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Information about several papers discusses on the British Ecological Society's winter symposium on January 3, 1958, and their 39th annual general meeting on January 4, 1958, is presented. Topics of the winter meeting include the ecological significance of pH, base status and related factors. Topics of the annual meeting include a proposal for an Ecological Survey of the Burren District of Country Clare in Ireland.

The article provides observations related to the epiphytism and to the method of over-wintering of certain species of the Phaeophyceae in the Lough Hyne district in Ireland. A list of the species found during early July in various areas in the district is presented. It relates the distribution of various Fucaceae species in Lough Hyne, including F. spiralis, F. vesiculosus, and F. serratus. The three ecological factors influencing the relative vertical and horizontal distribution of Fucaceae include the rise and fall of the tide, nature of substratum and angle of slope.

The article presents a report on Henry George's Remedies for Britain's Land Problems. When Henry George sailed for Great Britain in 1881, no one could have prophesied the far reaching consequences of his act. Within two yean both he and his book "Progress and Poverty," were to become household words in Great Britain. It is also true that George's arrest by the Irish constabulary in August, 1882, while he was observing conditions in the west of Ireland, and the questions subsequently asked in the House of Commons about this affair, gave him a publicity far beyond the effect of his book or speeches at this date. In his speeches George presented two main points: The social and economic condition of the British working man, and the remedy for his ills. In defining George's message to the British the author may leave out of consideration for the present the first of these points. Most British papers acknowledged the plight of the working man in the Eighteen Eighties; what George contributed in this respect was a description of conditions in unusually specific and moving terms.

Focuses on the Second Irish Crop Protection Conference in Dublin, Ireland on October 18-19, 1966, organized by An Foras Taluntais or The Agricultural Institute of Ireland and the Irish Agrochemicals Association. Number of delegates who attended the conference; Topics discussed at the conference.

This paper presents the results of applying the mortality multiplier approach to estate duty statistics in order to estimate the size distribution of personal wealth in the Republic of Ireland. It commences with an examination of the limitations of the estate duty statistics, a discussion of the problems involved in collecting the data, and a short consideration of the mortality multipliers used. Estimates are presented for the size distribution of personal wealth, and the distribution of wealth between age groups. Some comparisons are given with wealth in Northern Ireland, Great Britain and the U.S.A. Estimates of the components of personal capital were not found possible. Finally, preliminary estimates are made for the distribution of wealth among married and single persons, in order to provide the basis for an analysis of wealth possessed by wealth-owning units (defined as single males, single females and married couples). By making extreme assumptions, upper and lower limits are placed on the actual pattern of the size distribution of wealth by wealth-owning units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This section presents a list of publications on the economic and social history of Great Britain and Ireland, published in 1971. Some of the publications listed are: "The Hardwick Hall Inventories of 1601," edited by L. Boynton; "Bridgwater Borough Archives," edited by R.W. Dunning and T.D. Tremlett; "Collected Writings of J.M. Keynes," edited by E. Johnson; "The Acts of William I, King of Scots: 1165-1214," edited by G.W.S. Barrow; "A Calendar of the Talbot Papers in the College of Arms," edited by G.R. Batho; "The Journal of Giles Moore," edited by R. Bird; "The Register of Winwick Parish Church," edited by R. Dickinson; "The Register of Edmund Lacy, Bishop of Exeter: 1420-1455," edited by G.R. Dunstan; "Marriage Allegations in the Diocese of Gloucester," vol. 2, "1681-1700," edited by B. Frith; "Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland: XII, 1566-1574," edited by C.T. McInnes; "The Dorset Lay Subsidy Roll of 1332," edited by A.D. Mills; and "Minute Book of the Men's Meeting of the Society of Friends in Bristol: 1661-1686," edited by R. Mortimer.

The article presents several publications that relate to the topic of animal ecology. General papers on particular animal groups include "A List of the Harvest-Spiders of Ireland," by D. R. Pack-Beresford, "The Eisenias of North Wales," by H. Friend, and "A Further List of Species of Coleoptera new to the County of Hertfordshire," by B. S. Williams. Several publications on action of environmental factors are also mentioned including "Local Changes in Distribution," by T. G. Longstaff, "Studies of some Lanarkshire Birds," by W. Stewart, and "The Fauna of Brackish Pools of the Sussex Coast," by W. H. Thorpe.

The article lists publications on the economic and social history of Great Britain and Ireland. They include "Wells Cathedral Chapter Act Book, 1666-83," edited by D.S. Bailey, "The Inhabitants of Cardington in 1782," edited by D. Baker, "Milk to Market: Forty Years of Milk Marketing," by S. Baker, "Origins of English Feudalism," by R.A. Brown, "The Farmers of Old England," by E. Kerridge.

The article presents a list of publications on the economic history of Great Britain and Ireland. Some of the publications are "The Suffolk Committee for Scandalous Ministers: 1644-1646," edited by C. Holmes, "The London Eyre of 1244," edited by H.M. Chew and M. Weinbaum, "Recusant Rolls: 1594-95 and 1595-96," edited by H. Bowler, "The Letter Books of Samuel Wilberforce: 1843-68," edited by P.K. Hugh, and others.

This article presents a list of publications on the economic history of Great Britain and Ireland. Some of the books listed are "The Jamestown Voyages Under the First Charter, 1606-1609," by P.L. Barbour; "Records of the Trial of Walter Langeton, Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield," by A. Beardwood; "Two Estate Surveys of the Fitzalan Earls of Arundel," by M. Clough; "The Letters of Sir Francis Hastin," by C. Cross; "The Devonshire Lay Subsidy of 1332," by A.M. Erskine and "The Justiciary Records of Argyll and the Isles: 1664-17," by J. Imrie.

Presents a list of publications on the economic history of Great Britain and Ireland. "Liverpool Registry of Merchant Ships," by R. Craig and R. Jarvis; "The Correspondence of Sir James Clavering," by edited by H.T. Dickinson; "Willoughby Letters of the First Half of the Sixteenth Century," edited by M. A. Welch.

The article discusses the ecological study of the Lough Ine Rapids, considered to be favorable for research of the action of water current on marine organisms. In the study, water temperature was used as a guide to the movement of bodies of water passing through the Rapids. A Pitot tube and a manometer was used to study the current of water under the algae, covering the floor of the Rapids. Precaution was taken to prevent the formation of bubbles in the tubing between the Pitot tube and the manometer. The study found that estimates of the speed of current at the surface obtained with a Pitot tube are in agreement with those got by a Watts meter. It was also seen that when the current at the surface is fast, the current may be considerable within a very short distance of the rocks.

The article presents a study on the effects of water current in the ecology of Lough Ine Rapids in Ireland. Lough Ine, a marine lake about 1 kilometer long and 50 meters deep, opens southwards by Rapids, narrow channel, into Barloge Creek towards Atlantic. Preliminary studied is on Hydrography of Rapids, It shows resistance of water flow modified the tidal rhythm in Lough. It is revealed that Rapids act as control section during outflow so outflow rate is independent of sea water level. The measure of current speed with watts meter, fastest current is always in the down stream side and highest reading gotten was 3 meters per second about 6 knots. There is a distribution of laminarian algae that formed canopy. Several diagrams are presented.

Information about the summer meeting in south-west Ireland from August 12-21, 1936 is presented. Talks were given about the district and proposed expeditions. One speaker of the meeting described the geology of the region and that the bands of slate and limestone alternate in an east-west direction. There was a visit to the valley opening to the coast at Trealispean, with an interesting series of plant communities from freshwater fen to maritime types.

The paper describes tests of the stability of three types of interindustry coefficients, industry-to-industry, commodity-to-industry, and commodity-to-commodity. Data for the first two tests are drawn from all sectors of the Irish economy, while the third test uses regression analysis to investigate sources of variation of material and labour input coefficients within one industry—shirtmaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article lists publications on the economic and social history of Great Britain and Ireland. They include, "Population in the Past: Family Reconstruction by Computer," by R.S. Schofield, "The History of the Dutch Slave Trade: a bibliographical Survey," by P.C. Emmer, "Sixteenth-century fiscal sources for the social and economic history of the Flemish countryside," by N. Maddens, and "The socialist trade unions after the First World War (1919-21)," by M. Nauwelaerts.

Irish political parties cannot be easily fitted into a conventional left-right framework. The Lipset-Rokkan centre-periphery concept is employed to explain this situation, and, in particular, to throw light on the persistent success of Fianna Fdil, the nationalist-populist party which has dominated the system since 1932. It is argued that Ireland affords an example of a polity in which the political concerns and style of the rural periphery came to "invade" and dominate the urban centre for more than a generation. Evidence from a study of urban party activists indicates a persistence of rural political styles and ideological perspectives in a social context which has been urban for well over half a century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides information about the distribution of Aphelocheirus aestivalis Fabr. forma montandoni Horv. in Irish waters in Ireland. Performance of faunal surveys on a large number of Irish lakes and river systems; Absence of correlation between the alkalinity and hardness results and the distribution of A. montandoni; Presentation of the locations of rivers in association with the solid geology of Ireland.

The article throws light on the industrialization and regional development in Ireland between 1958-72. Ireland lagged in industrial growth not only far behind Great Britain but also the rest of Northern Europe. Owing to the inability of the Irish Government to engender a viable economy, the 1950s were years of economic, social and psychological depression. In 1958 the first program of Economic Development was launched, marking the cessation of hostility toward foreign investment and the dismantling of protectionist barriers. The new economic strategy, implemented under the aegis of the Industrial Development Authority (I.D.A.), called for vigorous encouragement of foreign industry and promotion of a healthy export oriented economy. in Ireland the incentives surpass those offered elsewhere in Europe. Foremost among those are non-repayable cash grants for the cost of fixed assets of up to 35 per cent of the total cost. To promote a more harmonious regional balance the I.D.A. adopted a strategy of economic decentralization, meaning the discouragement of further industrialization in the immediate Dublin, Ireland, area.

The article presents information on the entry for Burden Research Medal and Prize which is open to all registered medical practitioners who are working in the field of mental subnormality in Great Britain or Republic of Ireland. The award for 1974, total value 250 pound, may be presented at Stoke Park Hospital on or about the April, 1974, for outstanding research work which has been published, accepted for publication or presented as a paper to a learned society during the three-year period ending on December 31, 1973.

A reprint of the article "Ulster and Fire" by Tom Wilson, which appeared in the July 1939 issue, is presented. Topics include the relation of the English Conservative Party to Ulster Unionism as a movement in Northern Ireland, the economic impact of Northern Ireland on Great Britain, and the social impact of disputes between Protestants and Roman Catholics in Ireland.

The article discusses voluntary rural-urban migration seen among Irish rural youth. Two basic questions are studied: first, the proximate causes or correlates of the personal decision to migrate; and second, the antecedent impersonal social structural forces, whose varying effects on migration decisions are mediated through those more proximate factors, eventually bringing about major differentials in migration rates. Differentials relating to educational level, sex and geographical remoteness are focused upon. In studying the migration decisions of a cohort of Irish rural adolescents, it was found that predictable and systematic variations in a small number of factors explained most of the variance in their migration plans at the personal level, and in migration differentials at the structural level. The relationship between the person's aspirations, particularly occupational and income aspirations, and his assessment of the adequacy of the local community's opportunities is the major determinant of migration plans.

The article discusses the fifth congress of the European Society for Rural Sociology, held in Ireland. More than ever before the Congress enjoyed the attention of the authorities. The Minister for Agriculture and Fisheries, Mr. Charles J. Haughey, not only acted as a patron and opened the Congress, but also offered the participants a reception. The Most Reverend Dr. Thomas Morris, Archbishop of Cashel, acted as a patron and participated in the meetings. The participants enjoyed the reception offered by the Institute and highly appreciated the personal interest shown by its Chairman, Mr. J.G. Litton and its director Dr. T. Walsh.

The article discusses fertility ratio in Ireland before famine. At first, in "The Population of Ireland 1750-1845," professor K.H. Connell had concluded that fertility in Ireland was "remarkably higher" than in England and Wales. The crude birth-rate in Ireland in the 1830's is said to have been 33 per 1,000. Inspection of the Irish Census of 1851, and in particular the numbers of children reported at different ages, helps to confirm the impression that those missing at ages 0 and 1 a decade earlier, in 1841, were wholly lost and not included in error at other ages. In the Census of 1851 the effects of the famine show themselves in two ways. First, the number at each age is lower than in 1841, although, the difference tends to narrow progressively as one moves from the youngest ages towards the oldest of those included. Secondly, the number aged 3 in 1851 is much smaller, relative to that aged 2, than it had been in 1841. Those aged 3 at the time of he 1851 Census would have been born between March 31, 1847 and March 30, 1848.

The object of this article is to explore the regional pattern of Irish demographic change between 1871 and 1911, and to try to establish the role of economic factors in these developments. As the nineteenth century progressed, more demographic data became available in Ireland and the quality of these data improved. The first formal census of population was conducted in 1821, and regular censuses were taken at ten-year intervals thereafter. The count is generally believed to have attained a high level of accuracy by 1841. In 1864 compulsory registration of births, deaths, and marriages was introduced into Ireland and the subsequent publication of annual reports by the registrar-general provides a source of demographic information that supplements the census data. By 1871 all the ingredient data required to calculate both of the measures of marriage rates and marriage fertility described above were being collected and published for Ireland. In order to facilitate a comparison of census and registration data, alternative measures of marriage rates and marriage fertility have been calculated for 1871 and 1911.

The article focuses on the economic policy of Ireland and India in the time of economist John Stuart Mill. The purpose of this article is to compare some of the main aspects of economic policy in Ireland and India in Mill's day, and to consider whether, as he believed, the paternal government of India was more successful than the semi-representative government of Ireland in its handling of the problems involved. At first sight, Ireland and India might seem to afford more grounds for contrast than comparison: but in the nineteenth century the similarity, remarked by Mill, between the economies of the two countries was quite considerable. In each, a growing population strained the resources of a backward agriculture, which was yet the only source of employment for the vast majority. Consequently, those charged with the government of both countries faced similar problems in regard to economic policy, arising eventually from the extreme poverty of the great mass of the people. It hardly needs to be emphasized that the policy-makers of that day did not see the problem of economic development as involving them in a concerted effort to raise levels of real income, as would their counterparts today. Nevertheless, in India certainly its British governors realized their responsibility for the welfare of the people, and recognized its economic dimension.

The article focuses on pre-Famine Irish population history. That this article is mainly devoted to points originally raised by Dr Michael Drake illustrates its great debt to his exceptionally stimulating article. The main implication of his argument is that, as median male age at marriage was fairly high in the 1830's, falling age at marriage can have made little or no contribution to population increase in the eighteenth century. But while he has opened important new lines of inquiry, the author is not convinced that he has succeeded in excluding falling age at marriage as a possible factor in pre-Famine demographic change, particularly as he pays relatively little attention throughout to female age at marriage. Because of his failure to consider marriage patterns in the context of the class structure, it seems to the author that the Poor Inquiry of 1836 emerges less discredited from this discussion than Dr Drake believes. Following an ingenious dissection of the methods employed by the Census Commissioners in collecting statistics on age at marriage retrospectively throughout the 1830's, Drake concludes that the trend towards later marriage which they depict probably did not occur.

This article shows that sales of Guinness' Brewery are an unreliable index of the intensity of economic trends as discussed in Patrick Lynch and John Vaizey's article "Guinness's Brewery in the Irish Economy, 1759-1876". It compares the beer consumption in the country between 1837 and 1871. It also criticizes the Lynch and Vaizey's tendency to substitute increases in Guinness' sales for overall increases in beer consumption. Finally, the article claims that Lynch and Vaizey have exaggerated the growth of beer consumption from the thirties to the seventies by relying so heavily on trends in Guinness' sales.

This article discusses the resistance of the British manufacturing sector to the commercial clauses of the Irish Act of Union affecting wool during the 18th century. The repeal of Poynings' Law in 1782 and the Renunciation Act of 1783 left the nature of Anglo-Irish political and commercial ties too loosely defined in the eyes of many politicians in England, if not in Ireland. British Prime Minister William Pitt's commercial propositions of 1785 were planned as a means of ensuring an Irish contribution to imperial defense in return for Anglo-Irish free trade. These propositions foundered on the vocal and well-organized opposition of British manufacturing interests, acting as a co-ordinated pressure group. Fear both of Irish competition and of an unequal distribution of fiscal burdens stimulated the opponents of Pitt's propositions, and after being modified so severely as to arouse the opposition of the Irish in their turn, the scheme was abandoned. Except for a few minor changes, such as the relaxation in 1793 of the Navigation Acts affecting Ireland, no substantial review of Anglo-Irish commercial relations was attempted until late in 1798, when, following several years of unrest and threatened invasion in Ireland, Pitt's ministry decided to promote an Anglo-Irish legislative union. Although the British Parliament approved the principle of union by large majorities in January 1799, at the same time the Irish House of Commons narrowly rejected it.

Deals with the influence of international labor standards on Irish law and practice. Population of the country as of July 1972; Statistics on the employee labor force in the region; Conformity and responsiveness to supervisory machinery.

The article presents a study which describes a search for patterns of species density in an area of strong climatic gradients at Connemara, in the Western Ireland. It reports that the stone-walls on south-facing slopes in Connemara have smaller values for species density than do those on north-facing slopes. It mentions that the pattern of species density appears to reflect the aspect of the regional slope, and the degree of exposure to maritime air masses. It notes that the within any aspect class, the species density of old stone walls increases with the distance inland from the south-west coasts of Connemara.

The article presents a study on the distribution of British liverworts. The study used data from the Census Catalogues on mosses and hepatics and published by the British Bryological Society. Association-analysis was using a computer was done to examine patterns in the distribution of plants in one hundred fifty-two vice counties in Great Britain and Ireland. The study provides comparisons of the distribution of plants in several areas in Great Britain. An overview of the results on the results of the association-analysis is presented.

The article presents a study on the effect of potassium and magnesium concentration on the growth of Schoenus nigricans, and the effect of pH on its early development. It states that to identify which nutrients might be significant in the growth of S. nigricans, plants from various habitats in Galway were analyzed. It mentions that significant positive correlations were obtained with potassium and magnesium. Plants were then grown on Eriophorum peat from the north Yorkshire moors at various levels of potassium, magnesium and pH. Results showed that plants on the Eriophorum peat did not grow so well as those on Galway peat.

The article examines the hydroid Sertularia operculata on boulders in the Lough Ine Rapids in Ireland and its associated flora and fauna. Through field methods, boulders with Sertularia operculata on the upper surface were lifted from the Lough Ine Rapids at low slack water and transferred to Codium Bay. Every boulder is given a number which indicate the number of days it remained in the Codium Bay. Sertularia operculata transferred to the bay soon started to die and a decline in the number of living hydranths had happened by the end of the first week. Along with some other form of algae, a huge population of diatoms developed on the perisarc of the transferred Sertularia operculata.

The article examines the fauna and flora associated with tufts of undergrowth-forming algae in the Lough Ine Rapids and adjacent part of Lough Ine and Barloge Creek. The methods involve the selection of clumps comprising of a single species of alga during July 1953. Among the collected and preserved algae include Porifera, Amphipoda, and Isopoda. Of the 39 most abundant species, it is identified that four are plants, while 35 are animal species. They include Jassa falcata, Caprella acutifrons, and Mytilus edulis.

The article presents a study which examines the distribution of some common plants and animals of the littoral and shallow sublittoral regions in relation to wave action in the Lough Ine area. Thirty-three accurately defined stations have been used for the study of the distribution and population density of common plants and animals of the littoral and sublittoral regions in the Lough Ine area. According to the study, littoral species treat the Rapids as sheltered, probably because there is little splash.

The article presents a study which assesses the effects of rapids to the hydrographical conditions in South Basin in Lough Ine, Ireland. It states that all water coming on inflow remains separate and goes out again on outflow and the water which mixes with old water leaves again. The study also reveals that the discontinuity of temperature, acidity and oxygen saturation influence the deep and coldness of the water. It concludes that the epilimnion of the basin is replaced by the sea water outside from the rapids by 50 percent.

The article presents a study which examined the status of Mercurialis perennis in Ireland and investigated whether Mercurialis perennis is indigenous in Ireland or is it introduced. It has found that Mercurialis perennis has been introduced in Ireland with the probable exception of the station in County Clare. Information is presented on the vegetative development of Mercurialis perennis. The study has also revealed that the static nature of the plant in Ireland is a result of the absence of any suitable agent of dispersal.

The article provides data on surface soils and vegetation at Old Head, Ireland. Rainfall in Old Head averages 54 inches annually, dropping from six inches in November up to about three inches monthly from April to June. Temperature in Old Head averages 50 degree Fahrenheit in January up to 59 degree Fahrenheit in August. The study recorded tree canopy, ground vegetation, depth of the mor layer, and presence or absence of earthworms while 55 samples of surface soils and 17 samples of subsurface were collected. Tables showing the results for the soil and vegetation distribution in relation to depth of the mor humus layer are provided in the article.

The article offers information on Colchicum autumnale L. It states that this is a perennial herb, the underground portion of which is an ovoid corm about 5 cm. in diameter covered with the dark brown remains of old leaves. It also mentions that in many localities this plant has been destroyed for it is identified to be poisonous to cattle. This plant is found in the south-east part of Ireland, particularly the Nore Valley in Kilkenny. It also grows in damp meadows and pastures in central Europe, east to Lithuania and Romania and south to north Italy and Spain.

The article discusses the biological characteristics such as structure, distribution and habitat, of the plant species Arbutus unedo. Arbutus unedo is a small tree with a rounded or flat crown of leaves, a brown bark with reddish tinge and evergreen leaves. It is seen to be confined to Ireland in the British Isles, but is essentially a Mediterranean plant and extends to the west coast of Europe. In Ireland, A. unedo is observed to thrive in cliffs, hillsides, rocky shores and islets where there is little depth to the slates and sandstones where it is attached. Observations also show that although adult Arbutus unedo trees can tolerate frost, it can affect their output of seed and fruit. Tables and illustrations containing information on the Arbutus unedo are also presented.

The article discusses a study on the vegetation of Carrowkeel, a flat-topped hill, roughly elliptical in plan with long axis running from north-north-west to south-south-west of Ireland. It is composed of Upper Carboniferous Limestone almost horizontally bedded though it can be seen in places to dip very slightly to the south-west. Its climate is marked by very frequent but not heavy rain and the vegetation of this area is at least semi-natural in spite of the fact that it has been subjected for about 4000 years of unpredicted human disturbances. Furthermore, farming as the means of cultivation or intensive grazing in enclosed fields are restricted to the drift-covered areas. In addition, its vegetation feature a great variety of flora which has 240 species.

The article provides an account of the natural oakwoods of Killarney, South-west Ireland. It gives an accurate description of the three major types of such woodland at Derrycunihy, on the acid soils. These are said to be considered to be important variants of the climax community and their description offers a basis for their comparison with oaklands elsewhere in Europe. A description is also given on an example of plant succession from the bare rock to oakwood on Arbutus Island. The article further discusses the ecological status of Arbutus unedo at Killarney.

The article discusses the ecology of Breckland and its position, topography, climate, soil and vegetation. The author explains that Breckland is a physiognomic unit that has a vegetational features determined by a dry soil in a dry climate. He mentions that Breckland's surface contain gentle slopes without the steep-sided coombs. The author compares the meteorological data for Valencia in Ireland, Cambridge in Breckland and Berlin. He also mentions that Breckland's surface has small patches and as a whole, it is overlaid with glacial deposits.

The article presents preliminary data on plant and animal life from a biological station established in Lough Ine and Baltimore District in Ireland. It relates the role of the bequest left by E. Crawford Hayes in the establishment of the biological station. It describes the role of Asterias glacialis L. and Nassa incrassata in the absence of hake and pilchards in the coast of Lough Ine. It discusses the habitat offered by the diverse geology in Lough Ine and Baltimore District. Information is presented on the animal and plant species present in the area.

The article presents an ecological study of the mountain vegetation in Ireland. It mentions that the pollen investigations suggested evidence of a birch-alder-hazel scrub with ericaceous species in almost constant association. Moreover, it was found that pine and oak trees were present and well established within the limits of the Divis area. Lastly, it says that the frequent remains of Eriophorum and the reduction in the general pollen frequency in the upper layers of the peat signify that this scrub period was followed by a wetter period, which tolerated the formation of bog at the expense of the tree covering, leading to greater exposure of the area to the action of wind, rain and frost.

Urine samples from boys admitted to a Remand Home in Ireland during the last quarter of 1969 and the first quarter of 1970 have been analysed by gas liquid chromatograph, for the presence of amphetamine and nicotine. Government control of the import, distribution, and salt of amphetamine preparations was imposed in Ireland at the beginning of 3970. During the last quarter of 1969 amphetamine was detected in the urine of 11-4 per cent of the sample of 123 boys. During the first quarter of 1970, 171 samples of urine were tested, and amphetamine was found in 0.6 per cent. Nicotine was detected in 69 per cent of the specimens during the last quarter of 1969 and in 71 per cent during the first quarter of 1970. The reported results of analyses for amphetamine in urine: from English Remand Home boys have been analysed during the period 1965 to 1970. There has been a consistent and slow reduction in percentage of positive samples from 17.2 per cent in 1965 to 2.0 per cent in 1970. This reduction is compared with the sudden fall from 11.4 per cent to 0.6 per cent which took place in Ireland during the six month period when the Government control order on amphetamines came into effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1851 Religious Census was unique in so far as no body of the state up to that time or subsequently had dared to use tools of counting to encroach on what was, and still is, held to be the private domain of attendance at public worship. Nor has the government of any country in recent times found it desirable or expedient to probe into such a matter. Certain countries today make it obligatory for citizens to declare their religious allegiance at the time of taking a census, as was the case in Ireland in 1834. In Germany at the present time a question on religious affiliation is needed for the distribution of church taxes, and in Canada a question has been included since 1871 for no clearly defined end as of December 1967. The rise of religious sociology since the end of Second World War has precipitated a renewed interest in the size and social composition of church congregations, but such surveys as have been carried out on the Continent and in England have all been executed by voluntary agencies, usually by the denominations concerned and then on a very limited scale. No attempt has been made to engage in so mammoth a task as to cover every church and chapel on a given Sunday in one country. That the 1851 Religious Census has never been repeated is sufficient evidence in itself to show that the experiment had limited success. Both with respect to the immediate reception that the census received from certain quarters, and from results after it was taken on March 30, 1851, it became apparent that it did not yield the kind of information that it was intended to produce.

Methods whereby an Asdic may be used empirically to examine the sea bed are discussed. They indicate that on flat sea bottoms the effects of impedance and attenuation combine to produce a record usually distinctive enough to broadly classify the sediment over which the vessel is passing. These methods were used to interpret an area of unconsolidated sand, gravel and mud in the region of Arklow off the east Irish Coast. Echo-sounder traverses and sea bed sampling were also employed to assist with the interpretations. The sea bed is composed of dissected residual gravels covered in places with mobile sand displaying a great variety of high-energy bed forms. Mechanisms of sub-littoral sediment circulation, based largely on the bed forms recognized in the Asdic records, are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]