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Occurrence of subsequent pregnancies is often used to measure success or failure in programs for young mothers. This paper reviews methodological problems involved in measuring rates of subsequent pregnancies, proposes the use of a life-table method, and illustrates its use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interrelationship of city and country is a question of vital concern to the rapidly changing modern civilization, and its full discussion would involve consideration of a wide range of issues and problems. In the paper this question is approached from the point of view of its bearing upon the organization and administration of social work in rural districts on a more comprehensive basis than has hitherto proved practicable. During recent years those interested in the improvement of social conditions have recognized more clearly than ever before the need of extending social work programs into small town and open country communities. Thus far results have been disappointing in this field in spite of a few signal successes. It is impossible to promote any far-reaching plan of social organization without encountering the traditional conflict between a city and country, which has wrecked many schemes of social and political reform. An understanding, therefore, of city-country interrelationships becomes essential for the development of a sound policy upon which may be based more adequate and comprehensive social work programs.

Vulnerability to deprivation has often been regarded as a function, of constitutional factors, and in this paper an attempt is made to isolate one of these, namely, activity level, and to show its relation to individual differences in the reactions of infants to a deprivation experience. The hypothesis that inactive infants are more likely to be adversely affected than active infants is investigated in the context of a project in which measures for both activity level and vulnerability to deprivation were obtained. The findings indicate a significant relation in support of the hypothesis, and the suggestion is made that, at this period of life, organismic factors may be of greater consequence in determining outcome than such parameters as age or length of deprivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author begins with some questions of critique. He stresses what he thinks is the rather unfortunate terminology which other researchers have suggested. They have made a vital and important distinction between groups which they call functionatists and formalists. The author doubts, however, whether form and function permit this sort of contrast Everywhere in nature and in human life function leads to form, and form becomes an epitome of function. The exquisite pattern of a seal's body and movements, the amazing majesty and power of the rhythms of the tiger's tread, are exemplifications of form which have developed through time as exquisitely serving the needs of function. In the same way, a Greek vase or the modern stratoliner derived from the crudities of the plane which first flew for the Wright brothers at Kitty Hawk tells the story of progressive molding of form to meet the needs of function. The term formalism, moreover, suggests, if not arsenic and old lace, at least the dry rot of Miss Havisham's existence in "Great Expectations," the reduction of life to a sterile and arid, and therefore artificial, symmetry. The term formalism has become a "bad word" in many quarters where critics emphasize vitality.

Relates the experience of the author in conducting an investigation of Finnish settlements in north-eastern Minnesota. Selection of various agricultural lands; Effects of environmental conditions on the lives of various individuals; Number of Finns living in the Great Lakes Region.

The article examines the recreation profession in a changing society. Today, new technologies have influenced our way of living. According to Greek concept, leisure was for the privileged minority. Technology and urbanization have combined to produce more free time for more people. The increase in leisure has outstripped its former primary functions of restoration and recreation. Man must be educated toward the respectability of leisure, so that free time can be spent without guilt. Sports and other forms of physical activities must find a more respectable role in a changing society.

The article provides information on the philosophical definition of leisure. Those who are meeting the exigencies of existence has no time for leisure. The seriously ill, infants and those managing to live on a subsistence level therefore have no leisure time. Their energies are devoted to the task of living, rest and play are only occasions for recuperation and preparation. Leisure is different from recreational time, in that the latter is a period when men are readied for work through relaxation and rest.

The article presents information on ethical notions in relation to social life. Philosophy, political sciences, psychiatry, etc. use a great many theoretical notions without careful evaluation of their empirical meaning. Concepts like power, alienation, progressiveness, conservatism, tolerance, suppression, context, idealism, dominance, cruelty, opportunism, libido, submission, etc. abound in the dissertations which belong to social sciences. Vast intuitive differences connected with these terms, multiplied by vague definitions attached to them, almost always exclude the possibility of generally accepted professional understanding. Therefore, the need to propose some new concepts, capable of being operationalized in an empirical way and designed to analyze the complexity of current events, seems to be quite pressing. Traditionally people have a tendency to extend the norms of private life, and the private ethics, into the sphere of public life. But modem life shows quite shockingly that the old ethics, structured in this way, fail. Socially oriented ethics emerge as a relatively new device to cover and regulate those areas of human behavior which are primarily connected with the new, large, somewhat artificial entities in which the life of a modem citizen is submerged, institutions, organizations, agencies, factories, etc.

Focuses on the life and works of professor René Leriche in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Contributions of professor Leriche in the study of pathology; Career history; Level of achievements.

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ABSTRACT The concept of insurable value of a human life, despite its central importance to life insurance, is not carefully developed in the literature. This article attempts to clarify the concept of insurable value and to carefully distinguish it from the related concept of economic or human life value. The article then states a method of measuring insurable value and of relating this measure to the life insurance product. Finally, the article traces some of the marketing implications of the proposed view of insurable value. Many of these implications relate to the issue of the role of investment life insurance and the uses of term insurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on a study which outlined the problems in defining the human life value concept and its implications to the life insurance industry in the U.S. The human life value concept can be used for diverse purposes, and even within one area of usage it may have more than one application. The question then is whether the human life value for an individual is fixed, or whether it is a function of its purpose. In the area of disability income insurance, the human life value will be used to compare the present value of future benefits for individuals who are disabled, to the present value of future earnings if they had not been disabled. The case of disability income is similar to recovery for wrongful death in that the discounting factor includes death.

The article discusses economic costs of war. War is a stupendous phenomenon of economic dynamics, and yet it apparently reverses the ordinary economic processes in a way that should put it beyond the application of the principles of science. The war fund, when secured, reverses the effect of ordinary capital, in that it is spent at once instead of being embodied in a self-perpetuating fund, and the spending of it intensifies a work of destruction carried on by a kind of human effort which itself is the reversal of ordinary labor. There is a place in the science for the private contentions that are involved in defining and vindicating the ownership of wealth that is, in maintaining the institution of property. It is a crude institution in primitive times and is maintained in rough and irregular way. The club of the owner does the work of that of the policeman. International rights today are like the individual rights in their crudest stage and are attacked and defended in a similarly lawless and violent manner. If the victor can secure the terms described, he has nothing to gain by prolonging the struggle. Everything that, by further fighting, be can add to his gains will be neutralized by the cost of it. Whatever he can save in cost he should deduct from the terms which, by further fighting, he could ultimately exact, and to do otherwise would mark his conduct as dictated by unintelligent anger or revenge, rather than by self-interest as revealed by rational, even if heartless, calculation.

The article discusses the significance of "casual explanation" in social research. "Causal explanation" means explanation according to a set of laws. The laws express certain empirical regularities, which imply that whenever certain conditions or events occur certain other events occur. Causal research implies search for regularities or orders between sets of elements. Causal explanation in a more limited sense implies deriving statements about effect conditions from a set of laws and from statements about cause conditions. In some types of social research causal explanation means, explanation in terms of conditional relationships between dichotomic variants. Causal analysis in terms of conditional relations means asking questions such as what are the necessary, sufficient or necessary-and-sufficient conditions of a given property. The given property is called the conditioned property. It gives us in formation of great importance for predictions in real life situations. It may show that certain correlations now used for predictive purposes hold only under certain conditions.

This article focuses on the use of education in helping students develop their abilities in coping with and solving problems in life. The educational problem involves the planning and directing of educational experiences in terms of the present and the future. When future problematic life situations are encountered, it should be possible to rely on prior educational experiences for guidance in coping with the problematic situations. The task is to help the students to have experiences to which future problem situations can be related. There must be connection between these experiences and the future problem situation, and this connection should be perceived by the student.

The article focuses on a critical examination of two frames of reference for the study of sociological aspects of social problems. No definition of social problems will be attempted here. Suffice it to say that they are practical difficulties in real life, while sociological problems involve the abstraction of certain phases or aspects for intensive study. A sociologist may appropriately examine ways in which certain events and conditions come to be regarded as evils. He may seek to learn what culture traits are associated with evils and what social processes, if any, are involved in their appearance. He may limit his research even more and inquire whether any relation exists between a given evil and the breakdown of a certain type of social group, or how much the presence of this evil affects the social participation of certain persons. There are many sociological problems which may be abstracted from a given type of practical difficulty. On the other hand, any given sociological problem may reappear in relation to many different practical issues. The solution of a sociological problem is not the immediate relief of distress, but the identification and measurement of relationships and processes.

This article is a résumé of the working-lifetime story of a class of high school boys and girls graduating in 1916 in San Jose, California-who went on to college, who didn't; who "succeeded," and who failed in life, with a hint or two as to why; what the main avenues of endeavor were; and how these now-older people regard their span of life and its meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to throw some light upon the contribution existential thought has to make to counseling and religious experience. The existential approach aims at grasping the total phenomenological world of the client, including the world of religious experience. Key concepts in the client's religious world are freedom, personal encounter with God, and the discovery of meaning in life. One of the goals of counseling is to promote that freedom which will permit the client on his own to participate in a true encounter with God and his fellow man and discover for himself a meaning of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on sociology of art. A fruitful but neglected approach to art is the sociological. The sociology of art brings under its purview the social relations of the forms and motifs of art. Artistic activity is dominated by the sense of norms and values, and these are largely of social origin. On the other hand, art as individual creative expression clarifies and in some measure determines social values. As one manifestation of human aspiration and experience, art is woven into the scheme of values and general pattern of collective living and culture of the people. Art also remoulds the prevailing thought processes, values, and ideals of society. The sociology of art is, accordingly, an objective study of art work as: an expression of individual man's striving and fulfillment in the ideal plane that helps to explain social values and culture, a vehicle of communication of prevailing social values reshaping the aims and destiny of the individual and a record and celebration of a culture or age, an unerring due to the life of a civilization.

The article presents a chapter from an unpublished book in the framework of a very simply outlined story and mainly in dialogue form with some of the chief problems of life and reality as then might be regarded by persons of differing temperament and outlook. Some of the chapters seemed to admit of being read apart from the rest and the present chapter by reason of what may perhaps be termed its more synoptic method seemed to be the most representative of the book as a whole. The description "A Fragment" has been added because, though the book is nearly complete, it is possible that no more will ever be published. The characters discussed in the chapter are: Cicely Helston, she's a newly married and has emancipated inclinations; Elfrida Wilkins is a convent school teacher; Mrs. Duffin is in charge of a grocery store. The chapter describes that Cecily and Miss Wilkins were together in the drawing room. Cicely had before her a volume of very modish verse and another on recent science. Miss Wilkins began to reproach her for her excessive love of novelties.

The article provides information on methods for literal charting of the life-process — organic, mental and social. To build up a general notation of life it is easier to begin with the social process, since it is more familiar than the organic process. At any rate the terms such as place, work and folk are more familiar than their biological equivalents like environment, function and organism. To map this evolution of life the author employs sociology and psychology as his principal tools. The conversion of the simple folk-feeling of the child into the human emotion of every generous adolescent is now accepted by the psychologists as normal to human life and described by them common to all peoples. The phenomena of religious conversions are thus viewed as intense expressions of this conversion. Similarly conversions by religious genius and mystic ecstasy, with their stupendous historic results and world transformations are the supreme examples of the same psychic sublimation. Further on author applies ideation of emotions to the mystic ecstasy and human emotions and from that process comes out the doctrine of each faith, its theology and its idealism.

The article describes the function of the regional surveys of the Regional Association. The survey of the past and possible growth of human experience in the region with which we are or can be in contact is called a regional survey. It is very important to distinguish it at the outset from that kind of neighborhood study which treats the neighborhood as a selection from life rather than as a specimen of life. It is said that a regional survey may begin anyhow, anywhere, and this is true in a sense; true is it especially that the surveyor should not begin by defining his region. It is claimed that this type of study would enforce attention to scientific facts around us, and so would promote a scientific discipline related to life as well as to the laboratory. It would provide also a training in humanism that would guard against the mistake so current in the last hundred years, the mistake of setting man and environment against one another in necessary opposition when they are really so deeply interpenetrating and so incomplete apart from one another. A regional survey will thus not only trace out with maps, figures, statistics and notes, the chief phases of the growth of human experience in a region It will also dig back into all the sciences which can make contributions to accurate knowledge of the conditions of that growth of experience. It will further study very specially the human types and their geographical and also their social distributions. But it will go further, and will endeavor to link up all the facts thus gathered to make them a guide for the future. And it will make them a guide not so much towards a quantitative financial goal as towards the enrichment of human experience and the consequent enhancement of its spiritual expression.

Instances of political behavior which bear no rational relationship to maximizing a group's material and social self-interest may be explained as responses to subcultural factors. Religious groups in America, despite their generally high level of acculturation, still retain ethical and belief systems which influence basic conservative liberal political orientations. The criteria used to distinguish sect from church seem to be of less importance in shaping political predispositions than beliefs centering around revealed dogma, salvation, impulse life, intellectualism vs. faith, and the nature of evil. The cultural belief systems of the various denominations operate as independent variables within the social structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of a saint presents evidence from his confessions which supports the view that both creative and religious illumination are variations of a single human theme, one of nature's ways of solving conflicts inherently a part of human life. In these experiences of unity not only are inner problems resolved but, in addition, some vision of truth is perceived which tends to alter, never to be the same again, both the individual and his world. Humanity's great religious figures and great creators invariably transform both themselves and their world. This helps to explain the ambivalence and irrationality with which such individuals are viewed by their fellowmen. With these considerations in mind let one consider confessions of a saint, using insights of psychoanalysis as a tool. In doing so one should be aware of the tendency in psychological studies of this sort to analyze creative people without acknowledging their creativity in its own terms. In attempting to explain the role of certain intrapsychic and social forces in a saint's life one does not explain his creativity.

Social thinker, Saint Augustine's intellectual development was in a context rich with choice. The Mediterranean world of the fourth century must have provided as many open options to the inquiring mind as any era and arena ever. Moving freely about this world, the young Augustine exposed himself to many influences and actually sampled several positions before he finally, in his mid-thirties, settled on the particular Christian position to which he was thereafter committed. The career of Augustine precisely because the role of environmental influences seems indeterminate leaves an especially large amount of room for entertaining psychological considerations as a factor in his intellectual development. It is not perfectly clear that he was ever outside the pale of what one would call today nominal Christianity. It is even less clear that he was ever tree especially in view of the insistent influence of his mother to achieve a final resolution except within the limits of a Christian commitment.

Focuses on the life and works of Avicenna, famous philosopher and physician in Iran. Contributions of Avicenna in the study of medicine; Career history; Level of achievements.

The article presents information on a method for studying certain aspects of parish life and reports the results of its application in a particular case. The hypothesis is that in differentiating several classes of contributors the parishioners recognized, not merely differences in ability to pay, but also differences in prestige within the parish group. Analysis reveals the sources of such prestige differences and their effects within the formal organization of the parish. The parish studied is located in a rural area of the northern Middle West. It was organized during the 1880's as a mission of the Catholic Church in the county seat some six miles distant, now a small town of about 6,500 inhabitants, and the only population aggregate over village size in the county. Church, rectory, school, and cemetery are situated in a hamlet with less than a hundred persons. Other service agencies in this center are a grocery, tavern, garage and public consolidated elementary and high school. Membership in the parish has increased at a fairly steady rate since it's founding.

The article focuses on psychological state which is the momentary condition of Being occurring at any longitudinal cross-section of the stream of life of a person. A psychological state consists not only of the phenomenal "givens" of a temporally limited behavior sample but also of the underlying factors organizing such a pattern of integration. In psychiatric usage, the term "psychological state" also refers to temporal cross-sections of behavior, usually continuously changing, and reflecting the momentary composition of behavior existing at that time. In contrast with the concepts of disease or disorder, the "state" concept usually implied something less than disorder or disease which is normally reversible and to some degree normally reactive to current problems.

The article focuses Indians settled in Andean America. The peoples of the present Andean States are to a large extent political heirs of the great empire of the Incas. Just as the inhabitants of various portions of the Roman Empire gradually achieved sufficient national unity to forge the modern States found there today, so, in Andean America, the people are still in the process of creating national unity. The Inca way of life was autochthonous to the mountain-girdled plateaus on which it had developed, and the Incas had no concept of private property in the modern Anglo-Saxon sense of those words. The nineteenth century was one of upheaval and turmoil for various reasons. The Andean States had developed no middle class, although the class of mestizos, with more or less Indian blood in their veins, had gradually come into being. But class differences in the Indo-Latin countries have always tended to be based on wealth and rank rather than on race. The psychological aspect of the lack of integration of the Andean Indian into modern economic life should not be overlooked. The Indian has understood and practiced passive resistance for over four hundred years, and it looks as if he might triumph in the end.

The article focuses on the attempt to use the technique of the sociology of knowledge in an investigation of the life and writings of William Graham Sumner, professor of political and social science at Yale from 1872 to 1910. Throughout his work is found a constant emphasis on the desirability of the practice of these virtues--the constant renunciation of the present in favor of the future, human fore sight, hard work, self-denial, industry, temperance, prudence, frugality. So also a constant depreciation of these vices--an appetite for luxury, vice, sloth, dithyrambic rhetoric, lack of thrift, laziness. This complex of value-attitudes is the ethic of intra-worldly asceticism. The problem, then, of explaining the relationship between class position and intra-worldly asceticism in the life of Sumner is a social psychological problem. Intra-wordly asceticism becomes the dependent variable, class position an independent variable. His life represents a success story of social ascent, emancipation from a working-class milieu and the rise of an intellectual to the role of a nationally prominent political professor.

The article discusses the origin of Tolstoyan communities in England. As a boy, Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy worshipped Jean-Jacques Rousseau, so much that around his neck he wore a small medallion portrait of Rousseau instead of an orthodox cross. Tolstoy carried his aversions to extremes. Not only did he reject the modern State, but all efforts to organize the external condition of men's lives. He held that such efforts diverted attention from men's inner needs and to countenance them was a sin. These efforts, usually based in his view on violence, were the social counterpart of the individual ego, and he would have none of them, advocating a clean-cut break with the predatory State. Tolstoy looked forward to a new Christian order, an organic society based on the self-government and brotherly cooperation of free men working in federated groups. These groups were to be small communities, with as close a connection with nature as was possible. These communities were later came to be known as Tolstoyan communities.

Focuses on the life and works of Charles F. Brooks, geographer in Minnesota. Educational background; Career history; Contributions of Charles F. Brooks in the study of climates.

Explores microgeography in a piece of land in northern Illinois. Inclusion of microgeography and illustrations; Involvement of the interlocking of human life over the whole earth in problems of the time; Observation of establishments from a geographic point of view.

Delves into Polar Eskimos who lived in Greenland. Description of the life of Polar Eskimos; Diseases that have destroyed the lives of Eskimos; Discussion of the Eskimo villages.

Focuses on analogies of language to life. Communication systems operating in life; Properties of symmetry, meaning, arbitrariness and style; Biological level at which information is transmitted.

Presents the summary of the article 'Angst,' by Franz Riklin published in the journal 'Heer and Haus.'