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The present report deals with the validity of the Shipley-Hartford Retreat Scale as a brief paper-and-pencil measure of current intellectual functioning. Although the Shipley-Hartford scale was devised primarily as a scale to reflect intellectual deficit, and its subsequent evaluation has indicated limited utility as a measure of deterioration, several investigators have been interested in its usefulness as a measure of functioning intelligence. This paper presents a table that summarizes some relationships between various brief measures of intelligence and the Wechsler Bellevue Scales.

This article presents information of various books and journals related to psychology. The paper "Notes on the psychotherapy of infantile autism" by Micheal Fordham is an account of his work and research with autism in children. "Psicologia della lettura" by Mario Trevi is a thought-provoking paper, which presents some intriguing comparisons between reading and play. The paper "Working with a family in a Child Guidance setting" by P. Parsloe and D. Howell presents therapeutic work of psychiatrist and psychiatric social worker on psychotherapy of closely interdependent immature people.

This research paper presents a case history of a man in his late twenties, and analyzes the case psychologically. The man, from his late teens had a difficulty in relating to women. He was a bright scholar and on leaving the university started a career in the diplomatic sphere, furthered this with considerable success during his war service, and found himself returned to civil life with good prospects and considerable status at the age of twenty-five. He talked of his fear of returning to his work and his shame at having had a breakdown. By analyzing the dreams of this patient, this paper focuses upon the significance of the latent homosexual orientation of symptom-formation, its influence upon the transference, and in particular on the part it plays in the therapeutic process.

This paper reports two experiments testing the hypotheses that the rate and degree of verbal conditioning are inversely related to the personality variables of rigidity and extraversion, these predictions being based on theoretical formulations by psychologists, R.B. Cattell and H.J. Eysenck, respectively. The most striking finding was that the conditioning procedures did not induce reliable, i.e. repeatable, changes in performance. This result which precluded an adequate test of the hypotheses under investigation is in marked contrast to previous studies using this and other methods of conditioning, and requires explanation.

The article informs that self-report techniques have been utilized to measure personality attributes since R.S. Woodworth's "Personality Inventory." The traditional self-report methodology requires the S to respond to a series of statements by indicating whether they are true or false when applied to himself, and his responses are scored by a key developed after an item analysis of the responses given by variously defined criterion groups. The technique for assessing self descriptions with which this paper is concerned lies somewhere between the above two methods of self-report, and consists of having subjects complete three sentence stems by selecting adjectives to describe their feelings, their study or work habits, and their social reaction pattern.

This article discusses context effects in judgment as a function of experience. Since many of the classical phenomena of psychophysics have been found in all areas of judgment, there is every reason to assume their existence in the processes of clinical judgment and to hope that their further investigation here will lead to the refinement and improvement of clinical prediction. This paper is concerned with those shifts or distortions in judgment which can be produced by altering the context within which the stimulus appears.

The purpose of this paper is to focus attention on the problems of report writing and to attempt to increase interest in the experimental study of clinical reports. With these objectives, the approaches to the improvement of clinical writing which have already been used will be reviewed. In the conduct of his diagnostic duties the clinical psychologist invests a substantial portion of his time in the preparation of psychological reports. Whether such investment of time, and indeed whether the time spent in diagnostic testing is justified, depends upon the effectiveness with which the psychologist is able to communicate his findings.

The article discusses individual bias in psychological reports. There has been considerable study of the relationship between the examiner and subject during conventional test administration and of the influence of the examiner upon the subject's responses in a variety of testing situations. Individual differences in examiners' processing data secured from the use of projective techniques have also been studied and reports are beginning to appear about the influence of the personality of the examiner on his reports about subjects. The present paper is a report of a study designed to examine the systematic variation in the content of psychologists' reports and their individual biases. The subjects were three graduate students in psychology who were serving their internship-training year at Duke Hospital a few years ago.

This article focuses on quantification on the Eight Card Redrawing Test (8CRT). The 8CRT is an attempt to answer this problem of quantification. The 8CRT consists of eight interrelated drawings, each a development of the immediately preceding one. Transparent paper is used so that the subject sees the immediately preceding figure as he draws over it. In this way change can be observed on a continuum. Group administration is just as effective as is an individual administration and does not decrease the projective nature of the test.

This article discusses frustration, anger and hostility states. The purpose of this paper is to propose a classification system descriptive of a group of pathological states characterized by acute or chronic frustration-anger-tension-aggression reactions. In contrast with the anxiety-tension states which have been well described in the literature, relatively little attention has been given to behavior reactions characterized by anger. These anger reactions range from infantile rage reactions responding to restriction of movement, through childhood temper tantrums to adult rage reactions of homicidal degree.

This article focuses on an alternate form of the Series Completion test. The Series Completion test, requires that the subject form abstractions from visually presented problems and use these abstractions to complete a series. Since practice effect on this test may play a role in repeated testing, as, for example, in follow up studies of electro-convulsive. shock or prefrontal lobotomy in which several testings may be given-an alternate form has been developed, by use of which it is hoped to tap the same abilities now measured by Series Completion I. The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of the alternate form, Series Completion II, and to present tentative norms for the evaluation of results.

The article presents a comparative evaluation of the Wechsler-Bellevue mental deterioration index for various adult groups. In recent articles the value of the Wechsler Mental Deterioration Index (MDI) in screening patients with brain damage from normal patients has been considered. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the MDI further as a tool for differential diagnosis; that is, to determine whether a significant loss in this index is related solely to deterioration such as is found in subjects who have had organic brain injury or damage. The MDI's for the following seven groups of subjects were compared: brain injured, applicants for vocational counseling with psychoneurotic diagnoses, and with other than psychoneurotic diagnoses, mental hygiene clinic patients diagnosed as anxiety tension state, mental hygiene and hospital patients diagnosed as schizophrenic, and two groups of normals.

This article focuses on a proposed system for scoring Thermatic Apperception Test (TAT). This paper is an attempt to outline a similar type of objective scoring to be used as a frame of reference for interpreting the TAT. This system is based on first, scaling each story for a certain type of predominant mood, chief worry, press, and ending; second, computing frequency of each of the scales; third, interpreting the meaning of the frequencies; and finally, over-all qualitative interpretation. A problem peculiar to TAT scoring and interpretation has been the distinction between manifest content and what is symbolic implication, or latent content.

The article presents views of Marianne Jacoby, a psychologist, on a research paper by E.F. Edinger, a psychologist published in a 1960 issue of "Journal of Analytical Psychology." The way in which Edinger states his ideas presupposes their general acceptance. Concepts of ego-self identity, ego-self separation and ego-self unity are brought in a schema which is posited rather than explained. Instead of discussing the complex processes involved in these concepts, Edinger has only put forward conclusions.

The history of psychology has seen a shift from Sigmund Freud's psycho-analysis to C.G. Jung's analytical psychology. The emphasis laid on the personal has increasingly shifted to the transpersonal aspect. In contrast to the accentuation of the temporal and personal, Jung discovered the crucial importance of the timeless and transpersonal factors in the psyche-the archetypes-that determine man's development. This research paper combines the aspects of the personal and the transpersonal, the temporal-genetic and the timeless, which have grown too far apart, in an altered picture of man and his development.

This paper is a report on the results of a survey on electrodermal recording procedures. A detailed questionnaire was sent to more than two hundred members of the Psychophysiological Society. The results indicate a wide disagreement among investigators in most phases of the recording process. This indicates a lack of standardization in one of the most used of physiological measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the responses of business executives and mental hospital patients on the ideological survey. This study investigates ideological composition in institutionalized psychiatric patients characterized by vocational inadaptability and general existential failure. Empirical experience indicate that inadaptable people tend to subscribe to defensive ideologies rationalizing their failures. In particular, the Rand-Branden position postulates an ideological syndrome characteristic of "The Disabled Man" as cited in an earlier paper describing the rationale of construction of "The Ideological Survey."

The article informs that this paper describes an objective technique for the routine clerical determination of degree of psychopathology to be inferred from MMPI profiles independent of the type of pathology reflected. The procedures employed in this study utilized the intuitive judgments off expert MMPI clinicians as the basis for deriving a clerical method to approximate clinicians' ratings. In order to quantify the concept "degree of psychopathology", two skilled MMPI clinicians Q-sorted 125 male and 125 female profiles on this dimension. Since inter-judge reliability was .85 for each sample, the judgments were pooled and scores on each MMPI scale were correlated with this composite sort.

The article discusses a method of weighting attitude scale items from subject responses. The most widely used technique for studying attitudes is the "rating scale" method. The scale usually consists of a group of statements which have been assigned differential weights. The subject indicates which statements he endorses and his final score may be the mean, median, or sum of weights for the endorsed statements. The purpose of this paper is to present a method of weighting attitude scale items from the responses of subjects. An attitude scale of 45 statements was constructed and administered to 586 students who were all freshmen at the University of South Carolina. Each statement was weighted according to a system based on the number of times it was endorsed by members of this group.

The article discusses the comparative sensitivity of the qualitative and quantitative Porteus maze scores to drug effects. In a series of papers, summarized in the most recent test manual, S.D. Porteus has shown that quantitative scores on the Maze Test decline under the administration of chlorpromazine. No data are presented with regard to drug effects on the qualitative scores. Qualitative scores represent a weighted coding of ongoing expressive movement exhibited in the course of completing the mazes. As qualitative maze scores are related to maze difficulty, repetition of the mazes should result in a decline of qualitative scores with a corresponding decline in range of variation. Any factor increasing the number of qualitative errors should also increase the possible range of variation. Individual differences in drug response should also increase the range of variation. It was therefore postulated that variance changes should be more sensitive to drug effects than mean changes.

This paper studies the relation of the psychasthenic and hypomanic scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory to uncertainty in psychophysical judgment. The following predictions were made: (a) Individuals with a psychasthenic profile on the MMPI will give significantly more doubtful judgments than individuals with a hypomanic profile in a psychophysical weight discrimination experiment; and (b) individuals having a dull profile on the MMPI will give a number of doubtful judgments intermediate to the psychasthenic and hypomanic groups. Both predictions were verified.

The article presents information on the coefficient of profile similarity. Since the second paper on this statistical quantity was published, several psychologists have asked the author to rationalize a procedure which permits the use of all the segments, including segments of zero slope. This note attempts to do just that. Whenever zero slope segments occur in the reference or compared profiles it will be given either a positive or a negative slope. The determination of the appropriate sign is made by reference to some chance operation. The implicit assumption here is that when zero slope segments occur, a very large sample of segments taken from the same individual or group would yield equal -relative frequencies for positive and negative slopes.

The article presents comments of the author on research paper "Critical Notice of the Objective Psyche," by J. Layard, published in a 1960 issue of "Journal of Analytical Psychology," on theory of the original self. According to the author, the theory of the original self grew from the empirical observation. Self-images can be observed in childhood and could be conjectured in infancy. The original state of the self was assumed to be a simple integrate without other manifestations than its wholenes.

The article presents an account of the book "Assessment of Human Motives," edited by Gardner Lindzey. The book summarizes the 1957 conference held at Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, consisting of nine important papers by eminent psychologists.

The article presents an account of the book "Direct Analysis," by John N. Rosen. The book is a series of papers written by a psychiatrist to illustrate the application of psychoanalysis to psychotics by the direct analysis and interpretation of psychotic unconscious contents. Selected cases are presented with discussion by the author and other psychiatrists.

The article presents an account of the book "Ego Psychology and the Psychoses," by Paul Federn. The book is an interesting collection of theoretical papers by Paul Federn edited and with an introduction by Edoardo Weiss. Federn's ego psychology implies the necessity of evaluating ego strengths and weaknesses and the various ways in which ego libido manifests itself.