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Presents the title and abstracts of papers presented during the 1934 annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Increasing significance of geographic conditions in the growth of nation-states; Erosional history of the wind river range, Wyoming; Long-lot farm and economic in public services.

The article provides an update on research being conducted by staff of the Industrial Research Unit at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Finance and Commerce as of January 1971. Herbert R. Northrup, Richard L. Rowan and Bernard E. Anderson are examining training programs in the paper industry. Studies in the field of labor policy and collective bargaining are under way under the direction of John E. Abodeely. In addition, a study is under way concerning causes of rejections by union rank and file of contracts negotiated by representatives.

The article presents the meeting schedule for The Institute of Management Science (TIMS). The 13th International meeting will take place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from September 6-8, 1966. Warsaw, Poland, will host the European Section meeting from September 2-7, 1966. The American meeting is scheduled for April 5-7, 1967 in Boston, Massachusetts. Detailed meeting information is provided.

Information on several papers discussed at the Fifth Annual International Meeting of the Institute of Management Sciences held on October 16-18, 1958 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is presented. The papers presented included on by Jacob Marschak on stochastic decision theory and another by Frank Harary about graph theory.

In the decade following World War I the anthracite coal industry of Pennsylvania found its domination of the domestic fuel market in the eastern U.S. under serious challenge. The emergence of intense competition from oil, gas, electricity and soft coal threatened to destroy the entire hard-coal business. Under these circumstances the anthracite industry could ill afford to indulge itself in bitter labor disputes. Strikes only created a vacuum for the new substitute fuels to fill. Indeed, short work stoppages in 1920 and 1923 and a hundred-and-sixty-three day strike in 1922 put the hard-coal industry on the brink of extinction. Yet it was impossible to conclude that another anthracite strike might be avoided in 1925. The identical problems, which caused the previous strikes, persisted. At the contract negotiations in July 1925 representatives of the anthracite operators and the United Mine Workers of America reached an impasse from the outset. The union demanded a 10 percent wage increase while the operators claimed that, to save the industry, a reduction of wages was mandatory.

The article presents information about the journal "American Sociological Review." The Editorial Board, at its meeting in Philadelphia, December 27, 1939, decided that any member of the Society who is engaged in scholarly work may quote any material published in the Review, up to 500 words, without asking permission of the editor, provided that the user is not trying to make personal profit out of the author's or publisher's property, or to pass off as his own, work which is really that of another. Since all material in the Review is copyrighted, it is the property of the Society and its agent. The Editorial Board has the legal right to grant or withhold such permission. All members should encourage students to take advantage of the student subscription rate of $2.50. Letters from persons who are not actually members of the Society will not be printed. A number of matters were discussed at the Editorial Board meeting held in Philadelphia. For the benefit of the newer members of the Society, and as a reminder to others, it is perhaps advisable to make a statement regarding publication procedure and policy.

This paper examines the relationship between formal and informal participation of individuals in three Pennsylvania rural communities. Data concerning the range and intensity of informal activities were used to test the hypothesis that a positive relationship exists between formal and informal participation of individuals in rural society. In general, this hypothesis was substantiated by the evidence on eighteen selected types of informal activities. However, more research is needed, not only on the roles played within various informal groups but also on participation in other areas of informal activities than those reported in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the history of the scientific association in Pottsville, Pennsylvania during the period 1854 to 1862. On October 10, 1854 a small group of men with a common interest in science formed the Pottsville Scientific Association. The association stimulated its members' own studies. The association published several worthwhile contributions to science. The members accumulated a large collection of minerals and a library of some 700 bound volumes as well as a large collection of scientific papers. .

A conference paper that discusses the results of a research study conducted to establish a method and tool for preparing ground sections of calcified dental tissue is presented. The paper was read at the 18th General Meeting of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 14, 1940.

If advertising by public transportation companies is to be useful, an effective method of advertising evaluation must be available. This paper presents such a method, based on a mathematical modeling approach, and the results of its application to a transit advertising campaign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a study of the use of information sources by farm operation in the farm practice adoption process and develops a model to account for the differential use of sources as farmers progress toward adoption. Utilizing a less-structured interviewing technique, the findings from this study of 175 Pennsylvania dairy farmers lend support to previous investigations of the use of information sources in the various stages of the adoption process. The model constructed to account for the differential use of information sources as farmers progress toward adoption involves five considerations: (1) institutionalization of information sources, (2) the temporal sequence of sources, (3) the possibility of negative recommendations, (4) scheduling limitations, and (5) the need for local legitimation. A reasonably good fit was obtained between model and data. A prediction derived from the model, that farmers citing peer influences as sources in the early stages of the adoption process would make less progress toward adoption than farmers citing other sources, was also supported by the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with sociological and social-psychological differentiating factors associated with high and low degrees of participation in formal organizations. The study shows that high and low participants are selected from different positions in the social structure; in addition, both groups have sell-images which are similar to actual participation patterns. An exploratory phase of the study gave evidence that community attitudes concerning formal participation role-expectations of various positions are in accordance with actual participant behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The linear discriminant function appears to be a useful statistical technique in sociology and economics, but application of it in these fields has been slow to develop. This paper illustrates its applicability in the analysis of social participation data from three central Pennsylvania communities. The problem of what characteristics of farmers best discriminate between active and inactive participants is used to demonstrate the technique. The results are compared with the results obtained by merely comparing the individual measures for the two groups, and with the results from multiple regression techniques. Some limitations of the linear discriminant function method are pointed out, but it is concluded that this technique is definitely useful in analyzing certain kinds of sociological and economic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a study which developed and empirically tested a simulation model of the process by which zoning ordinances are altered to adapt to the changing needs and conditions of a city. The perceived decision rules of the participants are reported in the form of flow charts which utilize language similar to that used by the participants. The body of the paper indicates methods which were used to translate these judgmental rules into a form suitable for a computer. The model was tested by allowing the computer to decide the one hundred twenty-five proposed changes in the zoning map of the City of Pittsburgh during the period 1963 to 1965 inclusive. The results were good in the sense that the computer model decided most of the cases in the same way as did the human participants. Additional tests and managerial implications are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article summarizes the purpose of the Adult Learning Research Center at Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. Innovation in education, whether it involves the use of new curricular materials or new educational technology, has become essential if educators are to be genuinely effective in achieving their aims and goals. Much attention is being given to the knowledge explosion and its impact on our educational institutions. Emphasis is being placed on the need for improving instructional techniques and processes. This paper is confined to adult education research and development as it is being undertaken by the American College of Life Underwriters.

The scarcity of qualified teachers, which is expected to become more acute in the years ahead-is the basic reason for offering any course by television as opposed to conventional methods. The decision to experiment with the offering of courses by television at Penn State was encouraged by a grant from the Ford Foundation's Funds for the Advancement of Education. A standard, widely-used textbook was employed for all sections of the course. It is felt, however, that any of several recognized elementary accounting texts would have been equally adequate. Although not used to any great extent it is possible to show films, slides, and film strips. Also by the use of a suitable projection device it is possible for the television screen to show the instructor writing on a regular-sized sheet of paper. One disadvantage of teaching by television as opposed to conventional methods is that, under most conditions, the conversation is one way. There can be no discussion or answering of the students questions.

A conference paper that discusses the results of a research study conducted to determine the effects of a thyroidectomy or thyroid stimulation on the development of the permanent dentition in monkeys is presented. The paper was read at the 18th General Meeting of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 13, 1940.

Presents a preview of events at the 31st Annual Convention of the American College of Gastroenterology from October 24 to 29, 1996 at the Bellevue Stratford in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Papers on business and science to be presented at the conference; Overview of scientific exhibits; List of exhibitors.

This article reports on research programs conducted by the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Finance and Commerce. The Industrial Research Unit's study on Negro employment, which was sponsored by the Ford Foundation, has been under the direction of Herbert R. Northrup and Richard L. Rowan. Grants from the U.S. Department of Labor's Manpower Administration supported two recent studies. One focused on paper-industry laborers who participated in company-sponsored adult education programs, and whether or not they were promoted. The second study focused on the impact of two Department of Labor "Philadelphia" type plans in the construction industry and the issue of nonunion labor. Bernard E. Anderson is conducting a follow-up study of Opportunities Industrialization Center (OIC) graduates and researching the status of minority employment in the chemical and aluminum industries.

This article presents news notes. Announcement was made at the 1959 convention of the American Documentation Institute at Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania of the election of the new officers of the Institute for the year 1960. The Council of the American Documentation Institute has discussed at length the matter of U.S. representation to the Federation Internationale de Documentation and especially its own future role. In view of the clearly developing need to broaden and strengthen U.S. representation in FID, a resolution was passed by the ADI Council.

The article presents a schedule of events relating to the 52nd annual meeting of the American Economic Association to be held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, December 27-29, 1939, at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel. Schedule for the first day of the event will include the meeting entitled "The Objectives of Monetary Policy," to be chaired by Arthur W. Marget from the University of Minnesota, another entitled "Economic Issues in Social Security Policy," chaired by John B. Andrews of the American Association for Labor Legislation. Round Table Conferences will be held in the afternoon. Business meetings and more round table conferences will be held on the second day. The meeting of the executive committee will be held on the last day.

‘Rural’ is variously used to designate both physical areas and individuals, and to refer to three different substantive aspects: (1) an ecological facet, (2) an occupational dimension, and (3) a cultural complex. In this paper, using multiple correlation analysis, such a composite definition is empirically evaluated for its power, breadth, consistency, and meaningfulness of interpretation. Ten dependent behaviors solicited from a large sample of Pennsylvania adolescents are used as the test data. The ‘rurality’ components are shown to be low in power, inconsistent in breadth, and confusing in meaningfulness. The authors suggest, therefore, that a composite definition offering constant weightings to the various factors may obfuscate more than it enlightens. Such a conclusion must be tentative, however, due to the limited qualities of the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the perceptions of county executive committee members and county extension agents as to role expectations of county executive committee members in eight Pennsylvania counties. It also attempts to determine role-learning opportunities associated with role definition consensus and satisfaction among committeemen. Extension agents expected committee members to assume more responsibility than the members wanted in planning and executing the program. Committee members generally wanted more responsibility than the agents defined for them in establishing administrative policies and evaluating the program. Relatively high consensus was found for only one-third of the 32 role expectation items. Access to several role- learning opportunities was associated with agreement among committeemen on their role definition and also with satisfaction with the functioning of their committee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is general agreement that some types of low-income situations are not a function of general economic conditions and thus will not share in improvement of the total economy. Low-income conditions in agriculture have been treated largely in economic terms. The fact that low income has become a chronic condition in a number of farm areas, in spite of extensive and expensive efforts at improvement, suggests that economic factors alone are not sufficient to account for the phenomenon even in much less isolated areas in a predominantly urban state such as Pennsylvania. The data analyzed in this article can be added to a growing body of evidence that some low-income farmers can be expected to respond poorly to education and action programs which emphasize an aggressive commercial approach to agriculture. The data analyzed in this article shows that low-income respondents are less likely to project plans into the future and are less likely to utilize such key means of gaining greater control over circumstances as credit and modern farming information and practices. No difference was however found between income groups with regard to movement from farm to farm. If the low-income respondent is to improve returns from agriculture, the observed tendencies will represent serious obstacles.

This paper examines the relationship between level of aspiration and income among low-income farm operators. Data were obtained from a sample of commercial farm operators in a rural development pilot county in Pennsylvania. It is shown that economic aspirations tend to be oriented away from the farm to other sources of family income. This suggests that programs intended to assist the low-income farmer who wishes to stay in agriculture may need to be built around other than economic goal orientations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on some announcements by different universities and colleges in the United States as of June 1953. The American Sociological Society will meet in Berkeley during the period August 29-September 1, 1953. This session on August 30, will be the only joint session with the Rural Sociological Society. Howard W. Beers, University of Kentucky, is chairman and the following papers are scheduled, "Study of the Strategy of Change on Large Estates and Small Farms in Latin America," by Charles P. Loomis, Julio O. Morales, and Ralph Allee, Michigan State College; " An Analysis of Family Values in Relation to Social Status in a Rural Pennsylvania Community," by Renee Abramson, Pennsylvania State College; "Change in Farming Technology as Related to Familism, Family Decision-Making, and Family Integration," by Eugene A. Wilkening, University of Wisconsin and "Economic Status Differentials within Southern Agriculture," by C. Arnold Anderson, University of Kentucky.

This paper proposes a particular "political" theory of the expenditures of local governments with the aid of some of the traditional tools of economic analysis, and examines some data referring to the governments of the counties of Pennsylvania in light of the proposed theory.
Several interrelated questions merit further attention. First, in a sense this political-economic model of local expenditures represents little more than an effort to relate the preferences of the voters to the decisions on expenditures of democratically selected politicians. As such it may have merit in and of itself; for the formal model stands quite apart from the strict assumptions which were necessary to relate it to the empirical results. In this regard, it is important to point out the conceptual (if not so practicable) possibility of subjecting this theory to an adequate empirical test. One can imagine determining the frequency of preferred points of the registered voters in a locality by survey methods and then relating actual decisions on expenditures to this frequency. Yet, the crude procedure used in this paper also has merit. Granted the appropriateness of the two propositions, by augmenting the model with the additional and unrealistic assumptions in order to relate the theory to the empirical results, one gains insight into the problem of the relative importance of various assumptions.
Finally, although it is appropriate to base a theory of local governmental expenditure upon the assumption of a property tax, it should be noted that one might just as easily presume that the source of governmental revenues is an income tax and that under such conditions results quite similar to those derived herein follow naturally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on several studies regarding economic history during the 19th century. Guidelines for selecting historical topics; Contribution of a study on real wages in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to research on national income before 1840.

This article focuses on the first international congress related to the biological effects of ultraviolet radiation in Philadelphia. About 70 delegates had been invited of whom about 25 were foreign. These were mostly European but included Australians and a South African. The biggest groups of visitors were from Germany and Holland, nearly a quarter of those from overseas. Although this congress was organized by dermatologists, it was by no means aimed mostly at them; a very active part was played by basic research workers. Perhaps half the participants were predominantly or wholly clinicians.

The article discusses the role played by Henry George in offering to the public the appeal for social reform set out in ''Progress and Poverty." After the momentous task of writing the book had been finished, the discouraging one remained of finding some house to publish it. George submitted the manuscript to D. Appleton & Co., which had brought out the works of Herbert Spencer. With "Progress and Poverty" off his desk, George found time hanging heavily. The one circumstance added to the other induced him to start a four page "weekly journal of politics and opinion" called The State. Occasional contributions were made by some of his friends, but in the main George provided the copy. The new paper had been launched on April 5th, before the letter arrived from the Appleton Company rejecting to print the book. After this rejection, Tom George, the author's brother took over the job of finding a publisher. Leaving his home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the author's brother made the rounds in New York, acting under advisement of Professor William Swinton. Harper's turned it down unequivocally as being too revolutionary.

The article presents information about political economist Henry George. He came of age on September 2, 1860. Being no longer a minor, he was able to get the wages of a journeyman printer and join the Typographical Union. For a fortnight or so he held the position of foreman on "The Home Journal" at $30 a week and was able to send money home to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Then came a long spell of intermittent work. He had no mind to change his frugal habits. He hated parties. He was poor at dancing, worse at small-talk, and took no stock in flirtation. Henry George had always given his sympathies to the Union cause and now he was anxious to join the colors. His restiveness over the war, remote as it was, was to grip him for some time. The significance of the conflict had seized him. The youth was now passing through another period of hard times. With one hundred dollars he had managed to save he had bought, in partnership with five other young printers, a small paper that they renamed "The Evening Journal."

The article discusses the educational plan for evaluating the quality of educational programs in Pennsylvania. The plan is contained in a three-volume report that was submitted to the Pennsylvania State Board of Education. The present paper is a distillation of all the carefully considered thought of several writers. The author includes a discussion on the plan's five elements, as well as the origin and the main purpose of the plan which is implicitly provided in the Act of the Pennsylvania General Assembly.

The research work reported in this article stems from an investigation of the ideal pictures of the opposite sexes held by males and females. One aspect of that research involved the administration of the Allport-Vernon Study of Values to male and female undergraduate students in introductory Psychology at the University of Pennsylvania. When the intercorrelations among the six categories of the Study of Values were computed for men and women separately it became evident that, in many cases, corresponding coefficients in the two matrices were quite different, although the differences between the average scores of men and women were not very striking. An attempt to apply factor analysis to the Allport- Vernon data was unsuccessful because of the existence of inconsistent correlation coefficients in each matrix. The purpose of the present paper is to present evidence that this effect is observed when a number of independently scored attitude scales are used. The article discusses the two aspects of the findings--similarities between men and women with respect to their attitudes; and the differences between them.

This paper describes an attempt by Pittsburgh's Community Action Program agency to put the idea of citizen power into operation through confederating the city's eight neighborhood citizens' councils and providing them with professional leadership. An encounter between this new confederation and the Pittsburgh board of Public Education over two programs provides many lessons regarding the constraints to and dilemmas of citizen participation under the sponsorship of a community action agency. What came out of the experience was that although the citizens' group did exert some influence on the board's decisions, It was primarily on nonbasic Issues on which the two groups' Interests did not clash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a report of a study by Horizon House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, aimed at reactivating dropouts from a psychiatric rehabilitation program. The experiment's goals were twofold: (1) to reach the dropouts by using two forms of contact--the telephone conversation and the home visit---and (2) to determine whether a differentiation could be made between the dropouts and a control group of active clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participation of the poor is a major goal of the community action programs of the nation's War on Poverty. To date only one city-Philadelphia-has helped the poor to elect their own representatives to the city's Antipoverty Action Committee. This paper attempts an early evaluation of Phliadelphia's pioneering effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information that the program of the 50th anniversary meeting of the Association of American Geographers will be held on April 11-15, 1954 at the University of Pennsylvania and the Penn-Sherwood Hotel Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Members having professional material to exhibit would have to communicate with university of California. The program committee appointed by the Council is instructed by it to arrange a program of invited papers suitable for the fiftieth anniversary meetings.

The article offers information on several meetings related to biological sciences. The 30th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference will be held in Washington, D.C, during March 8-10, 1965. The 46th annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union will be held on April 19-22, 1965. Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology will be held on April 25-29, 1965, in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The article also presents information on the fifth annual meeting of the American Society of Pharmacognosy (ASP), which was held during June 22-25, 1964, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The conference covered topics including botany, chemotaxonomy, tissue culture, and microbiological conversions.

At the University of Pennsylvania, an accounting plan has been developed which fundamentally arrives at a deficit or surplus for each department, which in turn is closed into the general deficit account. One obtains figures upon the instructional salaries, other salaries and wages, and departmental current expense and distribute the general overhead of the various departments upon various bases, so that the cost system, which appears on the surface to be quite an elaborate set-up is in reality very simple. It is realized that budgeted expenses do not necessarily have any relation to the income or receipts of any school or department due to the inter-relationship of the several faculties of instruction. It may be also noted that the budgets of the various departments do not include a charge for the building expense, general expense, or for instruction furnished by other school or departments. Separate budgets are of course prepared under budget administrators for building expense, and the various items finally closed into general university expenses. Later in this paper is a discussion of the method of charging the instructional expenses to the various schools and departments.

In an attempt to evaluate the deterrent effect of Pennsylvania's increased penalties for rape the author subjects annual rape frequencies to regression-discontinuity analysis and also compares monthly variation in the seriousness and volume of rape. The analysis shows that neither the excitement leading up to the imposition of stronger penalties nor the actual imposition of such penalties affected the frequency or seriousness of rape in Philadelphia. This paper is a revised version of a paper prepared in a seminar conducted by Professor Thorsten Sellin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information about the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, meeting of The Institute of Management Science from September 5-8, 1966.

The article offers information concerning the business office of the Institute of Management Sciences. The office is no longer located at Abington, Pennsylvania, but is now located in Pleasantville, New York. A new address for all business correspondence for the Institute of Management Sciences is included.

The article presents the 34th spring conference of the Woods Schools in cooperation with the Technical Planning Project of the American Association on Mental Deficiency and Other Private and Governmental Agencies that will be held on May 1 to 3, 1959 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It includes fundamental issues in research strategy, principles and philosophy. The diverse aspects of measurement problems as matching, cooperative utilization of data, analyses of populations in institutions for the mentally retarded and the study of personality development in pre-adolescent mentally retarded children. Also included are some concepts of medical, psychological and sociological variables in the etiology of mental retardation.

Provides information on the annual meeting of the Charles S. Peirce Society held at the Bellevue Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia on December 28, 1970. Categories of programs at the meeting; Highlights of the event; Officers elected for 1971.

Details the proceedings of the annual meeting of the Charles S. Peirce Society held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 28, 1966. Papers presented at the meeting; Resolutions of the Executive Committee presented; Information on the treasurer's report.

The article focuses on the adequacy of phonological theories and practices in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The most important developments in linguistics as a whole and in phonology over the past decades have been the rise to prominence of Chomskyan transformational theory. Systems of descriptive phonology must all meet certain basic standards of accuracy and scope if it is considered adequate. The principal tasks of phonology are to describe the phonetic elements of the sound system and to state combinatory patterns within the grammar of a language. The speech of a community can be described as a system of recurring features and patterns of phonetic elements where redundancy in the patterning of the elements allows for economical description without loss of accuracy.

This article reports on a convention on the Mentally Ill Offender that was conducted by the Crime Commission of Philadelphia on June 11-12, 1970. Its purpose was to develop a clearer understanding of the responsibility of the mental health profession in general and its community mental health and mental retardation centers in particular with reference to the complex problems of criminal justice. Several papers presented to the event were included in the Quarterly of the Pennsylvania Association on Probation, Parole and Correction for Winter 1971.

This paper examines the internal and external stresses which accompany the gradual shift of responsibility from local boards of health to a possible eventual domination by the state health department. Fifty seven members of boards of health in 14 communities in one county in Eastern Pennsylvania were interviewed on the present functions of the local boards of health. Our finding suggests that the local board of health is not simply an organization. It is symbolic of a way of life in a community and it represents many things-a part of town, individualism, self-rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Talks about the War Time Conference of Modern Language Teachers by the National Education Association, held in July 1918 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Papers submitted during the session devoted to the subject of The War and the Modern Languages; Speakers featured in the various sessions; Programs presented in the French and Spanish sections.

The purpose of the paper is to present estimates of the degree to which various methods of liberalizing credit terms and credit conditions can remove the constraint on housing demand. Loan officials ration mortgage credit by fixing minimum down payment requirements and minimum ratios of monthly income to carrying charges. The article is concerned with the extent to which the effective demand for housing can be expanded by reducing the constraint imposed upon it by credit rationing. The data upon which the analysis is based were generated through a computer simulation study of the lower-middle income housing markets in Philadelphia, Pittsburgh and Harrisbury. The ratio of monthly carrying charges to monthly average family income involves such aspects of the loan as the rule of thumb often used by mortgage loan officers that the monthly payment should not exceed the average aggregate family income for one week. A computer model was developed to determine the credit terms and conditions under which a household would be financially capable of purchasing a house with a given set of housing accomodations and specifications.