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This paper discusses organization change in government and business in America. First the causes and dimensions of organization change are presented. The literature on organization change is reviewed and two brief case studies of organization change are presented. Finally, comparisons and contrasts of the process in these two environments are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic hypothesis of this paper is that occupational group ties are stronger in Britain than in the United States. A number of test implications are inferred from this hypothesis and the relevant evidence on each of these, to be found in existing comparative studies, is presented. Occupations in the two countries are first compared as independent collectivities with respect to their autonomy, socialization, colleague relationships, deviance, and occupational identity. They are then considered within their normal organizational environment, and the differences between the two countries in the relationship between these occupational groups and the administration of the organization are compared. Three types of organization are distinguished: where one group forms a large majority, where two groups are approximately equal, and where one or more groups form a small minority. Some proposals are made for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has two principal aims: (1) to analyze and measure how the demographic variables-mortality, fertility, and immigration- affect the cost of education; (2) to evaluate what possibilities developing countries, such as those of Latin America, have for a rapid educational improvement. The paper relates demographic and educational variables of three different populations: Sweden, 1840-1965; the United States, 1850-1960; and Latin America, 1930-2000. Three educational variables are also cone sidered: (a) school attendance rates by sex and age; (b) distribution of students of same age by grade; and (c) cost of student by grade. Demographic changes in countries such as Sweden and the United States were favorable for the development of education. For the future, unless an increase of fertility occurs, mortality and fertility changes will not have a significant effect on the cost of education in these countries. In current less developed countries the demographic changes during the past were less favorable to educational development. A future reduction of fertility will significantly help them to achieve a higher educational level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study will utilize the data in the 1967 SEO to present evidence on the size, composition, and concentration of net wealth accumulation among black families compared to white families. The final section presents and tests a simple econometric model of the estimated relationship between income and wealth for black and white families. In preparing this paper it is well understood that survey data are notoriously unreliable on assets and liabilities. Larger samples do not remove the errors if there is a tendency for a distinct subgroup to misreport its assets or liabilities. A rather extensive literature has evolved concerning the errors in survey data on assets and liabilities and is noted. At various stages of the analysis the findings from the SEO are compared to results from the comprehensive Survey of Financial Characteristics of Consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focused on the voluntary associations of Anglo, Black, and Mexican Americans in Austin, Texas. A sample of 380 respondents provided the data. An information interview was used; trained interviewers coining from the same ethnic background as the respondent were employed. Ethnicity proved to be an important variable in predicting social participation, with Blacks having the highest and Mexican Americans having the lowest participation rate. Using multiple classification analysis, a number of structural variables were introduced as controls; and these variables, particularly education, were found to be responsible for the difference between Anglo and Mexican Americans. Blacks continued to have significantly higher rates of participation in voluntary associations after controlling on other variables. Both isolation and cultural inhibition theories can be found in previous literature to account for low participation rates among people having a subordinate status, and compensatory and ethnic community theories have been used to account for high rates of affiliation among these same groups. The findings from this study tend to cast doubt on isolation and cultural inhibition theories and to support compensatory and ethnic community theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a conceptual structure of curriculum development and its comparative study. It refers to the motives of such development in the course of the comparison, which involves several countries including England, the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, Sweden, and the United States. It discusses a conceptual framework for curriculum development, its operations, strategies, techniques, participants, and the educator's role to this development. Curriculum pressure groups define not only the main aim but also the method of construction.

Literature on American advertising suggests that the values promulgated by advertising may help ethnic groups achieve middle-class orientations in the American society. Hence, advertising may function as an accultural variable if positively perceived by ethnic members. This study specifically refers to a comparative analysis between the American Whites and Negroes (as control groups} and Japanese Americans (as experimental group} on value perceptions of advertising as an institution. The results, however, have clearly shown largely negative attitudes toward advertising on the part of Japanese Americans. The conceptual differences observed across the ethnic lines can be traced both theoretically and empirically based on communications literature. Of most notable finding here is the working of strong psychological defense mechanisms on the part of Japanese Americans to selectively perceive outside values, supported by a Buddhist virtue of uppekha (or internal equanimity through non-attachment). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports some of the findings of a survey study of recent changes in the structure of large European manufacturing organizations. The structural history of these companies in their headquarters' countries is examined and contrasted with that of large United States organizations. Although divisionalization has occurred, there are differences between the United States multidivisional model and the structures adopted in recent European reorganizations. Organizational change in European companies has typically occurred as a result of specific changes in the competitive environment rather than as result of changes in product diversification strategies. Structural change has been concentrated in particular industrial sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the success of the U.S. consumer finance industry post World War II. The article presents an analysis of the composite earnings record of the principle units within that industry, compares this with the composite record of the major industrial enterprises, and presents a comparison with primary industries in manufacturing and trade industries. Among the conclusions, the article finds that the profitability of the consumer finance industry declined in the postwar period; the earnings decline in that industry was slightly less than in trade or manufacturing; and the composite return was more stable than for the other 33 industrial groups examined and growth was pronounced.

The article discusses the implications of state fair trade laws on price behavior. The author compares retail drug prices in Kansas City, Missouri, where Missouri has no fair trade laws, to Kansas City, Kansas, where Kansas has instituted fair trade laws since 1937. The study focuses on various configurations of price differentials between independent and chain stores within each city. The article outlines the research methodology and presents the results, comparing it with other studies in other cities. The article consider the implications of the fair trade laws in independent and chain stores, focusing on how pricing strategies are determined and what each retailer must account for in determining price.

The provision of family planning services by hospitals and health departments was surveyed by questionnaire to ascertain implementation levels of family planning and referral arrangements, and the role of planning, funding, and regulatory agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a comparative study of insurance integration in the United States and in Europe. The objectives of insurance regulation are described. Preconditions of effective regulation are examined, particularly resources of the regulator, nature of the insurance market, controlling access to the European market, and making the American market controllable. Scaled capital and surplus requirements are likewise investigated. Regulation of marketing and control of policy terms are discussed.

For years it has been the hope of statesmen and economists, as well as of statisticians, that the censuses of the principal countries of the world might become so standardized that it will be possible to make accurate comparative studies of the true growth and relative prosperity of the respective nations. It has not been contemplated that the national censuses should follow the same pattern in all details, but that they should deal with specified subjects in a certain uniform manner, such subjects to be chosen as will afford a fact-basis for determining the economic and social standing and development of each nation. The possible utility of a world standard of values as applied to nations is infinite. The interdependence of nations in things that make for prosperity and general well-being is daily becoming more obvious. Back of much of the insecurity and strife in international commerce and industry, back of the halting way in which people endeavor to meet common social problems, back of the international jealousies and suspicions that always threaten, lurks ignorance of national and international conditions and relations. It is the ability to strike a reliable balance sheet that has made possible the huge systems of combinations in commerce and banking.

This article presents a comparative study of age distributions of populations of major cities in the United States. The analysis involves all of the cities, 113 in number, having 95,000 or more inhabitants at the time of the 1950 Census. Several studies were done, over the years, to determine definitely that the proportions of young children, adolescents, young adults, those in the prime of life, persons nearing the retirement ages, and of the aged differ sharply from one city to another. For the purpose of comparative analysis of age distribution patterns, a simple charts based on index numbers-based methodology is used which show for each five-year age group the extent to which each city contained in 1950 more or less than its pro rata share of the national total. After the indexes had been computed showing the extent to which in 1950 each of the 113 major cities in the United States contained more or less than its pro rata share of each age group, from 0-4, to 75 and over, the data for each were charted for clear interpretation of data. Three major factors, affecting age profiles, were identified which are: fertility, mortality, and migration.

The article presents a review of current research on marriage and the family in the U.S. It is reported that interest in family research by sociologists has been substantial since the first censuses of reported research by the American Sociological Society. Since 1942 there has been virtually a 700 per cent increase in the number of projects reported. Sociologists now rank marriage and the family second out of 23 fields of sociological inquiry in frequency of research projects. It is stated that the history of family research record shifts in focus from macroscopic comparative analyses to present day explorations of the internal workings of families in their home neighbourhoods.

The need for comparative research has been a persistent theme in the literature of community sociology for some time. Although comparative studies are being undertaken with greater frequency, a major problem associated with their design and execution stems from the ambiguity of the concept "community" and an inadequate conceptualization of the dimensions along which these social units vary. One recent approach to this problem has been through the application of factor analysis. Two studies, in particular, serve as our point of departure—Jonassen and Peres' factor analysis of eighty-two variables operating in eighty-eight Ohio counties and Hadden and Borgatta's factor analysis of sixty-five variables operating in all American cities of 25,000 or larger. Both studies contribute much to our knowledge of community structure, but as a framework for comparative analyses they have the following limitations: 1. The Jonassen and Peres study was limited to Ohio counties. Generalizing from their data to a different universe, or units thereof, would be a questionable procedure based on the shaky assumption that Ohio is "typical" or resembles closely the United States or any single state in question. 2. The Hadden and Borgatta study was limited to cities of 25,000 and larger. The use of factors identified in their study to differentiate smaller communities would involve accepting the assumption that smaller units vary along the same dimensions as larger units. 3. Although similar factors were identified in the above two studies, a number of differences were also observed. The differences may be a consequence of the different units studied (counties in one analysis and cities in the other), the different parameters involved (data from all Ohio counties in one study compared with data from all United States cities of 25,000 and larger in the other), or the different variables used in the two studies. (They have only twelve variables in common, and only fourteen others are conceptually similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on controversies associated with the revival of religion in the U.S. based on a comparative cross-century study of religions in a northern vermont town. For more than a decade, scholars have been discussing vigorously whether there has been a revival of religion in the U.S. but unfortunately, the empirical evidence has not been convincing enough to resolve the controversy in any definite direction. It is argued that basic longterm changes in formal religious affiliation and practice and the current high level of religious belief and practice and observance, existed in the past, have not occurred. It is observed on the political parameter that the decline in the last 120 years in the relative abilities of men who have chosen the ministry as a profession; the fact that whereas other fields such as literature, journalism, and education have grown so tremendously, religion has only held its ground; and that this ground has been relatively independent of determination by the laws of supply and demand.

Using the data collected from two studies in France and America about the relationships between marital interaction and real number of children, the authors found that in both countries better marital salts faction and agreement are related to the success of the realization of the desired number of children and not to the actual number of children. Furthermore, excessive fertility in France and in America is more damaging to conjugal interaction than negative fertility. In both countries the wife's satisfaction with the standard of living is the single aspect of marital interaction which is related to the real number of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparison is presented of the responses of 741 English children with those of 968 American children, all in their sixth school year, to a questionnaire in which they reported in some detail on the child-rearing practices employed by their fathers and mothers. Although there were many similarities in the reported patterns of parent behavior in the two cultures, there were also many significant differences in English and American child-rearing styles. A speculative analysis, with some research documentation, is presented concerning the consequences of these differences for child behavior in England and the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of earlier work on the comparative analysis of trends in the world literature on the family is followed by a descriptive analysis of trends revealed by a content analysis of the formal structure of the output of family research in the United States between January, 1957, and December, 1967. From the 8,000 items in the bibliography, 800 were sampled and 723 read for this content analysis. Some evidence for increases in the use of more advanced methods of data collection and data analysis is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blacks are more likely than whites to have unwanted births. A common explanation for that difference is that blacks use less effective contraceptive methods, use contraception less effectively, and use contraception less often than whites. Analysis of data from 17 cities in our family planning evaluation project suggested that, among women living in low-income neighborhoods, the black-white difference in unwanted births was not due to (1) blacks reaching desired completed parity at younger ages than whites, (2) differences in age or parity in our black and white samples, (3) black-white differences in current use of physician-administered contraception, or (4) blacks being more likely than whites to adopt physician-administered contraception after having an unwanted birth. Black-white differences which might have contributed to relatively more unwanted births among blacks were (1) blacks desired fewer children, (2) blacks were less likely than whites to use nonphysician-administered methods and more likely than whites to use no contraception, and (3) blacks had higher failure rates than whites subsequent to the adoption of physician-administered methods and when not using those methods. Comparisons are made with the 1965 and 1970 National Fertility Studies, and program implications of the findings discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of education on current migration propensities in the United States are examined for each age group, and an estimate is made of how these age-specific differentials cumulate over a lifetime in determining the number of times that individuals at different educational levels can expect to move over the course of their lives. The independent effects of age, education, and occupation are also examined. Two other sections investigate trends in educational selectivity of migration in the United States and international comparisons of occupational differences in migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differences in the distribution of population within and across metropolitan areas are seen as a product of the development of the metropolis during different transportation epochs. Age cohorts of census tracts in Cleveland, Ohio, may be split into three groups of development patterns based on the time of their early development: (1) before the development of the automobile, (2) during the early period of the auto's diffusion to the population, and (3) during the period of the mass diffusion of the auto. Patterns of population concentration and congestion across metropolitan areas are heavily selective of places with large population growth before the development of the streetcar and the automobile. More recent population growth has had little effect on population congestion but has led to a deconcentrated metropolis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An attempt is made to investigate the educational differentials between various types of interdivisional migrants and nonmigrants in selected Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA's) of the United States. The analysis is carried out for four color-sex groups standardized for age. We have been able to identify three distinct patterns of migration differentials by education, that is, the J-shaped, the U-shaped, and the reverse J-shaped distributions. The tendency for migrants to be better educated than nonmigrants, by and large, has received support from the data we have analyzed. Wherever this tendency has not been confirmed, the main factors which, we believe, have influenced the differentials are the proportion of foreign-born whites, the geographic location of the places of origin and destination, and the differences in levels of educational attainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There was an impressive increase between 1965 and 1970 in the prevalence of contraceptive sterilization, an increase that accelerated in the later years of the period and was shared in by virtually all subgroups considered, Among couples in 1970 for whom sterilization had been an option (recognizing that it is a terminal method), about one of every five had chosen this method of contraception. About half of all sterilizations were vasectomies, though vasectomies have outnumbered tubal ligations in recent years. Differentials in prevalence and in increases during 1965-1970 are reported for a number of life-cycle and social variables. In addition, a profile of the contraceptive sterile is presented for recent sterilizations. Significant proportions are relatively young and, of low parity at the time of sterilization. In the context of the continued diffusion of the pill and IUD and increases in legal abortion, the net demographic effect of increasing sterilization is regarded as low, though sterilization is an important component of an effective fertility control regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1960 and 1970 blacks, as well as whites, improved their socioeconomic status. Among both races, educational attainment increased, the occupational distribution was upgraded, and real purchasing power rose markedly. In almost every comparison, the gains were somewhat greater among blacks than among whites and thus most indicators of racial differentiation declined. Nevertheless, the changes of this decade failed to eliminate racial differences with regard to socioeconomic status. In all comparisons, except for the income of certain groups of women, blacks were at a disadvantage when compared to whites both at the start and at the end of this decade, and very large racial differences remain. Further socio- economic progress by blacks during the 1970s will probably not eliminate racial differences. The article concludes by relating the socioeconomic trends to such other aspects of race relations as integration, governmental policy, and the attitudes of whites and blacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patterns of family size, family stability, and timing of family formation characteristic of Mexican-Americans are contrasted with those of Japanese-Americans, and consequences of their demographic differences for group achievement are explored. Mexican-Americans are found to have a demographic system marked by young ages at marriage, young ages at beginning of childbearing, high rates of reproduction, and high rates of marital instability. Japanese-Americans display just the opposite pattern of behavior on each of these variables. Using existing research on determinants of individual achievement, reasons are then suggested why the demographic environment encountered by Japanese-American youth is more conducive to educational and economic achievement than is that encountered by Mexican-American youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study is to present an explanation of the interstate migratory movements of white and nonwhite persons which occurred over the period 1955-1960. The study is similar to several other recent studies in that we estimate the magnitudes in which various factors have influenced interstate or interregional migration in the United States. It differs from earlier studies in two important respects. First, we estimate and compare the magnitudes in which certain factors have influenced both white and nonwhite interstate migration. Second, unlike previous studies, many of which have made "country-wide" estimates of the determinants of migration, we have disaggregated data to the state level and obtained white and nonwhite "migration elasticities" for every state. These elasticities are in turn used to test several additional hypotheses relating to racial and regional differences in the elasticities themselves. We argue that discrimination against nonwhites and/or differences in "social milieu" between South and nonsouth provide a unifying explanation for most of the observed differences in white and nonwhite migration elasticities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European who comes to the United States is surprised to find a more rapid social development in American children than he has been used to seeing in European children. In thought and action American children become independent of their elders at an earlier age than do European children. Not only do they depend less on adult guidance and judgment, but their consciences seem to mature earlier also. the American mother unwittingly transfers some of the child's dependency from herself to his peer group at the preschool age, while the Parisian mother still thinks of him as "baby" constantly needing her to teach him which kind of behavior she approves and which she disapproves. The American child learns to find satisfaction in the approval of his young playmates and strives to avoid their disapproval.

This article is aimed at discussing some theoretical and methodological issues involved in the study of occupational prestige hierarchies. The theoretical discussion is supplemented by some preliminary findings from Israel which serve mainly to illustrate the approach advocated. One of the theoretical issues underlying much of the research on occupational prestige has been the debate over the relative importance of the industrial structure as determining the prestige scale of occupations within society. Studies of correlates of occupational prestige have been conducted by several investigators. But almost none has been concentrated on intersocietal comparisons in general and on the issue of "structural" vs. "cultural" determination in particular. It is the contention that the comparative study of correlates of occupational prestige will enhance the understanding of the meaning of such scales and their sociocultural background. In spite of the limitations of the data, the empirical analysis still indicates the potential fruitfulness of the approaches advocated in the article.