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The study of Asian societies has not yet had its share of attention within the framework of comparative sociology as a whole. As one step towards remedying this situation, a one-day conference, called by the British Sociological Association, was held in London, England, at the School of Oriental and African Studies on December 2, 1961, to discuss the position of sociology in Asia. Papers dealing with India, China, Japan, Malaysia, Thailand and Indo-China and Burma were presented at the conference. Coverage was thus fairly comprehensive, though certain areas, including the whole of the Middle East, were left out on this occasion. The aim of speakers present at the conference was to assess the present state of knowledge about societies they were considering, with special reference firstly to sociologists of Asian nationality and secondly to the current contribution of British scholarship. Papers that were presented, while they showed wide variation in the state of sociology in different countries, also showed for Asia as a whole a volume of work being done which western sociologists could ill afford to ignore. Some criticism arose in the discussion of the idea of regional research entrees and of inter-disciplinary teams assembled for area studies. There was discussion also of the alleged problem of translating sociological concepts into Chinese or Japanese.

The paper presents an overview of current recycling policies in contemporary China within the broader context of China's efforts to protect and improve her social and physical environment. Starting with an interpretation of China's traditional agriculture as a 'recycling' and energy producing economy, different efforts to improve the use of organic waste materials in agriculture are shown to have had positive results which, however, could be further improved by modern methods of recycling developed in the USA and other industrialized countries. The recovery of materials and their re-use or, as it is called in the Chinese literature, 'turning the harmful into the beneficial' may be regarded as one of the guiding principles of China's anti-pollution policies not only in agriculture but also in industry where both labor intensive methods and modern equipment are in operation. Control of inputs and location are shown to play an additional role in China's environmental policies. The paper concludes with a presentation of the Chinese interpretation of the causes of environmental disruption in the light of Chinese sources available in translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family Structure is a core social unit and fundamental social change necessarily involves a redefining of such a basic structural element. The leadership of the People's Republic of China, largely through specific attention to mate selection and marital arrangements and rituals, has attempted to strengthen the conjugal bond and weaken the filial bond in the Chinese family. Information gathered from press reports, and more importantly, Chinese families, suggests significant changes have occurred in the area of mate selection. It was found that a marriage between two well-acquainted individuals characterizes one-half of rural marriages and all urban marriages of respondents since 1958. The socially and geographically mobile youth are most likely to many freely because they are beyond parental control, and they have participated in heterosexual peer relationships in school and on the job. Closer examination reveals, however, that changes in the more complex areas of obligations and responsibilities to the household and parents are much slower to manifest. The ultimate form and style of the family relationships will be in large part determined by the balance between the community and peers and the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article compares the consumption level of urban households in Japan and China during the mid-1950's. Tables are presented on the composition of consumption expenditures by major groups and on the per capita consumption in quantities for some commodities. Food expenditures are higher in China than in Japan. The clothing consumption in China is mainly composed of clothes for which Japanese prices are relatively low compared with prices of suits and other clothing. Finally, the rates with Chinese expenditure weights are higher than the official exchange rage while the rate with Japanese expenditure weights is nearly equal to the official exchange rates.

Whilst considerable publicity is given to the economic and social developments in Mainland China, little is heard of the economic and other academic discussions which lie behind these changes. This is due partly to the less publicized character of these debates, and partly to the fact that such discussions are normally conducted in the Chinese language and are thus less accessible because of language difficulties. The current debate on value and profits is of a relatively recent origin. During the earlier years of the Communist regime, and perhaps up to the period of the 1959-61 economic crisis, the official policy was overwhelmingly in favour of alI-out economic planning and the rapid liquidation of private ownership. Throughout this period, emphasis was laid on the socialization of the economy and the movement away from the then existing system, it would have been difficult under these conditions for anyone to raise the issue of putting profit incentives back to work in industry. Even up to the present, the Chinese debate is still largely confined to narrow limits; it appears that the advocates of change merely wanted some material incentives to be introduced (as already happened in the countryside), but they do not openly question the official wisdom of economic planning or State control. To this extent, the present controversy in China is not radically different from that relating to the value-price debate of the Soviet economists during the I950's. This paper proposes to give a brief outline of the main Chinese debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The divisions of the ceramic `table-ware' industry into different production subgroups and the flow of finished products into various markets are indicated in the chart below. `Body' is here used as the shaped but unpainted piece. The following topics will be treated in this paper. Some problems of finishing manufacturers: Before the war, they were a kind of merchant employer (toiya) and had a predominant power over body manufacturers and painters. This was indicative of the backwardness of Japanese economy. Noritake China has an overwhelmingly predominant position in this industry. The Specialized production (which means the division of production processes among finishing manufacturers, body manufacturers and painters, as expressed in the above chart) still exists even though the merchant-employer system has disappeared; but it seems to have backward characteristics compared to integrated manufacturers. Though there is the problem of overproduction in the background, this industry has been working at full capacity.

A number of official and Western estimates of China's national income for the period since 1949 are at present available. The official estimates are based on the Marxian production concept while the Western estimates are, in the main, based on the comprehensive production concept. The periods covered by the estimates vary; and even in cases where the periods covered are the same, the estimates vary in magnitude and, in most cases, in the implied rate of economic growth. Apart from differences arising from the different national income concepts and definitions employed in individual estimates, sources of discrepancies between series of estimates can be traced to the particular sets of primary data employed and also to the particular procedures followed in estimating the national income components. The present paper brings together the various estimates available to date and indicates for each, as far as possible, the basic production concept adopted, the particular national income aggregates estimated, the basic estimation approach employed, and the special procedures used for estimating some of the components of national income. Comparisons of the major series of estimates for the period 1952-1959 are made and the sources of disrepancies between the series are discussed. Finally, some problems are described which a researcher in the West has to contend with in working on China's national income accounting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on motivational patterns in Southeast Asia with special reference to the Chinese case. The motivational concerns, which favor economic and social modernization, are more prominent in the Communist Chinese stories than in the China-Taiwan stories at nearly every point. The greater impact of the Revolution on the Mainland is really not surprising: Communism has always stressed the importance of ideology, of propaganda, of whipping up enthusiasm for a new regime whereas the Western democracies have generally been cautious about trying to influence directly the values of countries they help materially. The Chinese case suggests that ideas are in fact more important in shaping history than purely materialistic arrangements. The ideological fervor, which the Russians exported to China, has been more influential in modernizing the country than all the material aid that the Western democracies have exported so far either to China-Taiwan or other countries like India. This is just one piece of evidence to support the growing conviction among social scientists that it is values, motives, or psychological forces that determine ultimately the rate of economic and social development.

Since the change of political regime on the Chinese mainland in 1949, new values and attitudes have been consciously introduced by the Communist Party. The family institution has undergone a rather drastic alteration not only in form but also in composition, structure, roles of its members and especially in values and patterns of mate selection and marital adjustment. According to traditional Chinese social values, one should marry a person of relatively similar social background consistent with the concept of homogamy discussed by Burgess and his associates. This paper is a discussion of the new trend toward political homogamy which often results in the emergence of inter-class marriage. Along with the new freedom in mate selection, there are numerous incidents of romantic love involving individuals of different background and education. Under the reeducation of Party leaders, a new value based on political compatibility in socialist ideology has been stressed with reference to the establishment of a new family. Equality of the sexes through the participation of women in labor will liberate them from the traditional shackle of dependence on men.

Patterns of Chinese family life are changing under Communism. This paper is a descriptive report on the dating and courtship practices, husband-wife adjustment patterns and problems of the working mother in Communist China. Due to the increasing number of women participating in labor, most young people meet through working together under various circumstances, in offices, factories, or on farm cooperatives. Introductions by friends at parties, dances and pre-arranged meetings are not uncommon. In general, the wedding ceremony consists of obtaining a certificate from the local People's Council or registering at the Commune's registration office. According to informants, sometimes "Dutch treat" wedding celebrations are held by friends of the newly-weds, thus keeping the traditional value of rejoicing without putting too much financial burden on the new couple. The Communist leaders find that there is a new trend toward "early" marriage among the Communist youth. One of the relatively crucial problems working wives encounter is the readjustment of relationships between spouses resulting from the drastic change in the wife's roles.

The article focuses on the governmental accounting achievements in China during the Chou Dynasty. The book "Rites of Chou," by an unknown author, provides an early description of how the Chinese government at that time operated. The Chou rulers recognized the importance of using funds to allocate resources for specific purposes, which would be later known as general revenue funds. The government did have a relief fund for needy people that was supplied with surplus from the government's own store of grain. The calendar that was used during the Hsia dynasty differed from that used by the Chous and influenced how the government ordered its spending. The financial management system used by the Chous is compared to that of modern times, particularly how surpluses and taxes were handled.

The article informs that the Russian insistence that scientific research have immediate practical application so that it can aid in economic construction, an insistence that seems to misunderstand the role of pure research in scientific development, is reflected in the report on the work of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Academia Sinica, made by J.S. Lee at the first National Congress of Scientific "Workers in Peiping. The academy has thirteen research institutes covering history, archaeology, physics, chemistry, an observatory, a technological laboratory, and preparatory offies for institutes in the fields of psychology, geography and paleontology. Two additional institutes are planned in the fields of geology and paleontology. The academy set up several periodicals for publishing papers and reporting news of scientific activities and achievements in China and abroad. It is promoting the translation of reference books and textbooks. It has several projects going, one of which, engaging a reported 118 specialists, is at work unifying scientific terms.

The article presents a reference guide for China. Names of publishers of books and the addresses of periodicals are provided to aid readers. Listings include only basic material, not news items or reports of transitory significance. "The Experiment That is Shaking Communist China" is analysis of China's commune system. In "Red China Beckons Its Neighbors," by Albert Ravenholt, Filippino visitors to China report on industry, agriculture, economics and politics there. In "A Note on Statistical Techniques in Communist China," by Sidney Klein, the weaknesses and strengths of statistical methods used and data published by Communist China are analyzed. In "Production and Organization in China," Douglas Sun types of factory administration and organization of the manufacturing processes are discussed. "Car-Hungry Russians Yield to Export Push" is a report on Russian entry into exporting cars and on the auto industry and market at home. "An Index of Soviet Construction, 1927/28 to 1955," by Raymond P. Powell, is a statistical analysis of cost changes in an important sector of the Soviet economy.

The article examines kinship and family structure in Chinese communities. Co-habitation with the husband's family is common among married Chinese couples for the first several years of marriage, thus kinship has a strong impact on Chinese society. Data presented in the article indicate that there are several types of extended kinship ties in family life, including nuclear with vertical extension, nuclear with lateral extension, and nuclear with both lateral and vertical extension. Families with no extended kinship are also examined for comparison purposes.

Certain brands of Chinese herbal preparations, especially those employed for the treatment of bronchial asthma, were found in Singapore to contain toxic amount of inorganic arsenical compounds, and were responsible for 74 recent cases of acute, subacute and chronic poisonings. The majority (92%) of these cases demonstrated cutaneous manifestations, chief of which were generalized hyperpigmentation of the trunk (85%), hyperkeratoses of the palms and soles (65%), 'raindrop' depigmentation (31%), and hyperhidrosis of the palms and soles (31%). Localized areas of pigmentation on the hands, feet, elbow, neck and face were found in 17 milder cases. Severe cases with long-standing illness had multiple pigmented keratoses on the trunk and limbs (23%) and five patients (6%) eventually developed cutaneous malignancies in the form of multiple pigmented basal cell carcinomata or Bowen's disease (5%) and one squamous cell carcinoma (1%). Four of the cases also demonstrated multiple visceral cancers affecting the lungs, vocal chord, r gallbladder and liver. Uncommon skin lesions found included hypersensitivity rashes (16%), mucous membrane irritation (8%), and alopecia (5%). In addition 19 patients with atopic dermatitis, four with corticosteroid skin eruptions from simultaneous systemic steroid administration prescribed by the 'sinsehs' and two with cutaneous side-effects from dimercaprol therapy, ' were seen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoplankton counts and chemical/physical analyses were carried out twice weekly for 2² years on samples taken from Plover Cove Reservoir, and a description of the variations in species composition and abundance is followed by an analysis of the effects of these environmental factors on algal growth, and their correlation with phytoplankton abundance. In addition, 24-h surveys were carried out over a 1-year period in an attempt to evaluate the seasonal, diurnal and vertical distribution patterns of the more abundant phytoplankters. Blue-green algal blooms were greatest in winter 1967⁄68 and in autumn 1969; shoreline-attached diatoms were prevalent in winter 1968⁄69 and winter 1969⁄70. The blue-green algal blooms have been attributed to a high rate of phosphorus and nitrogen supply, and the occurrence of diatoms at such specific times to an increase in light penetration due to the paucity of phytoplankton at these times. Various well-marked distribution patterns were seen, and the seasonal pattern in the case of Microcystis aeruginosa was shown to be closely correlated with fluctuations in certain chemical parameters, namely, ammonia-N, nitrate-N and phosphate concentrations. Predictions have been made concerning future trends in the algal community of the reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the political and economic relationship of China with the outside world. During the 1960s, several political leaders advocated for the country to establish a good relationship with Soviet Union, which was later discouraged by Mao Tse-tung. Meanwhile, Lin Piao advocated for the making of the country as the bastion of socialism. On the other hand, the country's political leaders see the U.S.-Soviet Union rivalry as the cause of conflict.

The article focuses on the changing social ethics in China. Some of the changes include the strengthening of family relations as opposed to the pre-1949 revolution and the growth of a collective spirit as depicted in the conditions of industrial work in the country. The establishment of people's communes in 1958 paved the way for the further cohesion of the farmers.

The article presents an analysis on the Maoist economic strategy in China. The author emphasizes that the strategy is unique in Communist countries. Mao Tse-tung's concept of an efficient process of economic growth is based on the assumption that local communities have the resources to modernize. Another aspect of the said strategy is the emphasis on the important role of politics in commanding the economy.

The article focuses on the situation of commerce, finance and British diplomatic support in China from 1885-1886. China, in the mid-nineteenth century, was a classic illustration; while attempting to preserve their territorial integrity and to control a serious traffic in drugs, the Chinese appeared to close the door in the face of British trade, and thereby to deny the mainstay of Britain's imperial and world position. There were already some indications prior to 1886 that the government was concerned for the future of commercial and financial interests. Despite the early awareness of the difficulties faced by British commerce or financial interests in West Africa, Persia, and Turkey, there were as yet no signs of any relaxation from the rigid principle of non-intervention in the case of China. The most influential source of commercial opinion, however, proved to be the London Chamber of Commerce. Events in Europe necessitated even more fundamental steps for the support of British interests. The political importance which became attached to loans and financial concessions in China after 1895 is, of course, well known, and Foreign Office policy of giving full diplomatic support to the strongest British syndicates in their applications for the most strategically important concessions indicates how closely politics and finance were interwoven in the late 1890's.

Before the 1900's and the coming of the Japanese to Taiwan, life on the island was regulated by traditional mainland Chinese socioeconomic patterns. The rural people had only limited contacts with an urban way of life. A high death rate kept the population almost stable. As in southeast China, each local area was dominated generally by a few powerful families, or by the large clans which in many cases controlled the countryside and often were in conflict with one another. Land was plentiful, but in many areas cultivation was not easily feasible. In addition, much of the arable land was not highly productive, since to make it so required vast amounts of labor-primarily because of the necessity for enlarging existing irrigation systems. With the Japanese introduction of effective and efficient centralized government in the early 1900's, the extension of the education system into the rural areas and the improved communications and measures for public health and sanitation life assumed a general orderliness and greater security and there was initiated a process of rapid and continuing socioeconomic change.

The effective functioning of the traditional society of China seemed to hinge upon two conditions: (1) prosperity of the peasant economy, and (2) adjustment between the landowning gentry and the peasantry, about half of the latter group being tenants or part-tenants. The impact of Western culture impaired the already worsening economy and brought disorders to the rural community, and, as a consequence, gentry families moved to cities. This exodus left behind not only agrarian absenteeism but also social anomie, for it deprived the villages of their elite leadership. Furthermore, the gentry, now unmindful of the peasant plight and confronting an ever-increasing outlay due to their tasting of urban luxury and comfort, resorted to raising their demands on the peasants for rent or interest, or both. Thus, agrarian absenteeism may be said to have contributed more than anything else to the breakdown of the traditional structure which opened China to a new phase of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article examines the certain "laws" of migration in the light of some principles of migration applied to American migrants to Shanghai, China. There are some types of migration in which there is no possibility of the approach being a gradual one. The leap from Europe or America to China is a long one. A great seaport of a widely divergent culture presents to alien migrants a situation almost wholly novel to which they are forced to adapt themselves, or return home, or perish. Shanghai has also been the starting point for many groups of Chinese students who have gone abroad to study. The exclusion law of the U.S. is a factor strongly inhibiting a greater countercurrent of migration out of the Oriental seaport, Shanghai in recent years. It has been seen that, the Chinese who have gone from Shanghai to the U.S. have done so because aliens have entered the city and displaced the natives. As for the Americans who migrate to Shanghai and then return to their homeland, there is a selective process going on. It is unlikely that many Americans, turning their backs upon the U.S., go to Shanghai determined to make it their adopted home and China their country.

The article presents a statistical study of plant distribution during the colonization and early development of vegetation on clay residues in China. A brief review of the recent literature on the distribution of individuals of a given species suggests that data collected under relatively simple habitat conditions would be of interest. According to the author, virgin areas of white mica, a waste product of China-clay manufacture, form sites for plant colonization, and distribution of the individuals can be plotted. In this article, results are given for a number of plants, and the agreement with Poisson, Neyman and Thomas series is examined. Other significant information relative to the matter is provided.

This article traces the social anthropology of China. Since the 1930s a number of Chinese, British and American anthropologists have tried to study Chinese society. The anthropologists working on Chinese themes since about 1950 have wanted to catch some of the things which a miniaturizing method must let slip. Had China not gone Communist they might still today have been piling up samples of local communities, the ethnographic map of China would have had many more flags in it, but the anthropologists would probably have been no nearer that understanding of Chinese society. The most suitable unit of study is the village, both because most Chinese lived in villages and because it is possible for one or two field workers to make a fairly detailed study in a year or so. The best way to begin the study of Chinese social structure is to select a very small social area, examine it meticulously, compare it with other specimens studied in the same manner, and then proceed to draw generalizations.

The article presents a discussion on the United States government policy towards Chinese laborers. In 1943, the U.S. Congress, sensitive to the needs of a war-time alliance, acted to right an old wrong; it set aside that part of the Oriental Exclusion Act of 1924 which pertained to the Republic of China and placed Chinese on the regular immigration quota and admitted them to naturalization. Thus ended a controversial chapter in American economic and social history that had its beginning in the middle of the nineteenth century when several Western states erected discriminatory barriers around Chinese residing within their boundaries. The exclusion question officially mounted the national stage in 1882 when Congress enacted a law banning Chinese laborers from the country. A principal spur to the Act of 1882 had been the negotiation in 1868 of the convention with China commonly known as the Burlingame Treaty, or the Cheap Labor Treaty, for its clause enabling the wholesale importation of Chinese contract labor. This treaty, which followed more than a decade of comparative neglect of China by the U.S., was linked to the post Civil War expansionist policy of Secretary of State William H. Seward. Conceived as a commercial treaty but written with an eye to the labor needs of the Western railroads and of manufacturers, the treaty meant a setback for the organization of labor.

The article focuses on communist China's economic growth. The purpose of this article is to throw light on communist China's asserted economic growth by comparing it with that of the Republic of China, Hong Kong, and Japan. This is not to minimize in any way the Indian development, which has been rapid during the Nineteen Fifties and which has given very encouraging evidence to Asia of what can be accomplished with free institutions. It is merely an attempt to put Communist China's claimed economic progress back into focus. It should be emphasized that this article does not intend to analyze how effective the Chinese communists have been in improving their military potential even though this appears to be a primary aim of their economic policy. Instead this report intends to outline an approach for analyzing the relative effectiveness of the Chinese communist system in promoting economic growth; it is this latter question that appears to be most hotly debated. It appears that many analysts are convinced that just because a regime can hold down consumption, theoretically it should, therefore, be promoting a large volume of sound investment and a huge growth potential.

A general method for matching specifications in mechanized retrieval systems is presented. It is based on the principle that, with the initiation of the matching operation, to each characteristic or descriptor a unique code consisting of a power of two in binary notation is assigned. These codes may, if so desired, be interpreted as implicit weight coefficients of the descriptors. They are used in matching operations between sets of characteristics. The matching process produces during its progress criteria as to the relations between involved sets, i.e., a numerical criterion of relevance of the answer to the query, which may be utilized to control the course of the operation. In a second step, new secondary codes are derived mechanically from those assigned initially. The function of the secondary codes is to transform the original statement into the second canonical form, consisting of the disjunction of mutually exclusive basic conjunctions or propositions. These secondary codes are employed to generate by logical multiplication, addition, and negation unique code representations for arbitrary compound statements or propositions, which representations in their turn are employed for matching the statements. The process generates criteria in analogy to those obtained in the first step of matching sets of characteristics which now permit the control of the matching operations between arbitrary propositions. It should be mentioned that no significance is assigned a priori to the codes. Their relative significance is restricted entirely to the matching operation actually in progress, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stem family in Japan is seemingly not consonant with the idea of life cycle which has produced important contributions to the study of the conjugal family, but the life cycle pattern of the Japanese family can be described as having three distinct stages which are manifest in the sequence of the role complex unique to it. A similar analysis is attempted with regard to the Chinese joint family. A new set of cycle stages is developed in order to cope with the changing status of the contemporary Japanese family. Thus, extensive applicability of the developmental framework is demonstrated for a cross-cultural study of the family in world revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on views of Joseph Needham, master of Gonville and Caius College at Cambridge, Great Britain, on China. Joseph Needham, now Master of Gonville and Caius College, held for over thirty years the Sir William Dunn Readership in Biochemistry at Cambridge. After the publication of an early magnum opus in science the humanist in him has gradually overwhelmed the scientist. It seems to follow in principle that where there were contacts, direct or indirect, between the Mediterranean region and China before the great opening of the sea trade routes, they were necessarily to the advantage of the former rather than of the latter, and that if a technological innovation or a scientific principle appears earlier in China than it does in Europe, it is because Europe derived it from China. To account further for the one-way flow, Needham seems to speak of the isolation of China as acting in one sense, and he refers to Chinese reluctance to admire anything coming from abroad. If Needham is wholly right in his views, the Chinese civilization was markedly superior in machine-building and the industrial use of machines until the European Renaissance, when the West began to move forward on the basis of its indebtedness to the East.

The article describes the evolution of cotton textile handicraft in China. The supply of cotton steadily expanded from the late Sung and early Yuan periods. In north China cotton first appeared in Shensi and spread gradually to Shantung, while in the south it was transplanted from Hainan Island to the China coast and spread northwards toward the Yangtze Valley region. Government demand for military uniforms encouraged greater cotton cultivation in the north. During the Yuan and Ming periods officials instructed farmers to adopt improved techniques of seed care, planting, and harvesting. Increased taxation in the late Ming period was also a powerful inducement to compel peasants to grow more cotton. Gradual changes in taste, the steady growth of towns, and the extension of money relationships increased demand for cotton cloth. On the supply side technical advances in both rice and cotton farming made for increased cultivation and greater yield. More land could be devoted to cotton because quick-ripening Champa rice seeds became more widely used, thus permitting double cropping and freeing more land for cash crops.

The article presents empirical studies of what actually happened to people who were "brain-washed." The author describes the process of "thought reform" which Chinese intellectuals have to undergo as part of the price of belonging to the new regime. This description provides an excellent example of the intensity with which the Chinese are pursuing their program to indoctrinate as many segments of their population as possible. It is a subject, which has received much attention in this country when involving such groups as American prisoners of war and other incarcerated Westerners. But there has been surprisingly little systematic psychological investigation of the thought reform procedures that the Chinese have employed with their own people, particularly with their intellectuals. The most intensive of these all-Chinese thought reform programs for intellectuals is that conducted in the "revolutionary colleges"--set up all over China immediately after the Communist takeover. These were particularly active between 1948 and 1952, when they represented an ideological hard core for the entire thought reform movement, an extreme model for reform efforts throughout the population.

Focuses on an incomplete study conducted by the author on the life history of prawns at Fisheries Research Unit of University of Hong Kong in Hong Kong, China. Parts of the study; Frequency distribution of carapace length of the animal; Determination of sex ratio.

The article presents information on the opium drug. For over 100 years opium has been more frequently associated with China than with any other country. Although opium was not expensive then, it was so frequently adulterated with various kinds of gum, the sap of wild lettuce, and even with fat, that to avoid being cheated, customers had to examine their purchase with great care. Remedies containing opium became so popular that they could be bought freely from shopkeepers and even street hawkers. Opium trade and addiction received its greatest impetus with the rise of the Moslem religion. More opium smokers suffer cumulative ill-effects resulting in a miserable, premature death attributable to malnutrition and associated diseases rather than actual poisoning.

This article studies new tooth of sinanthropus pekinensis. Although no new scientific information is provided it might be found excusable if this tooth is briefly described, inasmuch as remains of this form have always been something of a rarity and, furthermore, to the best of the author's information all the material which had been kept in Peking has been lost during the Sino-Japanese war. The tooth comes from the now well-known cave at Chou-K'ou-Tien, the type-, and only, locality for Sinanthropus.

The article presents documentation about the communist bloc. Some of them consists of "Red China: The First Ten Years." It provides a discussion on a large group of articles, poems, and fiction on the first ten years of communist rule in China. Among others is "The Communist Record," by Tillman Durdin, "Chinese Journey," by Alfred Fabre-Luce, "Red China's Impact on Asia," by A. Doak Bamett, Mao Tse Tung and Michael Lindsay. "Thought Reform: Ideological Remolding in China," by Harriet G. Mills; "Setting the Stage for Foreigners" by Robert Loh; "India and the Tibetan Revolt," by G. L. Jain, "Life in a Chinese University" by Liu Shui Sheng, "Women of Iron" by Lucien Bodard.