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This article discusses psychological types and changes with age. A considerable quantity of observations concerning retests, self and supplementary-estimates, psychiatric estimates, discrepancies; discrimination of the given estimate as relating to true inborn type or admired type or imagined type or overt type; ambivalence and overlying factors like emotions, all part and parcel of so-called clinical experience, have been discussed in a separate paper. One thousand subjects in age groups from 10 to 80 with equal incidence of each sex have been tabulated in various relations and reported in other papers. The persons observed were unselected, the questionnaire being offered wherever opportunity was found.

This article presents information of various books and journals related to psychology. The paper "Notes on the psychotherapy of infantile autism" by Micheal Fordham is an account of his work and research with autism in children. "Psicologia della lettura" by Mario Trevi is a thought-provoking paper, which presents some intriguing comparisons between reading and play. The paper "Working with a family in a Child Guidance setting" by P. Parsloe and D. Howell presents therapeutic work of psychiatrist and psychiatric social worker on psychotherapy of closely interdependent immature people.

Negative preception (NP) has been defined as the attenuation of a noxious stimulus by a signal which precedes it. Explanatory theories to account for the NP phenomenon are available, but the concern of this paper is with the methodological and empirical basis for the existence of the NP phenomenon itself. It is argued that autonomic indices based on shock-elicited responding cannot provide unconfounded evidence for NP because of insurmountable methodological problems associated with response-interference and perceptual-disparity (or orienting-reaction) effects. Furthermore, it is noted that when modified unconfounded autonomic indices have been used, the results failed to support the NP notion. A challenge to the validity of the verbal index of rated intensity is then considered, but it is argued that this verbal index is a valid measure of shock aversiveness. Since the rated-intensity evidence is also generally against the NP notion, it is concluded that both autonomic and verbal indices, when properly evaluated, do not support the view that signaling attenuates shock aversiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article constructs a Terminators-Remainers scale composed of those items of the Social History Questionnaire that best differentiated between Terminators and Remainers. A formidable problem encountered in clinical practice concerns the large number of clients who start psychotherapy but for various reasons terminate treatment prematurely. The initial sample of this study consisted of 95 clients accepted for psychotherapy during a 11-month period at a small mental health clinic. The measure used was the Social History Questionnaire, a 393-item, forced-choice, pencil-and-paper intake interview.

The paper offers a case study with a defective delinquent who was rehabilitated through intensive individual psychotherapy. The subject was selected by the staff of a large colony for male defectives as belonging to the group of "incorrigible" defective delinquents. The procedure of selection and the results of a large scale counseling and psychotherapy program have been described elsewhere. One to three therapeutic sessions of 20-50 minutes each were held weekly for 18 months except for vacation.

The article informs that the selection and validation of criteria to measure psychotherapeutic experience are important problems in current research. In an increasing number of studies the utility of psychological tests as guides to selection of suitable patients for psychotherapy is being investigated. Although the validation of such tests rests, to a large degree, upon the adequate measurement of the success or failure of the patient's therapeutic experience, insufficient research has been directed towards this area. The present paper reports on an empirical investigation of the relationship between the manner in which therapy is terminated and length of treatment and training and experience of the therapist.

This article focuses on an alternate form of the Series Completion test. The Series Completion test, requires that the subject form abstractions from visually presented problems and use these abstractions to complete a series. Since practice effect on this test may play a role in repeated testing, as, for example, in follow up studies of electro-convulsive. shock or prefrontal lobotomy in which several testings may be given-an alternate form has been developed, by use of which it is hoped to tap the same abilities now measured by Series Completion I. The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of the alternate form, Series Completion II, and to present tentative norms for the evaluation of results.

The article presents a discussion on the reflection hypothesis, proposed by psychologist Carl Rogers. Rogers defined reflection as a type of response to the client in which the counselor tries to understand from the client's point of view and to communicate that understanding. To test this hypothesis, an investigation was made on the responses made by clinically trained and untrained people to hypothetical counseling situations via pencil-and-paper methods. Findings suggest that clinical skills have been shown to be considerably more than a simple extension of knowledge of interpersonal relations possessed by any reasonably intelligent and emotionally mature person. This appears to be the case at least insofar as one testable notion about therapy, namely, reflection, is concerned.

The article reports that in the field of psychotherapy, there has been practically no progress in the matter of evaluating the relative efficacy of various methods because of failure to quantify the nature and malignancy of the clinical case materials under study. Adherents of various schools of psychotherapy have made a large number of claims and counter claims which cannot be proved or disproved until the exact nature of the clinical material on which the findings are based has been established. It is the purpose of this paper to outline a method for quantifying the malignancy of case materials by the use of a rating scale which has been called the prognostic index.

The article reports that not many years ago, Rorschach's test was conceived largely as a diagnostic instrument, and it was common knowledge that one did not cure patients merely by diagnosing their disorder. The present paper offers the suggestion that certain of the so-called projective tests may be employed in such a manner that their use will have a distinct psychotherapeutic effect. This psychotherapeutic effect is to be considered as the primary purpose for which the particular projective technique is to be used, the relative value of this particular form of therapy is to be used.

This article focuses on a proposed system for scoring Thermatic Apperception Test (TAT). This paper is an attempt to outline a similar type of objective scoring to be used as a frame of reference for interpreting the TAT. This system is based on first, scaling each story for a certain type of predominant mood, chief worry, press, and ending; second, computing frequency of each of the scales; third, interpreting the meaning of the frequencies; and finally, over-all qualitative interpretation. A problem peculiar to TAT scoring and interpretation has been the distinction between manifest content and what is symbolic implication, or latent content.

This article discusses directive psychotherapy. The purpose of, this paper is to discuss the nature, indications and contraindications of methods of therapy involving pressure or coercion. Pressure is defined as the bringing to bear upon the client of stimulation tending to direct action toward specific goals. Coercion involves restraint or regulation by force, usually by law or authority, compelling or constraining the! client to comply with directions. Pressure will usually involve influences which leave ultimate responsibility for conformance up to the client himself, while coercion requires mandatory conformance.

The article reports on the szondi test. In a previous paper, the researchers have shown the wide variation in the frequency with which pictures are chosen by Szondi test subjects. In the present study,the researcher test the homogeneity of the Szondi pictures from the standpoint of recognition by comparing sets 1 and V to see whether there is a significant difference in the frequency with which pictures are recognized. Should the pictures be associated with categories by chance, the researcher expect to find on the average one correct identification for each sample of eight pictures, or a total of 300 for the two sets in the experiment. The chi-square test is used to measure the significance of the difference between the number of correct identifications in the two sets.

The article presents an analysis of the comparative evaluation of brain injured patients and of normal subjects. The article reports that prior to publication of their article researchers R.R. Blake and B.S. McCarty submitted the original manuscript to the writer for suggestions. The final paper shows an appreciation for some of the writer's comments in his letter of reply, but the basic points seem to have been slighted. At that time the writer comments that he did not consideration because it was a matter of merely commenting on their claims for the differential diagnostic value as between ill persons.

The article reports on the eighth annual meeting of The Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy that will be held between November 1st and 3rd, 1974 at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Chicago, Illinois. The address for registration and submission of research papers is also given.

This article focuses on the book "Psychotherapy of the Adolescent," by Benjamin H. Balser. This is a collection of papers and interpretations on the treatment of adolescents at different levels of psychiatric practice with special emphasis on the role of the school.

The article presents an account of the book "Success in Psychotherapy," by Werner Wolff and Joseph A. Preckner. The book is a monograph consisting of seven papers mostly by psychologists discussing the definition and measurement of success in psychotherapy, changes in adjustment following psychotherapy, client defensiveness and circular patterns in behavior.