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Determination of wages in Australia through a system of industrial arbitration has had significant economic and social consequences, unforeseen by the initiators of the system, whose principal objective in its establishment was reduction of industrial strife, This article discusses some of the effects of wage arbitration on the Australian economy and suggests that in view of the widespread economic and social consequences of arbitration, its rote in the functioning of the economy should be reviewed for the purpose of integrating wage policy more closely with other aspects of the nation's economic program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on books and articles related to public relations. Canada's policies toward foreign capital and the proposed U.S. equalization tax are discussed in the book "Foreign Ownership: Is Canadian Concern Sense or Sentiment?" by George Cretzianu. Canada is urged to stick to its old policy of welcoming foreign capital. A report on a poll taken in Glenelg, South Australia, is presented in the book "Winning a Local Option Poll," on the building of new hotels and on how the voters were encouraged both to vote and to vote "Yes" by a public relations program. Other books are: "The Dynamics of Nationalism," "The Human Dimension in International Relations," "Bridges of Human Understanding," etc.

The article offers information on events related to the Australian Society for the Study of Labor History. A meeting of the group in Sydney, New South Wales discussed a paper by historian J. Normington-Rawlings. Papers presented at meetings in Melbourne, Victoria include "The History of the Council of Civil Liberties" by Brian Fitzpatrick. The secretary of the Society addressed union leaders in Brisbane, Queensland.

The article presents information about the paper "The Catholic Action Rural Movement," by John H. Millet. This article is descriptive, intended as a survey of the general rural movement within Catholic Action, with indications of its applicability in the United States. Attention is given almost exclusively to the Australian and Canadian national movements, since these countries are deemed more nearly comparable to the United States than Belgium, France, Holland, or Switzerland. Both farm and non-farm people are reached; in Canadian parishes farm youth and town youth are in the same cells, in Australia adult farmers and non-farm rural adults form separate sections.

The article offers the author's insights on "Australian Journal of Dermatology." The author states that the journal will increase the stature in the world of dermatology and elevate the importance of dermatology in general medicine in Australia. Meanwhile, it mentions that proposal of the publication of the journal during the inaugural meeting of the Dermatological Association of Australia in April 1949.

The article presents several news briefs concerning the Australian Society for the Study of Labour History. The author talks about a meeting of the Society in which the President, Dr. E.C. Fry, delivered a paper called "Reflections on the I.W.W." Members elected to the Corresponding Committee include T. Audley, D. Hardy, and R. Hammett. The Queensland Branch of the Society held a symposium on William Lane on February 19, 1964. Irwin Young was elected Acting Chairman at a 1965 meeting. Postal courses are being conducted at the University of Adelaide, Australia.

The article presents news briefs concerning the management and membership of the Australian Society for the Study of Labour History as of November 1964. Changes within the association's executive leadership are mentioned, such as the resignation of the secretary/treasurer B. D. Shields. A paper presented by B. J. McFarlane on the labor movement if the early 20th century is mentioned. Status reports on several chapters are also given, including Queensland, Sydney, and Canberra.

The article presents several news briefs concerning the Australian Labor Party. The author reports that the Executive Committee has co-opted Mr. James Hagan and Mr. Ian Swords to the Corresponding Committee. Mr. David Hudson of Melbourne, Australia, was elected as Secretary of the Melbourne group. The author states that the Sydney group holds meetings every alternate month in the Auditorium of the Federated Ironworkers; Association. A paper written by Mr. Irwin Young titled "The Changing Nature of the Australian Workers' Union in New South Wales, 1919-1924," is also mentioned.

Pollen analysis of three sites on Wilsons Promontory provides a vegetation record from 6000 B.P. to the present day. No extensive changes in the vegetation have been found over this time period, but local and regional variations in the extent of communities may imply small climatic changes. Moister conditions than at present seem to have prevailed earlier than 4500 B.P., followed by a drier phase till less than 2000 B.P., when an increase in moisture gave conditions similar to those of today. Some evidence exists to support the theory of a relatively steady sea level close to the present level over the last 6000 years along the western Wilsons Promontory coastline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melampsora medusae Thüm. and M. larici-populina Kleb. are the most popular conifer rusts, that have been found in Australia. M. medusae and M. larici-populina differ in the size, shape and wall echinulation of the urediniospores, in the apical wall thickness of their uredinial paraphyses, in the position of the telia on the host leaf, and in their host range. M. medusae has the widest host range, but it occurs mainly on Populus deltoides clones and hybrids. M. larici populina occurs mainly on P. nigra var. italica.

A time series model has been developed for forecasting the demand for telephones in Australia. Tho model consists of two parts; the first part is a linear regression model involving a non-stochastic oxogenous variable while the second part is a noise structure represented by a Box-Jenkins moving average model. The modal has been fitted to the data by the nonlinear least squares method. The forecast functions and the mean square error of the forecast for lead times 1-36 have been derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the accounting methods proposed in the book Securities and Obscurities and the suitability of the book for the study of accounting. It relates principally to the features of the accounting of particular companies and to what has happened as a consequence of the accounting of particular companies. It relates to companies in Australia, Great Britain and the U.S. The book proposes the method of direct observation as a method of inquiry. The inquiries founded on the belief that the test of any actual form, and the grounds for any proposed form, of accounting lie in those observable events of the commercial, financial and professional communities which are in the nature of reactions or responses to, and consequences of, particular accounting practices.

In this article the authors present models of stratification processes and their substantive interpretations, and discuss problems of estimating these models. When a variable is operative in a process. it is also necessary to specify how that variable is operative: the parameters of the process do this. It is necessary also to observe that to talk of changes of parameters is to talk of two things: first, that changes in the parameters represent changes in the system, and second, that processes with these different parameters will affect the individual trajectories of units involved in the particular process. To illustrate these points in a research context the authors turn to an article which attempts to compare the operation of the stratification process in the U.S. and in Australia. The second methodological point turns on the well-known fact that standardized coefficients are affected by changes in variances of regressors and regressands when unstandardized coefficients are constant, and that unstandardized coefficients are not affected by random error in the regressand. The inclusion of an error term in the status attainment equation affects the estimates obtained in the regression procedures in the following manner.

The article focuses on a program to train students as peer counsellors. The program was initiated when the Students' Representative Council at the Flinders University of South Australia, approached the Australian Counselling Service. The survey showed that Australian counselling services were sympathetic to student-help-student movements and would be prepared to support this kind of student service. For one whole academic year volunteer students attended weekly training sessions and accepted the responsibilities involved in a variety of problems. The training program consisted of weekly one-hour to two-hour luncheon sessions in which the peer counsellors were taught to feel comfortable with silence and in which they practiced nonverbal behaviours that were both empathic and supportive. To teach verbal communication, tape recordings of scheduled interviews with a "client," which had been made before training started, were analysed. As a result of their training, the peer counsellors were soon able to demonstrate substantial improvements in their attending skills and an increased verbal fluency.

A study of a wide variety of Australian wools shows that their specific gravity varies about a mean of 1-3042, with a standard deviation between wools of 0-0028. This variability has a negligible effect on the accuracy of the air-flow method of measuring the diameter of wool samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From Australian data an investigation is made of the ages at which children leave home, and the socioeconomic and demographic variables which influence these. Particular emphasis is given to the differences in experience between sons and daughters, and between children who leave home for marriage and those who leave for other reasons. Overall, daughters leave home when about two years younger than sons, and a higher proportion of daughters leave home for marriage than for other reasons compared with sons. For each sex, the average age at leaving home is youngest when the reason for leaving is education or a job, and oldest when the reason is marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After attending a rural compensatory preschool for 5 half days a week over 1 year, Australian black and white children showed substantial gains on tests of vocabulary, auditory association, grammatic closure, and operational thinking. Tests repeated 8 months later when the children were at primary school showed marked erosion on auditory association and grammatic closure but little erosion on vocabulary or operational thinking. Scores of the black children tended to erode more than scores of the white children. The erosion was attributed to failure to correct life style deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An examination of the relation between authoritarianism and conservatism is made using newly developed balanced forms of the 'D' and 'F' scales together with scales to measure political, social, moral and economic conservatism. Neither 'BD' nor 'SF' scales predicted voting preference. The 'BD' scale was significantly, positively related to the political, social and moral conservatism scales but was non-significantly, negatively related to economic conservatism. It was concluded that both the 'BD' and 'SF' scales are equally good measures of general authoritarianism among supporters of Australian political parties and that while it is in general true that dogmatic people tend to be ideologically conservative, an exception must be made for economic conservatism. This exception is seen to be inferable from the theory of 'working class authoritarianism' advanced by Lipset (1960). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examination of the cell-mediated and the humoral immune systems was carried out in two groups of persistent carriers of Australia antigen. Group A included eleven blood donors with an entirely normal liver histology and without previous history of liver disease. Group B included seven patients with an initial acute 'viral' hepatitis verified by biopsy. Subsequent biopsies revealed progression to chronic persistent hepatitis in three cases, to chronic aggressive hepatitis in three, and a suspicion of chronicity in one of the patients. The patients in group B had significantly higher serum concentration of IgM and significantly lower serum concentration of complement C4 than the healthy carriers in group A. No differences were found between the two groups with respect to the presence of autoantibodies or the antibody response to vaccination with keyhole limpet haemocyanin. Delayed-type cutaneous reactions to 2,4- dinitrochlorobenzene, haemocyanin and PPD were equal in the two groups. The PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation was significantly lower in the group of patients with chronic hepatitis as compared to the healthy carriers, but none of the groups showed a statistically significant difference from a control group of eight laboratory technicians. It is concluded that a general immunodeficiency state is not a prerequisite for developing persistent Au-antigenaemia. The slightly impaired T-cell response to PHA found in patients with persistent Au-antigenaemia and chronic liver disease may be related to the liver disease rather than to the Au-antigen carrier state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of a state of cell-mediated immune responsiveness to the Australia antigen following acute virus-B hepatitis has been demonstrated by the use of two in vitro methods-the lymphocyte transformation test and the leucocyte migration-inhibition test. Australia antigen-rich serum and purified Australia antigen were found to be effective agents in both tests. Close correlation was observed between the two tests. Persistent carriers of the Australia antigen give negative results with both tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three desmid taxa, isolated from different parts of Australia, conform to the morphological taxa Pleurotaenium ehrenbergii, P. mamillatum, and P. coronatum. Use of successful zygospore formation between cells of mixed populations as an indication of ability to share a common gene pool shows that all 3 texa are at least closely related and probably are members of the same biological species. Tentatively, we suggest synonymy of these taxa and urge the adoption of sexual criterion in delimiting desmid species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of changes in age patterns of nuptiality on the net reproduction rate is examined using life table techniques and assuming that age-specific fertility within marriage and fertility outside of marriage are fixed. In the second section, a standardization technique is used to investigate the impact of changes in nuptiality on age-cumulative measures of marital fertility. Examples using data for selected generations of Australian women demonstrate the extent to which recent changes in average completed family size in Australia were affected by changing nuptiality patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses that in the early 1950's a research committee within the International Sociological Association (ISA) was formed around the topics of social stratification and mobility. An important impetus to this convocation of international interests was the dearth of empirical studies of occupational mobility in the industrialized and industrializing nations of the world by which to assess sociological speculations regarding the interplay of cultural values, economic development, and changes in institutionalized inequalities and social stratification. Subsequent parametric estimates of mobility in Italy, the United States, and Australia were published by Lopreato (1965), Blau and Duncan (1967) and Broom and Jones (1969) respectively. Now, a second generation of national mobility studies is underway, with some already out of the field and others well under plan. Owing to interim developments within the discipline, these second generation studies promise greater comparability of data and clearer insights into comparative sociological processes than did the first generation.

The article explains that due acknowledgement to the Fairfax Institute of Technology in Sydney, Australia was omitted from an earlier article entitled "A Case of Regional Lymphatic Sporotrichosis."

The tested yields of 122 sale lots of greasy wool are compared with the buyers' and valuers' estimates of yield. Good agreement is shown between the average of buyers' yields, the average of tested yields, and the actual mill yield of top and noil. The average of valuers' estimates is biassed by a 1.3% overyield. Correlation coefficients between the two sets of estimated and tested yields do not differ significantly from zero. The differences between the tested and estimated yields were separately determined for buyers' and valuers' estimates. The distributions of these differences are compared with differences generated by replacing estimated yields with random normal numbers and random numbers. The buyer estimates result in the largest concentration of observations around the zero difference (i.e., the closest agreement is between buyers' estimates and tested yields). Both the buyers' and the valuers' distributions are significantly better than those generated from random normal numbers and random numbers. The implications of these results to wool-buying brokers and wool growers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article evaluates the work of the wages board based on the impact of the mode of wage regulation on the prosperity and welfare of the people in Australia. It is not possible to show by means of statistics what effect the determinations of wages boards have had upon wages. The most serious charge brought against the method of regulating wages by wages boards is that it leads to unemployment to minimum wage earners. A mode of wage regulation would have important consequences in industrial development. For many trades the wages board is the beginning of organization. The final test of the success of any legislative experiment made by self-governing people is the degree of satisfaction which these laws afford to those who are responsible for their enactment and enforcement.

Focuses on the economic problems of the Australian railways in 1908. Origin of the railways; Loopholes in the land policy for railways; Administrative problems encountered by the railway system; Comparison of Australian railways with that of American railways; Details on policies for the railways.

The article discusses the economic growth of New South Wales and Victoria. It focuses on the implementation of tariffs in these regions for the protection of domestic industries. While Victoria had adopted the protective system earlier, New South Wales strictly sticks to a tariff for revenue only. The growth of population has been more rapid in New South Wales than in Victoria. It discusses the tariff systems in both the areas and concludes that a protective tariff will not work in all cases and may be beneficial for only some industries.

Presents information on various articles related to economic strategies of Australia, published in the March 1963 issue of 'The Economic Record.' Features of economic policy; Effects of age distribution of population on economic growth; Explanation of Neo-Classical and Neo-Keynesian theories of distribution; Impact of unemployment on immigration to Australia.

The distribution of Chondropsis semiviridis (FvM. ex Nyl.) Nyl. was mapped for Australia. Studies in gas exchange physiology demonstrated that length of drought is likely to limit distribution of the species. Similarly, it is shown that sensitivity to heat when wet is likely to prevent the species from establishing in arid areas with a summer rainfall season. The surge of respiration upon wetting of lichen thalli noted by other workers was so short for C. semiviridis that it could not affect the limits of its distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many isolations from roots of Caladenia and allied genera (Glossodia, Elythranthera and Eriochilus) from southern Australia show that these orchids are closely associated with th endophytic fungus Sebacina vermifera, and that species of Diuris are associated with Tulasnella calospora (Rhizoctonia repens). Back-inoculation experiments with sterilized orchid seed on a medium with cellulose as the carbon source showed that Tulasnella calospora greatly stimulated germination of species of Diuris, whereas Sebacina vermifera and other species of Tulasnella from orchids had little effect. Results with Sebacina vermifera and seed of species of Caladenia have generally been less successful, but in one test the fungus greatly stimulated germination of seed of C. carnea. Mycelium of Tulasnella calospora was commonly found on and in tubers, growing or dormant of the species of Diuris examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An air mass frequency model is constructed to facilitate the formulation of a genetic classification of climate. The model uses Venn diagrams to distinguish three basic climatic regimes, each determined by the relative dominance of air masses: the dominant regimes, where a single air mass dominates all year; the seasonal regimes, determined by seasonally dominant air masses; and the compound regimes, with no dominant air mass. Different climates within each regime are distinguished by actual air mass types. Monthly air mass dominance is determined from actual station surface data for application of the model to world climates. This is completed by analysis of monthly data plotted on modified climographs and by the construction of a monthly air mass identification chart. The proposed system is illustrated by Australian data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trees of the genus Eucalyptus from Australia were spread widely and numerously through California after the 1850's. Several factors favored their spread, notably the production of limber and fuel, often with unrealistic hopes of financial gain. Planting for windbreaks and decorative purposes was also commonplace. An important and overlooked additional reason for the rapid dissembation of eucalypts in California. especially in the 1870's and 1880's, was the belief that trees of this genus, particularly Eucalyptus globulus or blue gum, could prevent or diminish the serious malaria problem that beset portions of the state. That certain forms of vegetation, especially trees, represented sanitary influences was an ancient notion and it survived even the germ theory of disease. The supposed method whereby eucalypts achieved their healthful influence was through the trees' imagined capacity to absorb or neutralize the noxious gases that were believed to cause malaria. This erroneous and antique miasmatic etiology of malaria, together with belief in eucalypt prophylaxis, was demolished in the late nineteenth century when it was revealed that the disease was caused by blood parasites transmitted by the bites of anopheline mosquitoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred fifty-four towns with at least one commercial service and twenty inhabitants each are dispersed irregularly through Gippsland, Australia. A general relationship of their services S to population P is log S = 0.699 log P—0.367. The spatial pattern of residuals from this relationship is apparently made up of purely local elements. The fitting of low-order, partial trend-surfaces to the residuals establishes the presence of a weak but significant regional trend in their distribution. There are only minor differences between the map of residuals from regression and that of the deviations from the regional trend of those residuals. The explanation of the spatial character of the residuals, therefore, can remain in this case primarily in terms of local factors. The regional trend nevertheless needs explanation in terms of regionally 0perative factors that have not yet been established but which would not be suggested by more conventional methods of mapping residuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among Australia's many spectacular and important mining camps Broken Hill stands foremost. Since its discovery a half century ago that center has produced minerals worth more than two-thirds of a billion dollars. As a source of lead and zinc it ranks among the world's outstanding producers. Although years of mining are still in prospect at Broken Hill the zenith of production took place as long ago as 1913, and the ultimate near-extinction of the community is inevitable, for non-mining activities of the district cannot justify the continuance of an urban center approaching present size.

Presents insights on the future of nursing profession in Australia. Implementation of changes in nursing education; Emphasis on training and employment; Concern over the wasting of nursing manpower potential.

This article is a study of the communication of farm information, decision making and the adoption of improved farm practices among a sample of a hundred dairy farmers of northern Victoria, Australia. Many of the sample farmers sought information for different types of farm matters from different farmers, indicating that information seeking is selective. Some farmers are sought for information of a specific type ("specific influentials"), and others are sought for information of several types ("general influentials"). There is also a tendency to seek information from farmers who are rated more "proficient" by agricultural officials. Seven management practices and attitudes were considered which were presumed to affect the decision-making ability of the farmer. While certain of the management practices and attitudes are interrelated, there is no single over-all measure of managerial skill. Involvement in organizations and a favorable attitude toward them is associated with management skills, particularly those related to the method of deciding about major improvements. Contact with agricultural officials and other technical sources of information tends to be associated with the use of approved management practices, particularly the use of farm records.

The lag in the development of rural sociology in Australia is analyzed in terms of Australia's history, geographical location, and class structure. There are indications that the time is ripe for a more extensive development of sociology and progressive education in Australia. By means of comparing Australia and the United States, the trend for a sociology adapted to Australia is charted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on several issues related to rural sociology. In February 1943 the Minister of State for Postwar Reconstruction in Australia appointed a commission to inquire into and report on the organization of Australian rural economy and the reorganization and rehabilitation of the Australian rural economy during the postwar period. The reports are based on hearings held in the rural sections of the country and the limited published materials available. The report includes a general review of Australian rural economy, a consideration of the importance of rural industries, an interpretative analysis of Australian agricultural history, a review of the factor's influencing production costs and a report of rural social conditions. Early in 1943, 275 Michigan farm families in three counties were visited to find what adjustments they had made to war conditions. The study covered expenditures, medical service, rationing, farming programs, community activities, internal family adjustments, and participation in war related activities.

The article discusses the factors responsible for the increasingly poor performance of adult mortality in certain Western countries by means of a cross-national analysis. A model has been created which finds a country's death rate at age 55--59 and could predict very accurately by knowing the regional mortality family to which it belongs and its death rate. The male and female age patterns of mortality may be influenced by the same factors, merely with different intensity, or the pattern changes for the two sexes may be unrelated. Cigarette smoking was first adopted on a large scale in Western Europe, the United States Australia and New Zealand predominantly by younger men. A retrospective survey of smoking behavior in the United States shows that per adult consumption figures may understate the increase in cigarette smoking among older males. Reasons for lower female mortality risks from cigarettes include lower consumption levels, less inhaling and greater use of filtered cigarettes. Older males, have suffered a much larger deterioration in their relative mortality position. Almost all of their difficulties can be traced to changing death rates from cardiovascular diseases, cancer and bronchitis.

This article focuses on differentials in age of women at completion of childbearing in Australia. Over 90 per cent of Australian women marry sometime before the age of 45. Of these, perhaps 85-90 per cent bear at least one child. The duration and timing of the period of childbearing will therefore be of considerable importance not only to the women and their families most directly involved but also to the society itself. This wider relevance arises, in part, from the nuclear family's importance as the primary unit of consumption; in part, from the degree to which childbearing determines the extent to which a woman will want, or be permitted or able, to engage in activities outside the home; and in part, from the importance of the timing and duration of childbearing to welfare and insurance programmes designed to protect children and their mothers. It has been pointed out that while the propaganda in support of family planning has tended to emphasize the timing of childbearing, the actual practice of family planning has tended to focus primarily on the limitation of childbearing.

An important feature of the Australian government's post-war immigration program has been the preference shown for immigrants from the British Isles. In a fundamental sense, the success of the Australian government's assisted and non-assisted British immigration program could be measured by the proportion of immigrants who settled permanently in Australia. The fact that no reliable estimate of this proportion has yet been made is probably due to several reasons. It is the aim of this article to discuss the factors contributing to the absence of reliable estimates. The socio-economic characteristics of returned migrant workers have been examines by a sample survey of re-registrations for the National Insurance during 1959.

This study presents the results of an analysis of registration records relating to a small isolated population group of high fertility. The Malay population of the Cocos Islands, numbering nearly 1,800 at the 1947 Census of Malay, live in a single village on one of the smaller islands of the atoll, and for a period of about sixty years ending in 1947 were hardly affected at all by immigration and little affected by emigration. In this study, historical and social background is first outlined. The correctness and completeness of registration records relating to births, deaths, and marriages are then discussed.

By September 1950, 155,500 Displaced Persons from Europe had been admitted to Australia, most of them under government contract for two years. Their adjustment to the country's economy has been good, for they are willing, industrious workmen, though not highly skilled and their absorption has as vet produced no disturbance. Because of accommodation shortage they mostly still live in camps with workers usually separated from their families, a situation which they accept provided they see the possibility of building or owning their own house eventually. For single people and childless couples this long-term plan appears to be perfectly feasible, but for the men with dependents it is very questionable and the future of the latter group does not at the moment seem a happy one. Despite the present camp life it is the official policy not to permit minority communities to form, but rather to press for speedy assimilation ot the D.P.'s as individuals, the main weapon for this purpose being language teaching. The learning of English is slower than had been hoped for and reflects the relative failure of social adjustment and acceptance, since few D.P.'s are making the necessary personal contact with Australians which would make them wish to enter further into the new culture. In the author's opinion this failure is due to the two groups being more distant from each other than either realizes, with the result that both are making inadequate efforts at mutual understanding. A brief description of Australian society is given to illustrate this point. Hostility is not marked. The displacement neurosis with which many D.P.'s have been afflicted as a result of their past sufferings does not show signs of disappearing under the present conditions, and Australian psychiatric practice seems at the moment inadequate either to assist in the removal of this burden or to ensure adequate diagnosis and treatment for non-English-speaking immigrants who become more seriously mentally ill. Government planning of the migration has so far seemed to be good on the economic side but lacking on the social side, and it is suggested that social assimilation requires more energetic measures and some sociologically trained staff to redirect the present efforts of voluntary bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the demographic treatment of density data for Danthonia cespitosa Gaudich and Chloris acicularis Lindl, two indigenous perennial grasses of differing ecological status in cropped and protected semi-arid grassland in New South Wales, Australia. It also mentions the difference in phenology between the two grasses, Danthonia cespitosa being an opportunist in its vegetative growth and responding to rain in all seasons, while Chloris acicularis is inactive in winter and depends on effective summer rain for both vegetative and reproductive growth.