paper it is suggested that it would be useful to work out a ‘statistical information system’, which would make possible detailed comparisons of the volume of consumption among several countries and groups of countries without the need of conducting direct comparisons between each pair of countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides information on a study which focused on the economic history and estimate of industrial product in Austria in 1841. Onset of modern economic growth; Percentage of the population who engage in agriculture; Population growth.

The article discusses how the National Bank in Austria had escaped from exchange control between February 1932 and May 1935. First subtle approach to liberating payments began with the Bank's permitting Austrian exporters of wood products to sell their devisen at rates privately agreed upon to importers of mineral oils. The coupling of specific exports and imports extended to hats and leather exports against imports of grain and fodder, pharmaceutical products, and textile raw materials. In 1932, fiction was maintained that an export had to be added to be eligible for admission to private clearing, and only transactions involving visible exports and imports could be admitted.

Presents a study on the economic relations of Hungary and Austria from 1883 to 1913. Discussion on the protection of domestic manufacturing industry; Objective of the study; Lack of data on intersectoral trade flows.

The article presents a list of three books related to economics published in Austria. It includes "Die Messung des technischen Fortschritts im Rahmen des gesamtwirtschaftlichen Wachstumsprozesses," by F.H. Fleck and "Die regionale Dynamik der österreichischen Wirtschaft. Studien und Analysen," by H. Seidel, F. Butschek and A. Kausel.

The article discusses the history and development of management-labor committees. In England, The Whitley Councils were founded for negotiation of wages, hours and working conditions. Following the World war I in Germany, work councils were organized by the Weimar Republic to address the demand and grievances of workers. In 1945, labor-management committees in France were established aimed to promote cooperation between workers and management. Meanwhile, work committees were created in Austria in 1947. In Mexico, the Labor Industry Pact was approved in April 7, 1945 by the Mexican Confederation of Industrial Chambers.

Presents the book "Österreichs Wirtschaft an der Jahreswende 1967/68," by Nemschak F.

This article develops a statistical series to investigate the pattern of economic growth in Austria prior to 1914. The results cast doubt on the relevance of the take-off concept for Austria and also suggest that the traditional notion of a great depression from 1873 to 1896 requires rethinking. The standard picture of Austrian economic growth shows a rapid upsurge from 1867 to 1873, followed by two and a half decades of stagnation with another upsurge beginning in the late 1890's lasting until World War I. The widespread acceptance of this periodization is typified in the most recent study of long-term economic development in Austria. Despite the broad consensus some controversy has flared up. The debate centers on which of the upswings constitutes Austria's take-off or big spurt. Most regard the earlier Gründerzeit period as an aberration, or in scholar Alexander Gerschenkron's terminology a false start, generated by a confluence of favorable political and economic factors. In contrast, the immediate pre-1914 years are viewed as the period in which the Austrian economy was thrust on to the path of sustained economic growth.

Discusses Austria's efforts to arrange a free trade agreement with the European Economic Community. Austria's adoption of neutrality as foreign policy; Economic impact of the European Free Trage Association (EFTA); Exclusion of agriculture from the arrangement; Third countries' reaction to EFTA.

The article presents news briefs that focus on the developing countries, as of November 1, 1963. There were many important features of the seminar held at Vienna, Austria by Austrian National Commission. The main focus of the Fifth World Conference of the Society for International Development, held at New York region in April 1963, was economic and social development. The main purpose of the Ministry of Scientific Research in the United Arab Republic was social planning for the country's scientific research.

Participation of women in society without the intermediary of their husbands, the legal and political independence of women and their integration into extra-familial production and economy started only a few decades ago and are nowhere accepted without tension. Conflicts in the role of the working women and mothers are not due only to practical difficulties inherent in the allocation of time and energy to different and often divergent activities. According to a survey, female employment corresponds to an economic necessity in relation to what may be defined as the basic family budget. According to a study, percentage of women who worked because they liked the job was significantly lower than the percentage of men who were enthusiastic about their jobs. The same study demonstrated that the percentage of women who said they worked for reasons other than financial ones was very high with teachers, artists, women employed in medical care, social work, etc., medium with clerical workers and lowest with manual labor. The research clearly demonstrated a high degree of readiness on the part of the women to give up their jobs if requested to do so by their husbands.

This article presents information regarding problems of the family in urban and rural Austria. The special topic of the which the article deals is "Class and Cultural Difference in Marriage and Family Roles." It therefore seems appropriate to select as a second example for our thesis on the intrinsic connection between "pure" and "applied" research a study on the female role which was carried through in Vienna by Social Science Research Center. In 1957, 240 depth interviews were planned and undertaken as an investigation into the woman's role. The study also served to test, among other factors, the influence of the gainful employment of married women on their fertility. It was known from previous studies that fully employed women have fewer children than those who remain at home. The question of fertility is of great significance for the Austrian population, particularly as the population of old people is expected to increase from 931,000 in 1951 to 1,260,000 in 1971, an increase of 35 5%. The number of old people per 1000 persons of working age will increase by 38% and the number of young people under 15 in the same length of time will fall from 158 million to 14 million.

The article presents a comparative study of educational organization in the 16 plus range. It focuses on the educational systems in Austria and England. The difficulties created by the different historical backgrounds of England and Austria are discussed. The article considers the "Federal School Law of 1962," which is considered as the most important single document concerning school organization in Austria. An overview of the Austrian grammar school is explored. The article also discusses the problems of Austrian educational thought and organization.

The article describes the Anglo-American displaced persons program for Germany and Austria. In the advance planning during the winter of 1943-44 of the Anglo-American military authorities in London, it was soon realized that with the defeat of Nazi-Germany the Allied armies would be faced with a staggeringly large and internationally complex problem of repatriating millions of Europeans. To draft a plan it was necessary to obtain agreement among the experts as to the magnitude of the problem. The most exact knowledge possible of the magnitude of the problem was required so that food, clothing, medical supplies and other necessities could be requisitioned to meet the need of caring for these foreign workers and deportees from the time of their liberation until they could be repatriated. For this purpose the military authorities initiated a research program involving the full collaboration of the British Foreign Office and Ministry of Economic Warfare, and the Economic Warfare Division of the American Embassy. All available information was compared, sifted and evaluated. Use was made of highly secret intelligence, tapping continental underground sources, concerning the number of foreign workers by nationality, working at specific factories in Germany and throughout Nazi-occupied Europe. Finally a detailed estimate of the number of foreign workers, deportees and other categories of displaced persons by nationality was made for each country.

The article discusses the liquidation of foreign debts and the economic situation in Austria preceding its incorporation into Germany. Bruins Agreement, covering 240,000,000 Schillings of short-term bank debts abroad in August, 1931, was renewed for the balance of 114,000,000 Schillings on January 20, 1932 with a complete standstill on principal and interest. Credit-Anstalt had experienced a relatively small increase in public indebtedness, a fact which contributed substantially to the strength of the Schilling. The complete consolidation of foreign debt and substantial improvement in all capital accounts gave the country an enviable position among European debtor countries.

The article discusses the incorporation of Austria in the German Exchange Control System. Prices in Austria before annexation lay considerably lower than the German level at the old clearing ratio of two Schillings. It was necessary to choose between a rise of Austrian prices, if the old relation were retained, and a simple recognition of the higher real value of the Schilling. The imposition of the German Standstill and Moratorium decrees upon Austria was not taken for short-term foreign debts because of the sum owed by Austrian banks and industries.

The article presents a study on the emotional factors that affect the international decision-making process. The three aspects of hostility are the behavioral effects of a persecution feeling, the effects of perceiving hostility in the environment, and the effects of being hostile. For this study, two decision periods were selected from the six-week crisis which preceded the outbreak of war from June 28 to August 6, 1914. Two types of data sheets were used in the study. These are hostility perception sheets and policy condition sheets. Information on the war between Austria and Serbia.

Discusses the influence of Russia in the signing of the peace treaty between France and Austria in 1801. Description of the phases of the negotiations at the Lunéville treaty; Role of the treaty in achieving the major goals of Napoleon Bonaparte's policy.

The article focuses on the recruitment by French Army in the District of Poitiers in 1793. In 1793, the French National Convention passed three laws through which it applied the principle of universal compulsory military service on a large scale. It was in response to the shortage of the personnel in the army during the war with Austria and Prussia which started in the spring of 1792. The District of Poitiers was one of the six districts, where the recruitment was to be done. But there was a resistance to the new conscription law in the District of Poitiers.

The article focuses on the typology of voters in Austria and West Germany. Voting research in Western Democracies has no longer confined itself to the electoral behavior that takes place within borders of individual countries. The amount of knowledge in the field has considerably increased during the postwar period. Analysts of the vote have again and again pointed to the fact that party support in most western nations is based on the traditional conflict between the blue and white collar segments of the society; and that this has been supplemented by additional group differences, such as the catholic versus protestant dichotomy in countries with sizeable religious differences; the language, nationality, and/or race breakdown in countries with traditional cultural diversity. It has further been argued that, if these modifying differences are being kept constant, general factors can be detected that are operative in any society. Differences in the occupational structure that do not merely express themselves in a working versus non-working class dichotomy may produce additional differences in the party balance. Also, variables like intensity, exposure, issue and candidate orientation are included into the pluralistic picture of factors that contribute to stability and change of voting behavior patterns in western democracies.

The article provides an overview of the diplomatic negotiations concerning the alliance of France, Austria and Italy against Prussia. It includes key information about the impetus behind such unification, the notable persons who favored and opposed the diplomatic negotiations, the problems that existed for such plans, and the events that transpired as a result of the negotiations.

The article focuses on issues concerning marginalist and the Austrian school, noting that Austrians were not marginalist or marginalism was not the essence of their endeavor. According to economist Mark Blaug, the essence of the economic problem for the marginalists after 1870 or for the Neoclassical Departure was to look for the conditions under which given productive services were allocated with optimal results among competitive applications which maximize consumers' satisfaction. It discusses the book "Grundsätze" by Carl Menger.

Focuses on proposed modifications in economic theory and terminology of Austrian school of economists. Examination of economic terms used in Austrian school of economists; Analysis of the Austrian theory of demand and supply to explain market influences on the value; Suggestions to modify cost of production theory of Austrian school of economists.

This article cites a study, carried out mainly on trade statistics of Great Britain and Austria-Hungary during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It also attempts to analyze the reasons for the difficulties arising from the comparison of trading figures of two countries for mutual commercial relations. Since there were no uniform methods of goods classification in Great Britain and Austria-Hungary, and different units were used in measuring commodities, the reliability of quantitative comparison of statistical returns is doubtful. The fact that the Austro-Hungarian figures of value are consistently higher than the British may be attributed to several factors: up to 1891 different rates of exchange between the Austrian currency and the pound; Austria-Hungary included duty-free transit trade in her special trade accounts; and in valuation by declaration dutiable goods had a tendency towards underestimation, whereas in a system of official valuation the tendency was in the opposite direction.

The article presents information on scientist Oskar Paul Wintersteiner. He received his formal education in Graz, Austria. It is stated that he was interested in chemistry from an early age and over the years had enriched the chemistry of natural products. His contributions include crystallization of cortisone and of progesterone and the partial or complete characterization of progesterone and a series of estrogenic hormones. Wintersteiner's achievements include the joint British-American penicillin program, which operated on a massive cooperative basis between industrial and academic laboratories during the second World War.