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The article provides an overview of various publications on foreign vegetation. The Finnish Forest Survey deals with the results of estimations of the forest vegetation, tree production and soil character, along 39 survey lines. The paper "The Plant Formations on the Coral Reefs Along the Northern Coast of Cuba," by J. C. Th. Uphof in the "American Journal of Botany," found that the reefs form masses of stone near the shore or at some distance out. The principal vegetation types occurring west of the hundredth meridian are enumerated in "Types of Vegetation in the Semiarid Portion of the United States and Their Economic Significance," by A. E. Aldous and H. L. Shantz in the "Journal of Agricultural Research."

Specimens of Stenostomum, which could be attributed to either S. anatirostrum or S. bryophilum, from Britain, Kenya and Poland have been described, and compared with published descriptions of similar material collected in Brazil and Finland. It is concluded that 5. bryophilum ought to be regarded as a synonym of S. anatirostrum. S. anatirostrum is a very variable species with a wide geographical distribution. It occurs in aquatic and damp terrestrial habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents updates on congresses related to herbicide and crop protection as of December 1971. Highlights of the First Indonesian Weed Science Conference held in January 1971 at Bogor; Schedule of the Third International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry which will be held in 1974 in Helsinki, Finland.

THIS paper is part of a broad comparative analysis of the role of the state on the labour market in Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland. The analysis includes the historical background and the structure of interested organizations--these are the independent variables--and the legal rules for conflict resolution, the role of the state as employer, and the methods of incomes policy, which are all regarded as dependent variables. Space does not permit a full account of all parts of the investigation. We have to concentrate upon the methods used for pursuing an incomes policy, and these methods will be analyzed in connection with the collective bargaining systems. We can only hint at some historical background data, and at some of the salient facts about organizational structure and rules for conflict resolution, which should be seen as explaining variables in the analysis of collective bargaining systems and incomes policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an attempt to examine the applicability of the relative income hypothesis (RIH) in terms of its various specifications proposed by Duesenberry, Duesenberry, Eckstein and Fromm (DEF), Davis and the authors (MD). Using the time series data for 1951 through 1968 the analysis has been carried out for Canada, Finland, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Japan, Philippines, Sweden, United Kingdom and the United States. It is found that RIH provides a fairly good representation of the consumption behaviour of all the countries included in the study. All specifications, however, do not perform equally well. DEF and Davis functions score the maximum points; MD comes at par with DEF in case of Finland, Guatemala, and India. The original Duesenberry specification performs very poorly. This lends us to conclude that the process of habit formation is continuous contrary to what is implied by Duesenberry's original specification and that consumption is a better indicator of the standard of living than income is. Estimates of the long-run marginal propensities to consume are essentially the same as those computed from the permanent income hypothesis by Singh and Drost [1970]. This lends support to the view that the two hypotheses have essentially the same long-run implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information related to the field of periodontology. The annual meeting of the Scandinavian Society of Periodontology was held in May 1974 in Helsinki. Knut Selvig of Norway was elected as president, to serve from July 1, 1974 to June 30, 1975. The "Sir Wilfred Fish Research Prize" was instituted in 1970 by the British Society of Periodontology, with the object of promoting periodontal research by young workers. The research work should have an application to periodontology and must be unpublished.

The article presents information on the short-term national accounts in Finland. By the autumn of 1958, the planning of quarterly calculations of the national accounts was begun and the data on the national income of Finland was found. At the same time as plans were being made for quarterly accounts, an optimum solution was sought for the development of national income statistics in general. The constraints that had to be taken into account included, first, the smallness of the national accounting staff and its insufficient training and second, relatively weak short-term primary statistics. The objectives striven for were, first, to initiate long-term national income research for the purposes of growth studies and other allied investigations, second, to commence input-output studies and several other objectives. The most important of those objectives was to commence quarterly national income calculations. The first quarterly study, done as an experiment, showed nonetheless that the staff of the Division for National Accounting had to work a great deal of overtime.

Sex-role expectations and performance at home and work and social participation are examined on the basis of 444 interviews among the adult population of Helsinki. Women are supposed to be and are more passive in at most all kinds of social participation outside the home, even though the Finnish women, internationally compared, have a high educational level and often work outside the home. The attitudes toward the division of labor between the sexes show that expectations about a woman's employment for economic reasons correlate neither with radical nor with traditional views about the woman's role. The women are more dissatisfied with the division of household tasks at home than with their occupational positions. The norms demanding equality of the sexes seem to be better followed in public than in private life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses co-operation between farmers in Finland. Agriculture has become organized increasingly as family farming, i.e. hired workers have decreased. Farmers who co-operate intensively have more enthusiasm for agriculture and are more given to traditional values of rural living. Agriculture has also become increasingly mechanized. Further, specialization is growing on farms. These large-scale trends have been accompanied by a change from a relatively self-supporting farming community to a monetary society. Through these changes, the tradition of co-operation has fared well. It is still an important and notable trait in the social system of Finnish farming communities. Co-operation with machinery is becoming the commonest and the most important form. In organizing the common use of machines there are two possibilities: firstly, the informal kind of co-operation and secondly, some kind of machine station. The most difficult problems associated with co-operation between farmers are social in character.

A new merit rating method, the mixed standard scale, was developed in Finland and applied there in several different occupations at the worker level. This method minimized the common errors in rating, and it provided a very useful index of the accuracy of rating. The purpose of the present investigation was to ascertain the applicability of the rating method to personnel at the managerial level, and at the same time to ascertain its applicability in a different cultural setting, the United States. Both the halo effect and leniency error were found to be relatively in- significant, and the indices of accuracy of ratings the method provides were again found to be useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparisons were made between perceptions of parents of Finnish and American boys and girls, nine to eleven years of age. The findings indicate considerable similarity and few differences between the national groups, between boys and girls, and between the age levels in the ways parents are viewed. All children tended to view the mother more frequently than the father as a source of understanding and comfort, and all the groups saw the father more often than the mother as dominating, punitive, and fear-provoking. The proposition that older children tend to view the parent of the same sex less positively than younger children was not supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the implementation of the 40-hour work per week in Finland. Factor that led to its development; Impact of the process on non-manual workers.

Discusses findings of a study on the drinking patterns in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Level of consumption of alcoholic beverages in the countries from 1906 to 1963; Shift of Denmark from spirit drinking to beer drinking; Average age of teenagers who are users of alcoholic beverages.

Concerns the story preferences of U.S. and Finnish grade-school children. Subjects and procedure; Story titles; Favorite fiction stories of U.S. girls.

Low amounts of selenium in 25 plant species in Finland were related to low amounts of selenium in the soil. No plant acted as an accumulator. Acid soils and iron hydroxides reduced uptake. Generally vety little selenium is found in plants and soils in Finland (frequently < 30-50 ppb Se). Such values in forage are regarded as the lower limit before nutritional deficiency occurs in cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]