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The article presents abstracts of geographical research papers. In the research paper "A Geographical Study of Nova Scotia," researcher R.H. Whitebeek discusses the geographic conditions of Nova Scotia. Lying nearer Europe and possessing many excellent harbors and peopled by immigrants from the best European stocks, the province of Nova Scotia in Canada has now, after 300 years, fewer people than the city of Boston, Massachusetts. Its total manufacturing output is less than that of single companies in New England, and the province has shared but slightly in Canada's economic growth.

Comments on the White Paper which contains the tax reform proposals of Canadian Royal Commission on Taxation in 1970. Increase in basic exemptions on individual and family taxation; Changes in the business and property income; Impact of the White Paper on revenues and the economy.

In the recent article "The Cyclical Turning Points in an Open Economy: Canada, 1927-1939," published in September 1953 issue of the journal "American Economic Review," author Edward Marcus has argued that in both 1929 and 1937 the Canadian downturn preceded the downturn in Canada's two principal markets, Great Britain and the U.S. In both years he attributes this to: a deflationary influence arising out of two of Canada's important export industries, wheat and pulp and paper. The author argues that he cannot agree. In his view, the downturn in 1937 came later in Canada than in the United States and in 1929 there is no clear evidence of either a lead or a lag. Furthermore, he doesn't believe that either wheat or pulp and paper exerted an important deflationary influence prior to the U.S. downturn in these two years. As evidence of the early downturn in 1929 Marcus cites first the decline in bank debits in the second quarter of 1929 below their level in the same quarter of 1928. He fails to mention their substantial recovery later in the year. His statement that newsprint exports were below their level of the previous year is wrong. Canadian exports of newsprint exceeded their level for 1928 in every month in 1929 except February.

Analyzes the expected effect of all measures which discriminate between firms on the basis of size, and that of the elimination of the dual-tax system in general equilibrium terms in Canada. Effect on the efficiency in the use of Canada's resources; Impact on shares of the Canadian national income that accrue to labor and capital; Relationship between significant partial factor taxes and the shape of the production possibility curve.

The article analyzes the factors that helped Canada escape from the effect of prolonged silver agitation in the U.S. despite a strong commercial dependence of the nation on the U.S. The silver agitation was aimed at abolishing the silver certificate currency notes to save money on paper. Financial causes like solidarity of the banking system is held responsible for the reproduction of the same commercial and financial conditions in the two countries. Emergence of local branches of the banks in Canada has not only ensured security to the community, but also resulted risk management at local level.

Presents excerpts from a paper delivered by the president of Bowaters Mersey Paper Co. Ltd. at the 16th annual conference of the Industrial Relations Center in September 1965 in Montreal, Quebec. Principles for handling automation and resulting worker displacement in Nova Scotia; Characteristics of labor relations in the province's paper industry.

Criticizes the paper of professor McInnis concerning the income of people in the Canadian regions. Materials used on the study; Justification made on the statistical method used; Claims of McInnis concerning the income of industrial nations.

Reports on the collective bargaining by the civil servants in Canada. Trade Union Act of Saskatchewan; Features of the collective agreements signed by the parties involved; Associations of Federal employees' demand for collective bargaining legislation.

This article presents the author's views regarding the critique by professor Clarence L. Barber on his article "The Cyclical Turning Points in an Open Economy: Canada, 1927-1939." The author argues that much of the disagreement between him and Barber and arises from differing treatment of the basic statistics. Barber has worked from seasonally corrected data, whereas the author has preferred the original series. In addition, in some of his citations Barber seems to prefer annual averages, whereas the author has stressed the monthly details. Barber is also unconvinced that the declining prices in the pulp and paper industry could have been significant, particularly since the value of production and exports continued to increase. However, following the 1928 newsprint price war the Canadian index of the prices of securities of paper companies dropped from 160.0 to 97.1, while the entire index of Canadian stock prices rose from 177.0 to 227.3. The price drop put pressure on profit margins, and led to widespread bankruptcies in the industry after 1929.

The article presents commentary about a paper written by L.B. Smith and J.W.L. Winder (S&W) entitled "Price and Interest Rate Expectations and the Demand for Money in Canada," which appeared in the June, 1971 issue of the "Journal of Finance." In that paper S&W presented a regression model in an effort to determine how the demand for real money balances is affected by expectations for interest rates. The author of the current paper presents analysis that offers a competing interpretation based on lagged responses, and also points out issues with serial correlation.

This paper summarizes the status of professional training for accountancy in Canada. Incorporated by the special act of the Federal Parliament in 1902, the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants spent the first ten years of its existence competing with previously incorporated provincial institutes, which were qualifying individuals as Chartered Accountants (C.A.) across Canada. Eventually the Ontario Legislature, Canada passed a law prohibiting the use of the title C.A. by non-members of the Ontario incorporated Institute. In Ontario, the admission requirement as a student-in-accounts is Grade XIII. For advance screening purposes, the potential student must have obtained an average of third class in the three mathematics courses of Grade XIII: algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. The potential student must obtain employment in the office of a practicing C.A. Each C.A. may employ a minimum of three students and the C.A. is responsible for giving practical experience and instruction. The prospective student may then apply to the Council of the Ontario Institute to be registered as a student-in-accounts. The genesis of the Commerce course in Canadian universities varies. In some institutions, the business administration program originated from the attempts of departments of economics and in other cases, the needs of the business community have led the universities to establish separate departments of business administration.

This paper develops an "economic opportunities model" of interprovincial labor movements in Canada. Viewing migration as a decision to invest in human capital, we postulate that migration flows are directly related to net present values of the investment decisions. A regression equation derived from the theoretical model contains two independent variables--the expected value of earnings differentials and a distance variable. Cross-section regression results are reported for each of ten provinces, but statistical considerations led to grouping the data into four multiprovince regions. Despite their essential simplicity, the four equations yield highly significant results, accounting for about one-half to two-thirds of the variation in interprovincial migration. The role of labor migration in secular economic growth and development has long been recognized. More recently, there has been a general broadening of interest and systematic inquiry into geographic labor mobility as some of its more immediate consequences have come to have important and highly visible social and political as well as economic effects; for example, the impact and consequences of the movement of the American Negro away from his traditional rural-southern location provide a dramatic illustration. This paper deals with the explanation of migration within the spatial and temporal contexts of recent (1956-61) interprovincial labor movements in Canada. And, while recognizing that population movements depend on an interrelated and complex set of social, cultural, and geographic factors as well as on purely economic variables, we focus primarily on the latter, and we do so by deriving from simple theoretical postulates testable regression equations which represent what might be called an "economic opportunities model" that describes migration as a decision involving investment in human capital.[2]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights the Early Experiential Deprivation and Enrichment and Later Development symposium in Montreal, Quebec. Proponents of developmentalism in psychology; Styles of verbal interaction between mother and child; Identification of basic sensory and perceptual mechanisms.

In this paper the authors present an interpretive discussion of the scope for management scientists to make a more effective contribution to improving the performance of the Canadian economy, by active involvement in management and decision making in Canadian institutions, both private and public. Initially the paper surveys the evidence on the differences in economic performance between Canada and the United States, outlining the methods used, and the results. Some factors turn out to be relatively unimportant in the differences, while others are quite crucial. In the broad area of manufacturing, the gap in economic performance is particularly wide. Tariffs in Canada and other countries have become important contributions to the existing product diversity, short production runs, high cost and low productivity in relation to performance in other countries. A further important area is the pattern of decision making in Canada which has led to a survival strategy and resistance to change rather than innovation, creativity and risk taking. This tends to perpetuate the lower levels of productivity found to exist. In the light of this analysis of economic factors and decision making, the paper makes some broad recommendations on the role of management scientists, the need for change in management style, and changes in tariffs that would accelerate change and would recognize the importance of interdependence for more efficient performance. The paper concludes on the theme "The Time is Now!". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes bid-ask spreads on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSE) and compares them to those of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Pricing data were compiled for a total of 177 TSE stocks from December 1 to December 13, 1971. Comparisons with NYSE pricing data from previous studies reveal spreads to be wider and marketability services as a whole more costly on the TSE. Possible explanations include structural differences between the two markets, as well as the differing roles of NYSE specialists and TSE registered traders.

Considerable attention bas been focused in the past two decades on the substitutability of the liabilities of private nonmonetary financial intermediaries for money, narrowly defined as the sum of currency and demand deposits adjusted. Discussion concerning this topic related to the United States, and most of the empirical work has been confined to that country. The essential folklore of that discussion crossed the border into Canada and is now even reflected in its textbooks on Canadian money and banking. However, very little empirical work has been done in Canada to examine this lore. This paper examines the substitutability for money of three nonmonetary assets over the period 1946-1967: (1) notice deposits in chartered banks, (2) deposits in trust companies,and (3) deposits in mortgage loan companies. Section I, assuming functional separability of liquid and riskless financial assets in a utility function over all goods, estimates a liquidity preference function for Canada. This method, followed by Cherty [2] and Hands [10], directly estimates the elasticities of substitution between money and near-money assets. These elasticities are estimated for the transactions approach to the demand for money in the first part of Section I and for the portfolio approach in the remaining part of the section. Estimates show a zero elasticity of substitution between the assets for both approaches. Although this is undoubtedly the most satisfactory theoretical approach to follow, the results contradict those for the United States, as shown in Chetty and Hands, as well as institutional practice in constructing money supply indices for Canada. This contradiction might be due to defective data on the rates of return on the assets. Section II then explores another method which avoids using these rates of return. It uses the canonical correlation technique to find the degree of moneyness or liquidity of the nonmonetary assets. This indicates that deposits in trust companies and... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author comments on the paper "Fixed, Flexible and Gliding Exchange Rates," by Lawrence B. Krause, as the paper relates to the postwar exchange-rate experience of Canada. He states that Canada was the only nation that had a true floating exchange rate after World War II, and that Canada also experienced an adjustably-pegged exchange rate and an exchange-control system. He mentions that in 1962, Canada reverted to the International Monetary Fund Agreement to peg exchange rates within a limit of one percent on either side of parity.

Unions in a general equilibrium model. This paper attempts to determine a union's equilibrium wage-employment tradeoff, i.e. the percentage change in the union wage which, will occur if the union restricts employment in the unionized industry by 1 per cent, taking into account the induced responses of producers and consumers. The paper also determines the changes in the real income of the various consumer groups in the model induced by the union distortion. Duality theory is used in order to derive 'painlessly' the union's employment-wage tradeoff as a function of the various elasticities of substitution and distributive shares, both in production and consumption. An illustrative numerical example based on Canadian data is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Capital Bias of DREE Incentives. This paper argues that the capital bias of the regional industrial subsidies offered by the Department of Regional Economic Expansion (DREE) under the Regional Development Incentives Act (RDIA) is inconsistent with the Department's primary objective - increasing employment in depressed regions, DREE is found to lower the costs of capital more than labour in all aspects of the RDIA incentive program. These aspects include (1) the three regional maximum-grant formulas, (2) the RDIA section which constrains grants to less than one half of the firm's capital, and (3) the individual grant offers made to firms by the department. In most cases, taxation is shown to lower the government's net payment without affecting the bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Federal-Provincial Tax Equalization: An Evaluation. The Canadian scheme for transferring revenues from Ottawa to the poorer provinces is cast in an algebraic framework and then evaluated, both on an empirical and analytical level. Included is a sensitivity analysis designed to answer questions such as the effect on Saskatchewan's equalization payments of an increase in Nova Scotia's sales tax. Included also is a discussion of the possibility for provincial strategies under the scheme. Several alternative formulations for equalization are also presented and evaluated. The final substantive section of the paper focuses on the funding of the scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Financing of Stabilization Policies: Evidence for the Canadian Economy. This paper examines the importance of including a government financing constraint in the derivation of monetary and fiscal policy multipliers for Canada. A fixed exchange rate model (eleven stochastic equations) is estimated, and dynamic multipliers are calculated for the period 1985-70. The results, which are explained through a series of sensitivity tests, show that only the monetary policy multipliers depend dramatically on the finance constraint. Several other changes in the model's structure are also examined. The importance of a direct liquid asset effect on consumption, and an estimated negative effect of expected inflation on investment are noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a critical evaluation of some methods commonly used in estimating flexibility coefficients for recursive programming models. It also suggests an alternative procedure for estimating coefficients that vary from year to year depending upon economic and noneconomic conditions. This method was found empirically superior to some previous approaches.

Minority groups differ from one another, among other things, in the extent to which they are integrated into or apart from the societies to which they belong. The extent of this integration or apartness is reflected in the various ways in which the minorities differ from the rest of the population, such as in the effect of economic class upon voting. No minority group is ever completely integrated into its society, for complete integration is tantamount to the extinction of group identity. No minority group is ever completely apart, for the term "minority" implies the existence of a majority with which the minority forms a common society. The dimension of integration-apartness is related to but not identical with the dimension of assimilation. Assimilation refers to the replacement or modification of group characteristics as a consequence of out-group contacts. Integration refers to the extent a minority actually forms a part of the body politic of its society. Thus, German "non-Aryan" Christians were fully assimilated but, in the Third Reich, certainly not integrated into the German society. In general, the term "integration" is applicable at various levels of analysis. We talk of the integration of individuals into groupings, the integration of these groupings into further units, and the integration of these into larger units in turn. In the case of our study, individuals are more or less integrated into their respective minority groups, and these in turn are more or less integrated into their respective societies. We are concerned in this paper with developing a measure for the degree of integration of minority groups into their societies. The basic proposition of this paper is: The more apart a minority group is from its society, the more will it differ from that society as a whole in the effect of economic class upon voting. An analysis of the voting of two minorities in Central Europe illustrates the above proposition. This is followed by comments on minority group voting in the United States and Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the text of a paper about origins and perspectives of the international representative read at the Nineteenth Annual Convention of the American Catholic Sociological Society at the Trinity College in Washington, D. C., on December 28-30, 1957. This paper is a discussion of a conceptual framework which has developed in connection with a study of the role of international representatives as a significant role in the American labor movement. The focus of the present discussion is on the role of international representatives as a non-professional role which is nevertheless capable of professionalization. This paper will further attempt to show that both short-run and long-run conditions affecting the trade union movement generally, and the role of international representatives in particular, require that this role become fully professionalized. The term "international representative" is employed in this discussion to signify the role of those officials who represent the international or national office at the local level. By an international office is meant the central office of a union having locals both in the U.S. and Canada.

This paper deals with a formerly quiet French-Canadian country town, now transformed into one of the leading Canadian centres of textile manufacture. Specifically, it describes the present competitive position of various classes in the town and relate the relevant facts to traditional life-objectives and expectations. Since but one case is presented, the treatment cannot be considered comparative in the full sense. A similar analysis could be made profitably in any community undergoing this type of change. The paper makes explicit use of the concept of position and implicit reference to the concept of status. Position is an individual's place in a competitive system. Status is an attribute of a person in society. Subjectively, it consists of his own definition of his place within a system of recognized duties and privileges; objectively, it is the recognition that the person occupies in fact, such a place. In a well integrated system of life, status and position tend to correspond. Each type of position in the existing competitive system would, in the logically ideal case, be defined as a status.

This paper examines three models of three countries showing the common economic theory of the firm underlying the models and modifications of the theory to account of institutional peculiarities. The models chosen for examination are Wharton Mark III, Bank of Canada RDX2, and the Economic Planning Agency. They are chosen from among the various models of the U.S., Canada, and Japan because all three use quarterly data, were made recently, are relatively similar in size and cover various sectors of the economy from demand as well as supply sides. The RDX2 model estimates business investment in machinery and equipment in aggregate terms rather than in industrial sectors. As in the case of investment equations, the adaptive adjustment equation, together with the mark-up on the unit wage rate, serves as the basis for price equations in these three macro models. The weighted average of U.S. prices is used in some price equations of the RDX2 model on the assumption that U.S. subsidiaries in Canada may follow management decisions of the parent companies. As a possible way to overcome the ad hoc introduction of lags, models which incorporate adjustment costs are suggested. However, the adjustment cost approach may not in general give better alternatives, particularly for models involving some degrees of aggregation. The three models surveyed in this paper, especially the Wharton and RDX2 models, employ the Almon lag in estimating the coefficients of the lag polynomial.

The article presents discussions by economists on various papers that are published in the May 1, 1953 issue of the journal "American Economic Review." The author states that economist John H. Dales paper is an application of location theory to the problem of the industrial potential of a region. It highlights certain requirements, which must be fulfilled before a region can become industrialized and which might be neglected without a location approach. The author states that Dales has constructed a macroscopic theory in which industrial structures or regions are units and not individual plants. He has, however, refrained from attempting to define the region. Much of the discussion relates to this weakness in the argument deriving from the lack of a precise unit. The author first accepts Dales premise that Central Canada can be distinguished as an economic region and comments on certain conclusions made by Dales. The author makes it clear that the low fuel-electricity consumption ratio in Quebec is attributable to the absence of heavy fuel-using industries and to the presence of industries, which consume large quantities of power. High inputs of either power or fuel are characteristic of plants in early stages of manufacturing and not in consumer goods plants. Thus, the low fuel-electricity ratio is not the result of the attractive force which cheap power has for light manufacturing plants in relation to that of cheap fuel.

Recent writings in the field of economic development place great emphasis on the human determinants of economic growth, such as the propensity to invest, the supply of entrepreneurship, social attitudes and the political climate. This paper is a study of energy resources and industrial development. It seeks to show how the availability of energy resources in Central Canada has affected the region's industrial development. Central Canada's energy supply is characterized by two features: a virtually complete dependence on imports for its fuels and excellent water-power resources. This supply situation is partially reflected in the relative contributions of different energy sources to total energy consumption in Central Canada as compared with the U.S. In industrial development, however, Central Canada has to compete with the United States. It is important, therefore, to appreciate the handicap with respect to coal supplies, which even Ontario suffers by comparison with American areas just across the Lakes.

The paper undertakes a theoritical analysis nd empirical investigation of changes in the Canadian trade balance. The theoritical discussion takes the form of a three-country general equilibrium analysis. In the completed model, changes in the trade balance are the result of variations in real incomes, relative prices, and autonomous international capital flows. The empirical study makes use of a reduced form of the model a multiple-regression equations. The empirical results suggest that (a) a devaluation would lead to an improvement in the trade balance via the price effect; (b) economic expression has resulted in a deterioration of the trade balance; and (c) long-term capital flows were, on the average, underaffected. This paper undertakes a theoritical analysis and empirical investigation of changes in the Canadian balance of trade. The theoritical discussion takes the form of a three-country general equilibrium analysis. A three-country analysis is particularly appropriate to the Canadian case since Canadian trade is roughly equally divided between the United States and the rest of the world. Within the framework of the completed model the changes in the balance of trade are the result of variations in real incomes, relative prices, and autonomous international capital flows (Johnson 1961; Kerap 1964; Floyd and Hynes 1968). On the whole the model in both forms, the two-country and three-country, performed quite well. The signs of the parameters were consistent with economic theory in all except one case where theory indicates a direction. The two- and three-country results were quite consistent with each other. The difficulty which arose due to the insignificance for World-Canadian and U.S.-Canadian price ratios seems to have a reasonable explanation in the lack of variability in the U.S.-Canadian price ratio. The two-country results suggest that, for the period under consideration, the relevant price elasticities are such that a devaluation would lead... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the following paper certain fads and tendencies in the field of university education in Sweden will be reviewed and some original findings reported, which all seem to have a bearing on the social role of universities in modern society. In one respect the situation in Sweden is by no means unusual though it raises important questions. Measured by student enrollment or similar statistics, universities are currently growing at a rate which has no earlier parallels. Another feature is less common and therefore deserves particular attention. There is relatively little selection between the senior secondary school stage and the university stage, a large proportion of those who graduate from the former proceed to a university or a professional school of equivalent status. There is selection social and intellectual at an earlier stage; the transition from the junior secondary school, or the new comprehensive school, to the gymnasium. In the earlier part of the paper statistical and other information will be offered which is national and overall in coverage, that is to say, describes the system as a whole or major branches of it. The later part will be based on a more intensive study of a panel of students in Lund, Canada who have been interviewed or approached by a questionnaire and followed through their first university years.

This paper attempts to bring together the demographic literature on differential migration with economic analysis of regional labor mobility. This is done by estimating a rather simple form of economic model of migration by means of linear regression analysis for specific age, education and occupation groups of male interprovincial migrants in Canada. The data on migration are from the population sample of the 1961 Census of Canada. The pattern of migration differentials displayed by these data is broadly similar to that observed in the United States and elsewhere. The regression results suggest that differential migration by education and occupation groups may be accounted for by the varying responsiveness of the various groups to economic gains obtained through migration. While this seems to be generally true of age differentials as well, the relationship of those to regional income differentials is weaker and points up an important role of motivations other than economic gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the role of the health department and more specifically the public health nurse in the care of the aged based upon a study of the sociomedical needs of old people in Ontario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on research papers prepared by researchers at the University of Toronto in Ontario. John Crispo is continuing his work on management of internal union trade-offs and on alternative business philosophies and their implications for industrial relations. He is also making a study of collective bargaining in the Canadian breweries and is up-dating his earlier study on international unionism, with particular emphasis on the current impact of international unions on the procedures and substance of collective bargaining in Canada. N.M. Meltz is working on a project concerning information on individual labor markets and manpower policy; he is also studying the application of manpower research to industrial relations. In addition, he is engaged in revising a working paper that will be published as a Report by the Institute of Policy Analysis, University of Toronto, on Patterns of University Education by field of study in Ontario, Canada and the U.S., from 1951 to 1969.

The article presents a reply to Kevin Clinton from L.B. Smith and J.W.L. Winder (S&W) concerning comments Clinton made about S&W's paper entitled "Price and Interest Rate Expectations and the Demand for Money in Canada," which appeared in the June, 1971 issue of the "Journal of Finance." S&W take issue with Clinton's interpretation of negative lag weights in their model. Additionally, they point out that a reservation Clinton had about a regression coefficient for interest rates was, in fact, consistent with their assumptions. Overall, they believe most of Clinton's criticisms stem from a misunderstanding of their work.

A preface is presented for the December 1973 Canadian issue of "Management Science."

The article examines individual investors in Canada and seeks to show that such persons are better at making investment decisions than is usually thought and to use the theory of the firm for the analysis. Data is derived exclusively from income tax returns and only looks at investments which have produced taxable income. For individual investors, the household budget provides the money to be invested and is therefore examined and compared with business practices. It is also noted that consumer debt rose considerably between 1951 and 1961. Particular interest is paid to lower income people, many of which are retirees.

In this article the major hypotheses which have been advanced to explain the movement of interindustry earnings differentials are tested in terms of the Canadian wage structure, which has been largely ignored in the extensive literature on this subject. The author concludes that Canadian interindustry differentials have widened since 1949 and that for the entire 1945-1956 period, the most important determinants of relative wage changes among industries were the original level of earnings and changes in employment. She also examines the effect or the wage structure of unionism, productivity changes, and other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entry plays a crucial role in microeconomic models of market structure and performance. However there has been very little direct empirical investigation of entry and its determinants over a broad cross section of industries. In this paper, the author constructs and estimates a model which assumes, that entry is a function of the incentives to enter relative to the level of entry barriers. The subject of the analysis is the cross-section differences in entry between the three-digit industries of the Canadian manufacturing sector. This paper's treatment of entry barriers has several important advantages over previous work. Those variables considered to be entry barriers are introduced directly as determinants of entry rather than the profit rate. This is a direct rather than indirect test of the propensity of these factors to deter entrants. A most important result is, that conclusions are less sensitive to those unavoidable measurement errors in the profit rate. The estimating equations consider a more extensive list of entry barriers over a larger sample, covering all types of manufacturing.

Annual variations are often more brutal for nuptiality than they are for other demographic phenomena. Short-term economic movements, in particular, seem to have a more direct impact. In the long run, however, nuptiality is generally considered as a much more stable factor than, say, fertility which has undergone profound changes in all industrialized countries over the past hundred years. In this article the social scientists will attempt to study these recent trends in the light of longer-term ones, by comparing nuptiality movements in four countries: Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand. In this paper, they study the nuptiality of birth cohorts by calculating the proportion ever-married at age 50, and mean age at first marriage. Data are not always strictly comparable between one census and another, especially in Canada and the United States where geographical coverage has varied through time. However, the numbers involved were small. Moreover, the definition of marital status has not been changed, at least not the basic distinction between single and ever-married. Through a study of nuptiality trends for the single for about a hundred different birth cohorts, they will attempt to determine whether attitudes towards marriage have changed. But first, they must eliminate the structural effects which affect the phenomenon studied. For instance, marriage becomes more difficult for women and female nuptiality decreases when there is a scarcity of potential male partners.

This paper presents a comparison between similar types of American and Canadian forecasts of annual gross national product for an identical period (1960-69) using the same error measures. It was concluded that on mean, mean absolute, and mean square error bases, American forecasts were significantly more accurate than were the Canadian ones in predicting relative changes in their respective annual gross national products during the period 1960-69. Forecasters in both the United States and Canada were likely to have made the same types of errors on average in forecasting any given year. The general conclusion from the analysis of the errors seemed to suggest that a bias toward underestimating change may be less evident in the American gross national product forecasts than in those made in Canada. The negative mean errors were smaller, the percentage of underestimates was smaller, the covariance components of the mean square errors were larger, and the regression and test statistics were less suggestive. One of the more important points is that when "adjustments" of the predictions for differences in the basic nature of the economies are made, the conclusions as to differences in the "accuracy" of aggregate forecasts made in various countries may change a great deal. That is, conclusions as to differences in forecasting ability based solely on the comparison of "absolute accuracy" could be seriously misleading if the economies are not of approximately similar natures. The method of "adjustment" used here assumes that information as to the nature of the economies is contained in the past history of the variables to be forecast, so that a more worthwhile comparison is obtained when the respective judgmental sets are first "adjusted" by extrapolative predictions from these past actuals. Comparisons of the "relative" accuracy of forecasts showed that the American predictions of annual gross national product percentage changes had larger relative mean square errors than did the Canadian sets. That is, the American sets were only about as accurate as, and probably less accurate then, relative to extrapolative predictions. the forecasts made in Canada. The predictive efficiency of the Canadian gross national product forecasts relative to that of the extrapolative predictions was generally higher than that of the American predictions; the amount of autonomous information and available extrapolative information included was also somewhat higher. However, the extrapolative information actually used in forecasting was quite low in both countries, probably because of the essentially trendless nature of percentage changes in gross national product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a probabilistic branch and bound procedure is developed for the ambulance location problem. Information on system characteristics under various ambulance assignments and dispatch rules was provided by a digital simulation. The output of the simulation was also used to construct the objective function for the optimal location problem. The procedure was used to determine ambulance locations in Vancouver, Canada. Solutions obtained from the branch and bound procedure were verified by simulation runs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Government of Alberta has undertaken a study to determine the feasibility of supplying natural gas to rural areas of the Province not currently served. The study covers various aspects relevant to the development of an overall plan for rural gasification, but the emphasis is on major factors affecting the economic viability of the venture. We discuss in this paper one segment of the study -- the problem of determining the demand for natural gas in rural areas. Three separate demand schedules, each based on a different methodology but using common data obtained from a survey of rural residents, are estimated. The three demand schedules are analysed and compared in an attempt to establish an overall demand curve for natural gas in rural Alberta. The price elasticity of demand for natural gas is determined from the demand function obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The whole concept of modelling has caught on, aided immeasurably by the considerable progress in computer technology. Mini-computers, timesharing systems, remote terminals, and graphical displays have placed computer power directly into the hands of the decision maker. This paper presents a corporate decision-aiding system, a family of timeshared models, developed for Xerox of Canada Limited (XCL) in an effort to link the functional areas for communication, planning, and control purposes. Using the approaches of statistical forecasting, heuristics, and simulation, the XCL Decision System assists and guides management all the way from deriving product demand forecasts to simulating the day-to-day operations of the firm to formulating divisional financial statements to preparing corporate operating and medium-range plans. Developed in a short time span and at low cost, the system is used extensively in Canada and has been adopted, in part, by U.S. corporate and regional offices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tests for certain benefits of foreign direct investment in the manufacturing sectors of two leading host countries---Canada and Australia. A quest for evidence on the effects of the multinational corporation needs little defense at a time when host and source countries alike incline towards restricting its activities. Economic theory tells us that intramarginal[2] gains from foreign investment take diverse forms. An evident and tangible gain to the host government stems from the corporate income tax collected from subsidiaries (net of the incremental cost of public services supplied to them). Other benefits, conjectural and elusive but possibly large, lie in the effects of direct investment on the value productivity of resources owned by the host economy (Macdougall, 1960; Corden, 1967; Caves, 1971). The host nation's private sector does not benefit directly because the foreign subsidiary is efficient, or brings to its shores skilled entrepreneurship or productive knowledge. Rather its gains depend on spill-overs of productivity that occur when the multinational corporation cannot capture all quasi-rents due to its productive activities, or to the removal of distortions by the subsidiary's competitive pressure. These potential benefits can be divided into three classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the theoretical background, methodology, and results of a small water-pollution study conducted in a suburban Canadian community. In the study, preferences of heads of households were determined for different levels of environmental water quality and cost to the household of achieving this quality. Inferences are drawn from the preference data about the underlying individual utility functions. Implications of the study methodology and results for social decision making are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a discourse about migration within Canada. The past ten years have witnessed an explosion of published research on migration. A series of review papers on the state of the knowledge may be worthwhile at this time. With specific reference to internal migration in Canada, this paper is offered as a part of the review exercise. In a short paper it is necessary to be very selective and cover topics with a broad brush. This comment applies here particularly to the analytical research on the spatial pattern of migration. Firstly, the author identifies some major questions for migration research. Then he summarizes some of the partial answers to the questions that have emerged so far in the work on Canada. Finally, the researcher will point up specific areas in which diminishing marginal returns on future research expenditures seem imminent, and other areas where much virgin territory appears to be ahead of migration analysts. In the interest of comprehensiveness, the term "migration" is used to include all residence changes, excepting those that are intendedly seasonal.

The economic determinants of entry into Canadian banking, 1963-7. The objective of this paper is to examine whether those barriers to entry which explain entry reasonably well in the manufacturing industries also explain entry in Canadian banking. On the basis of projections to banking from estimates over the manufacturing industries we predict a rate of entry into banking of over two new banks per year. This is significantly more than the observed rate over the relevant 1963-7 period of 0.25. The economic barriers to entry leave the low rate of entry into banking largely unexplained but there are provisions in the Bank Act which could be crucial entry barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents updates on the Canadian Economics Association as of November 1973. Minutes of the Seventh Annual Meeting on June 2, 1973, held in Kingston; Reports of managing editors; Papers presented at the meeting.

Market Structure and Price-Cost Margins: An Analysis of the Canadian Manufacturing Sector. This paper reports the results of an econometric investigation of the relationship between industry price-cost margins and various elements of industry structure in a cross-section of forty-three three-digit Canadian manufacturing industries during the period 1965-9. Among the elements of industry structure which are included as independent variables are the rate of growth of demand, seller concentration, product differentiation, economies of scale, and the effective rate of tariff protection. The principal conclusion of the study is that, given the rate of growth of demand and the level of capital intensity, inter-industry differences in price-cost margins are significantly correlated with a variety of measures of seller concentration. A second concluson is that a given level of seller concentration exerts a significantly greater effect on price-cost margins in the consumer goods sector than in the producer goods sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents results of an empirical study of the distinguishing characteristics of U.S. manufacturing corporations with foreign subsidiaries. Conclusions are drawn from two sets of data, the first covers 1191 manufacturing corporations, 576 of which owned a majority interest in a Canadian subsidiary in 1967. The second set of data, a subset of the first, covers Fortune's 500 largest industrial corporations, 187 of which qualified for the multinational designation of the Harvard Business School. The author hopes to draw some basic inferences about the direct investment process by comparing characteristics of those firms investing in Canada with those not doing so, of those which are multinational with those which are not and those which are multinational with those investing in Canada, if not in six other countries. In order to put the contribution of this paper into proper historical perspective, the author comments briefly on the existing literature on why firms invest abroad. Earlier research has tended to fall into one of two categories, studies of characteristics of industries in which foreign investing is comparatively heavy, or studies of characteristics of individual firms investing abroad.