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The article focuses on the interaction recorder, an electronic punched paper tape unit for recording speech behavior during interviews. The study of verbal interview behavior results in the accumulation of (and the ultimate necessity to process) large quantities of data. This is true whether the investigative focus is on such global phenomena as personality traits or personality change, analysis of the content or themes expressed, or on such structural characteristics as frequency and durations of single units of speech and silence. With both the Chapple Interaction Chronograph and the Interaction Recorder, a trained observer is needed in order to record the interview interaction.

The article examines the Sargent Test. Sargent has recently made an attempt to incorporate the principles of projective methods into a group paper-and-pencil personality test, thus combining the administrative advantages of a written test with the diagnostic value of a projective technique. The theory and principles which lie behind this Test of Insight into Human Motives are reviewed. The present study seeks to investigate the Sargent test to further examine the reliability of the test; and to develop a simpler scoring system. The subjects were women from the beginning psychology classes at the University of Wisconsin in the fall of 1945, who volunteered for "a simple written experiment in connection with the study of group tendencies in college students."

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article in its first part describes the main hypotheses underlying E. Kretschmer's system of typology and of various ways in which Kretschmer and his associates and students have attempted to supply proof of its validity. It is also shown that while certain criticisms frequently made of this system rest mainly on ignorance or misunderstanding, yet the methods of proof used by Kretschmer, although ingenious and extremely interesting, are not completely convincing. In this part of the paper, an attempt is made to carry out an empirical test of Kretschmer's hypothesis, using the method of "criterion analysis" specially developed by the author for use with problems of typology and taxonomy generally. In order to use the hypothetico-deductive method in this field, it is particularly important to state the hypotheses to be tested quite clearly, and to make deductions from them which can be tested empirically. The article attempts to state Kretschmer's hypotheses in such a way that a statistical and experimental test of them becomes possible.

The paper is a report of some experiments, which were developed to test the hypothesis that a preference for tints on the one hand or for strong color on the other hand is associated with certain characteristics of personality. It was believed that individuals are fairly consistent in their choosing of either colors or tints and that these choices are associated with two different ways of experiencing life. The ideas underlying the research herein reported were brought sharply into focus while the authors were discussing some paintings. One author expressed the opinion that she would have used dark reds and blues and found the use of tints inconceivable. Preference for color or for tint would appear to have been fairly reliably measured in the first individual session of this experiment. Several interpretations of the data presented in the table of results appeared possible. The interpretations, however, did not seem to apply equally well when checked against the everyday behavior of a number of subjects known intimately.

This paper reexamines a great deal of research that has dealt with psychological maladjustment and glossolalia, including more recent studies of tongue-speaking in middle- and upper-class groups. Issue is taken with the conclusion of some recent research that there is no relationship between psychological or personality factors and glossolalia. Some data commonly used to substantiate this conclusion is reexamined and found to support rather different conclusions, though many of the studies looked at art faulted on methodological pounds. Special attention is given to the much-cited but unpublished work of Lincoln Vivier. It is argued that misleading conclusions may have been drawn from this important study. Suggestions are made for further research on glossolalia that would allow more definitive conclusions to be reached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary T his report is concerned with the validity of measures of physical proficiency for the selection of Air Force officer candidates and the relationships of physical proficiency measures to leadership and personality measures. This paper is one in a series describing the evaluation of members of two Air Force Officer Candidate School (OCS) classes by means of assessment techniques administered during a three and one-half day period at the beginning of each class. The results of this study indicate that measures of physical proficiency are moderately interrelated and yield a total score with satisfactory internal consistency. The total physical proficiency score correlated only slightly with OCS military grades (essentially peers'estimates of future officer potentiality) and not at all with the other criteria, which included a highly valid intermediate officer effectiveness measure. Relationships between the physical proficiency score and other assessment and personality measures indicate that the candidate high on physical proficiency is not unlike the stereotype of the 'all American boy'-extroverted, energetic, assertive, and socially poised. It is concluded that physical proficiency measures are probably of little value in selecting individuals for officer training or other programs requiring small group leadership behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research conducted during the last few years has investigated the relationship between these personality variables and several dependent variables including performance on classroom tests, preference for certain degrees of risk, estimation of future success, persistence at tasks, and several others. The extent of these findings has seemed substantial enough to warrant the use of achievement-motivation variables as predictors of performance in applied as well as laboratory studies. This is not to imply that the reported findings are always consistent or that significant differences are always discovered. Since the theory of achievement motivation does appear to be of considerable potential use in several areas, any attempt at clarification would seem to be a contribution in a practical as well as a theoretical sense. In this paper one such attempt will be reviewed and data will be presented that seem to clarify some of the inconsistencies in the literature. In particular, control-of-reinforcement theory, originally devised by Julian Rotter, will be reviewed and an attempt will be made to show how a consideration of this theory along with the theory of achievement motivation can aid in understanding the conditions under which both theories apply.

This paper advances the claim that personality variables can explain peoples' behavior even though that behavior varies from situation to situation. The argument is developed in the course of a critique of several interpretative reviews of personality research. Scholar W. Mischel asserts that the hypothesis that persons exhibit large trans-situational consistencies in their behavior is simply and generally not supported by the available data. According to Mischel, the unenlightened proponents of trans-situational personality consistency include nonprofessional users of ordinary language trait names such as aggressive, honest and friendly who reify these attributions. Dynamic personality theorists who speak of some inner or intra-psychic features of personality such as ego strength or defensiveness, are likewise void of convincing empirical support. Both of Mischel's opponents are purportedly committed to the view that response constancies will emerge in spite of situational variation. In the course of the argument presented here the claim will be made that situational specificity of response itself is a personality variable. Mischel's assertion is thus regarded as a proposition that ultimately is a misleading summary of previous findings and an abortive guide for future personality research.

The article focuses on a study which examined the implications of symmetry and asymmetry in interpersonal relations for the concept of projection. A distinction between symmetrical and asymmetrical cases of projection has been fundamental since it was introduced by Murray and remains so in the recent review by Holmes. It is usually implied that the two types of cases require entirely different accounts in terms of different psychological processes. The implication of the present paper is quite different. Consider any cognitive process whereby once perceives the characteristics of oneself and the other person according to the likely relationship between them. It follows from the earlier argument that such a process will lead to symmetrical cognitions for certain characteristics and asymmetrical cognitions for others. The application to cases of asymmetrical projection is most direct. Murray used complementary projection to refer to an asymmetrical situation where children who were afraid attributed maliciousness to photographs. He suggested a process, similar to that just proposed, involving the attribution of characteristics to others that explain or justify one's own. This type on interpretation has traditionally bee applied only to asymmetrical cases. Murray used supplementary projection for the symmetrical cases dealt with by classical psychoanalytic mechanism of defense. It was in order to clarify such cases that the study included adjectives to represent both relatively strong and milder versions of the Freudian motives of sex and aggression all of which gave clearly evidence for symmetry.

This article provides an overview of the Negro academic motivation and performance. The attempts to eliminate racial differences in academic performance must consider both the personal characteristics of the Negro students and the characteristics present in the educational system which discriminate in favor of some characteristics and against others. The results imply that programs designed to produce changes in students will have little effect on the academic achievement of either Negro or white disadvantaged students if they do not, at the same time, attempt to change the educational environment. Thus, the changes in the educational environment of Negro students will prove more effective than programs designed to change the personal characteristics of students.

The article cites a study to assess performance of personality. The individual responds to actual, physical stimuli of some potential significance rather than to conceptual or verbally defined stimuli. In devising the tests it was assumed that a person enters a situation with relatively stable tendencies to perceive and to respond selectively, endowing the stimuli with positive, negative, or neutral incentive values according to his unique personality characteristics. It was also assumed that personality characteristics are revealed, in some respect, by the stimulus materials he values or rejects and through the kinds of changes he physically imposes on these objects.

The article cites the study to approach the adult female obese personality through the use of the Rorschach test. The authors' plan is (1) to determine if there are reliable and differentiating Rorschach quantitative indices which characterize the personality structure of obese women as contrasted with women within the ideal weight range, (2) to determine the degree in which these differentiating indices are present, and (3) to attempt to reconstruct a pattern of psychic-economic distribution of personality energy typical of the personality structure of obese women. Later papers will treat nuclear conflicts and crucial relationships in the personality of obese women as reflected in other projective techniques.

The characteristics of one's moral code determine how often and in what life situations inner conflict is aroused, influence the ways such conflict is experienced, and set limits on the techniques that can be used to resolve it. The goal of this paper is to convey the theoretical richness of the topic and to clarify some of the research implications. Therefore, only a brief outline of empirical work on the acquisition of moral needs is explained here. Details of the latter are presented elsewhere. Instead, the article describes a number of the problems that have been encountered in the development of the investigations. The paper closes with a discussion of some hypothetical interrelationships between moral standards and other facets of personality.

The term "dependence" is customarily used as a personality construct. In this usage it denotes the degree to which one person requires others to satisfy his needs, its obverse is independence, a state in which the person is able to generate his own gratifications. Interpersonal dependence, then, is flexible in a way in which dependence as a personality attribute is not. The research reported in this paper is based on the John W. Thibaut and H.H. Kelley system, which speciefies certain consequences of high interpersonal dependence. Before applying the dependence formulation to the B-S interaction in laboratory experiments, it will be necessary to summarize the position of Thibaut and Kelley. They view a person as having a repertoire of behavior sequences which comprises all the responses he is capable of enacting. When two people interact they select behavior sequences from their repertoires. Thibaut and Kelley define interpersonal power with the same concepts used to define dependence. A person's degree of power in a relationship is measured by the range of outcomes through which he actually does or potentially could move his partner. All interpersonal relationships involve some degree of dependence and power. This paper describes a situation in which high dependence is created by causing an individual to endure some very poor outcomes in the relationship while he knows that some very good ones are also attainable.

In this paper, are included three rather diverse themes which have a common origin in a research program on psychological stress, which is still in progress. The occasion for the first theme was the concern with the measurement of motivation, which is felt as an important source of such individual differences. The second theme, related to this last-made point, is that the traditional search for main effects of independent variables in stress, experimentation must give way to analysis of interactions among variables, if such experimentation is to be most meaningful and realistic. It is demonstrated that the influence of a given variable in the determination of behavior is a function of the context of other variables in which it occurs. Two classes of potentially interacting variables were discussed; attributes of the individual; and characteristics of the situation to which the individual is exposed. The third, and last, theme emphasizes the contribution which developmental psychology can make to the understanding of response to stressor conditions. On the one hand, differences in the developmental level of individual-including individuals of equivalent chronological age-should be a significant factor in determining such response. In addition, the use of tasks which may be developmentally analyzed should provide meaningful dimensions for evaluating stress responses.

On a priori grounds there seems to be a logical relationship between the personality variable "authoritarianism" and the acceptance of military ideology. Military organizations, of necessity, operate in a fairly authoritarian manner and presumably individuals predisposed to accept authoritarian ideology should accept and reflect ideas on attitudes and behavior which these organizations hold. Some of the variables allegedly measured by the scale appear relevant to the problem of military acceptance, while some others, on the surface at least, appear less so Conventionalism, submission to and enforcement of authority, toughness, and practical "hard-headedness" could be classed in the former group. Superstition, destructiveness, projection and exaggerated concern with sexual "goings on" appear less relevant. The theoretical considerations leading to the prediction of military acceptance by "authoritarian" individuals do not necessarily lead to the opposite prediction that "equalitarian" individuals will reject the military.

The relationships between personality and the phenomenon of prejudice have been the concern of several recent investigations. To study ethnocentrism the investigator employed the California Ethnocentrism Scale for adult subjects and the California Attitude Scale for children. It was assumed in the study that a score on these attitude scales gave "a measure of the extent of a subject's ethnocentrism." This implied that the responses were accepted at their face value. Overlooked were the possibilities that, in spite of the anonymity which was guaranteed, subjects might not have responded truthfully on the paper-and-pencil questionnaire, particularly since highly controversial issues were involved, or that the answers given depended on the subject's interpretations of his task and of the questions, or that they were due to momentary sets or other conditions particular to the time and place of responding. It was stated that a "high ethnocentrism score represents prejudice and a low score represents lack of prejudice."

This paper deals with the problem of the relation between dominant ectomorphy and dominance of the corresponding component in the temperament index or psychotype. The restricted nature of this presentation is due among other things to certain limitations of the temperament material and to the size of the available series. It is the opinion of the authors, however, that within the realm of the Grant Study data, the area selected for this preliminary presentation best affords exploration of this relationship. Somatotype ratings were given to 260 Grant Study subjects. An attempt was made to follow as closely as possible the somatotype standards as presented. From these data it appeared that in 51 out of the 260 cases, or in 19.6 per cent of the individuals, the predominant component was ectomorphy. All the psychotype classifications of the subjects here reported were made independently by one of the authors of this paper. An intensive study was made of each case history from the mass of interview material obtained by the staff psychiatrists.

The article presents the comments of the author on the research paper "The Therapist-Patient Relationship," published in January 1973 issue of "Journal of Analytical Psychology," C.G. Jung's description of the analyst-patient relationship quoted in this paper refers primarily to an attitude of mind on the part of analyst and one which is hard to sustain when the transference is hard to sustain when the transference is of archetypal. The way in which Jung placed the personality of the analyst before knowledge and technique was over-emphatic

The article considers the concept of role clarity as posited by organizational theorists. The author studies the relationship between role clarity and job satisfaction, job strain, and the propensity to leave. The reaction of male and female respondents to the independent variables listed are examined. The methodology employed in the study and its findings are discussed, including a correlation analysis of male and female respondents. Concluding statements concerning hypotheses set forth in the paper are summarized.

In this paper the concepts of "rural conservatism" and the "rural-urban continuum" are related in order to investigate the hypothesis that, in the State of Washington, conservatism as a personality trait is positively associated with the degree to which people exhibit a rural way of life. The results of this study indicate that this hypothesis is not tenable. It is suggested that this finding may be explained to some extent by certain characteristics of the rural population of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rural Sociology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a very novel form of life in Japan, apartment life has become the subject of much research by Japanese sociologists in recent years. This paper attempts to examine critically the findings of such research, especially concerning privacy and social life. Two types of apartment dwellers are identified: the ‘sociability type,’ who loves positive human relations resulting from physical propinquity, and the ‘privacy type,’ who recoils from such relations and prefers to be let alone. In a middle-class apartment house complex in the suburbs of Tokyo, the privacy type who, though not necessarily unsociable, does not want mere physical propinquity to determine the choice of his friends and the pattern of his social life, is found more frequently than the sociability type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the factor analytic structure of small group interaction, parent-child interaction, and personality traits is reviewed and interpreted within the framework of a circumflex model. This model uses power and support as reference axes around which other patterns of interaction or of personaltiy can be meaningfully arrayed. The circumflex model provides a theoretical map which can be used to order existing data and to generate hypotheses. Examples of such ordering and of hypotheses are given. Location of socializing agents or groups in the two-dimensional property space formed by the variables of power and support is a minimal essential specification of the social interactional context within which socialization takes place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research described in this paper is a reexamination of these relationships. Lykken (1968) argues that the only "satisfactory solution to the corroboration of (theories in the social sciences) is that of multiple corroboration, the derivation and testing of separate, quasi-independent predictions." Only when findings have been replicated, in some manner, with a degree of consistency can they be entitled to "serious consideration," regardless of their level of significance and the size of the correlations. He outlines briefly three replication techniques. Literal replication is exact duplication of the first research. Operational replication is the duplication of the sampling and experimental procedures. Constructive replication is where an independent researcher begins with the findings of study and uses other constructs of the concepts in the first to examine the hypotheses. This study is a hybrid of operational and constructive replication. The instruments, with the exception of the effectiveness measure, were virtually identical to Vroom's (1960). The analytical techniques are similar, but the sample is markedly different in many respects, notably the nature of the work and geographical dispersion. Obtaining results similar to Vroom's would increase the confidence in statements and conclusions drawn from his findings. Unfortunately, this was not the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper describes the derivation of an "individual differences" measure from organizational theory. It is concerned with the postulation of a personality construct based on a particular organizational model and the development of a measure of this construct. Data bearing on the validity of this measure are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attribution of responsibility is becoming the subject of increasing research activity. Reasons for such activity appear fairly obvious. It is highly probable that the degree to which one person holds another as responsible for the latter's acts is a prime determinant of much interpersonal behavior. For example, responses to others that are punishing versus rehabilitative, generous versus niggardly, kindly versus hostile, or accepting versus rejecting may all be mediated to a substantial extent by the degree to which one attributes responsibility to another person for the outcome of his acts. The focus of the present paper is on several potential determinants of responsibility attribution and their interactions. In professor E. Walster's study, the stimulus events were described as chance-determined. That is, a person gained, broke even, or lost money on an investment purely as a function of environmental events over which he had no control. In this study, Walster was not able to show a relation between responsibility attribution and outcome seventy.

The effectiveness with which people deal with problem situations has long been a matter of concern to both the scientist and the layman Indeed, most of the psychological knowledge can be construed as relevant to such a concern. Over the past several years a personality concept has evolved out of social learning theory, which appears intimately related to the above noted concerns. This concept, internal vs external (I-E)control of reinforcement, refers to the extent to which an individual feels that he has control over the reinforcements that occur relative to his behavior. Of more central concern to this paper, however, are those studies which relate I-E to such things as acquisition of information, information-seeking, retention of information, and effectiveness in influencing others. M. Seeman and J.W. Evans matched groups of internals and externals, hospitalized in a tuberculosis hospital, on socioeconomic and hospital experience variables. The findings were that under ambiguous conditions, internals sought more information than did externals, under chance conditions, internals and externals did not differ in information seeking behavior, and under skill conditions, externals sought significantly less information than did internals. The major purpose of the present study, therefore, is to demonstrate that internals are more effective in the utilization of information. In order to show greater utilization of information on the part of internals it will be necessary to also control for factors such as initial learning and retention of material.

The article presents information on the idiographic relationship between association value and reinforcement value and the nature of meaning. In a recent paper one of the authors argued that an affective dimension of meaningfulness-termed reinforcement value-may be going unnoticed in present studies of verbal learning. The implication was that reinforcement value, which is considered highly amenable to personality study, is relatively independent of the more traditional estimate of meaningfulness association value. An association value measure is ordinarily arrived at nomothetically, by taking the percentage of subjects who proffer an association to a consonant-vowel-consonant trigram, or the average number of words which groups of subjects associate with a neologism or word over a fixed period of time. Though reinforcement value could be treated in a similar way, thus far it has been studied idiographically, each subject being asked to rate a trigram according to its unique likeability from his point of view. Holding association value constant, it has then been demonstrated in severed cross-validations that positively rated verbal material is learned more quickly than negatively rated material.

In this article, research style and personality characteristics of men and women mathematicians has been analyzed to provide empirical findings about the separate ways in which creative members of each sex differ from comparison sources. Creative work is reliably appraised and highly valued by mathematicians, so that men who are creative are clearly identified and have higher status than other men in the field. The first hypothesis is that creative men will differ from all other mathematicians, male and female, in such traits as self-assurance and professional participativeness. A research paper by sociologist Erich Neumann suggests a second hyppothesis. He describes two types of consciousness which he called patriarchal and matriarchal. Patriarchal consciousness is assertive, objective, analytical, purposive. It was found in the study that creative men were far more confident, forceful, and effective, both as researchers and also as leaders and evaluators, than all other subjects. Creative men and women differed in opposite directions from comparison men and women on measures of professional participativeness, sociability, and self acceptance.

This paper addresses the neglect of work on feminine psychology as a symptom of the far broader impoverishment of contemporary work in personality. Bakan's concepts of agency and communion are invoked toward understanding the constraints imposed by current research paradigms. Agentic (masculine) modes of inquiry involving manipulation, quantification, and control need to be complemented by the communal (feminine) research styles (naturalistic, qualitative, open) developed in other disciplines. Three issues are proposed for research in personality: duality in human nature, typology and qualitative patterning and biological bases of personality. These issues are consonant with the nature of feminity, engage the talents of female investigators, and could foster development of the new research paradigms required for serious inquiry in personality. Suggestions for conceptual elaboration and empirical research are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the empirical and theoretical status of socialization and personality factors in the academic failure of Negro youth and to suggest some promising directions for research. The disadvantaged pupil's learning difficulties are attributed to a basic failure of the socialization process in the home. It could also be a reflection of the lack of relevance of the competence goals of the school to the competence goals toward which the child has been socialized by the transmitting agents of his own culture. A key component of the deprivation which afflicts ghetto children is that generally their teachers do not expect them to learn, and have adopted as their concept of their function custodial care and discipline.

In an earlier paper, the author reported a series of findings concerning both the absolute changes and the intra-individual consistency of 38 personality variables over nearly 20 years. The subjects were originally tested as engaged couples between 1935 and 1938 and re-tested in 1953 and 1954. Summarizing briefly the results of that study with respect to attitude and values, it was found the largest change to be an increase in the religious values of both men and women and a significant decrease in aesthetic and theoretical values. Test-re-test correlations over 20 years were significantly positive for all variables although generally lower than test-re-test correlation over shorter periods. Of particular interest was the finding that for individuals, values were much more stable than attitudes.

Copyright of European Journal of Social Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the quality of analyst's personality to be able to mobilize on his patient's behalf as a therapeutic factor in analysis. This quality of personality seems to be connected with concern, patience and a capacity to remain-in-being for his patient. Three qualities, genuineness, non-possessive warmth and accurate empathy seems to be essential for to the successful therapist. There is a growing body of experience to suggest that apart from the knowledge, the skill and the personal motivation, the therapeutic set up demands that therapist must be able to mobilize his sentiments, his predisposition and his capacity for concern and openness within the limits of his human personal condition.

It is a sign of the times that a person who considers himself a professional sociologist and who wants to remain in communication with his colleagues dares write a paper in which he suggests that an image of man rooted in one of the strands of the Judco-Christian tradition may be better suited to the ordering of sociological data than those models currently in use. Theology, the human attempt to reflect upon commitment, occupies no privileged position in this tradition and neither it, nor the Church, has any authority to dictate or establish the content of empirical knowledge. The image of a man dominant in current sociology and social psychology is that of the person determined, within the limits set by a permissive biological inheritance, by society and culture. Complete determinism is presupposed in this image and a psychological determinism that would view the personality as a dynamic system in its own right is subordinated to societal and cultural determinism. Culture and society have endured forever and that it is the eternal fate of the person to be contained within the process of socialization and the structure of statuses and roles.

This paper reports two experiments testing the hypotheses that the rate and degree of verbal conditioning are inversely related to the personality variables of rigidity and extraversion, these predictions being based on theoretical formulations by psychologists, R.B. Cattell and H.J. Eysenck, respectively. The most striking finding was that the conditioning procedures did not induce reliable, i.e. repeatable, changes in performance. This result which precluded an adequate test of the hypotheses under investigation is in marked contrast to previous studies using this and other methods of conditioning, and requires explanation.

The article discusses how a clinician is a behavioral scientist. It is the thesis of this paper that whatever a clinical psychologist does, whether diagnosis, therapy, or teaching, he does his work properly only because he is a research worker. At present there seems to be a trend away from meticulous diagnostic work. In the face of this, it should be pointed out that only through diagnostic effort, that is, psychological measurement, can the clinician set his goal in therapy, and more importantly, know when this therapeutic goal has been reached.

The article informs that self-report techniques have been utilized to measure personality attributes since R.S. Woodworth's "Personality Inventory." The traditional self-report methodology requires the S to respond to a series of statements by indicating whether they are true or false when applied to himself, and his responses are scored by a key developed after an item analysis of the responses given by variously defined criterion groups. The technique for assessing self descriptions with which this paper is concerned lies somewhere between the above two methods of self-report, and consists of having subjects complete three sentence stems by selecting adjectives to describe their feelings, their study or work habits, and their social reaction pattern.

This paper reports one aspect of the Nobles County, Minnesota Mental Health Survey which has been underway since 1949. The general investigation had three main aims: (1) to undertake a study of the prediction of adjustment over time, (2) secure age data on personality and adjustment measures, and (3) develop screening instruments for locating children and adolescents in need of special attention. The first of these aims, the prediction of adjustment, is reported on here. The predictions cover a four year period and the results reported are for the men in the sample. The problems of the present prediction study can be reduced to (1) the development of predictors, (2) the development of criteria, and (3) the relation of predictors to criteria.

The purpose of this paper is to present an illustrative case study written up following the systematic method for evaluating all possible factors "organizing personality integration" developed by this author in his outline of principles of psychological examining. The rationale of the method is based on a general theory of personality integration which postulates that a principal problem of diagnosis is to identify and evaluate the various levels of factors organizing behavior by relating the interactions of sub functions to the organization of personality as a whole. Behavior may be interpreted as reflecting the attempts of the organism to maintain itself at the highest possible level of organization depending upon the harmonious and sell-consistent interactioning of all lower level supporting functions.

This article discusses directive psychotherapy. The purpose of, this paper is to discuss the nature, indications and contraindications of methods of therapy involving pressure or coercion. Pressure is defined as the bringing to bear upon the client of stimulation tending to direct action toward specific goals. Coercion involves restraint or regulation by force, usually by law or authority, compelling or constraining the! client to comply with directions. Pressure will usually involve influences which leave ultimate responsibility for conformance up to the client himself, while coercion requires mandatory conformance.

The article presents a simple, quick and objective method of arriving at a statement concerning the degree of similarity of one profile to another. There are many tests whose results may be put in profile form. The concept of profile types as indicative of specific personality disorders is interesting enough to warrant investigation and exploitation. The hard pressed psychometrician or clinician could well use an objective method of describing the similarity of one profile to another. An empirical formula was devised which yields a coefficient of profile similarity. This coefficient seems to assist in the objective comparison of one profile to another. It seems to fill a real need of psychometricians and clinicians.

Copyright of British Journal of Addiction (to Alcohol & Other Drugs) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper describes the different forms of egocentrism characteristic of each of the major stages of cognitive growth outlined by Piaget. Particular attention is paid to the egocentrism of adolescence which is here described as the failure to differentiate between the cognitive concerns of others and those of the self. This adolescence egocentrism is said to give rise to 2 mental constructions, the imaginary audience and the personal fable, which help to account for certain forms of adolescent behavior and experience. These considerations suggest, it is concluded, that the cognitive structures peculiar to a given age period can provide insights with respect to the personality characteristics of that age level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on authoritarianism and conceptual functioning in varied conditions. Authoritarianism has been found to be related to a wider range of conceptual or attitudinal processes than any other personality measure so far studied empirically. Owing to both theoretical and methodological ambiguities, however, the picture concerning the effects of this personality attribute on cognitive processes is far from clear. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the clarification of this issue by examining the relationships of authoritarianism to behavioral indexes of conceptualization or structuring of novel stimuli, to concept change, and to discrimination, obtained from five related but different studies. The five experiments, which yielded these personality correlates of conceptual activity, varied in methods from those of psychophysics to those of social influence Yet all of them which involved presenting Ss with stimulus inputs that deviated in controlled amounts from previously assessed concepts or beliefs, were evolved and executed from a common set of theoretical assumptions.

Some of the major personality factors reported to be related to susceptibility to persuasion are low aggressiveness field dependent perceptual behavior, low intelligence, weak ego, poor leadership ability, high F-scale score, social inadequacy, inhibition of aggression, depressive tendencies, and low self-esteem. While low self-esteem was associated with high persuasibility, a researcher found that symptoms of acute anxiety were associated with low persuasibility. The first experiment reported here is an attempt to demonstrate a relationship between a relatively general dispositional measure and the tendency at yield to group pressure. The measure of reaction to disapproval was based on the tendency for an S to select self -devaluative alternatives following hypothetical disapproval from a neutral source on a paper and pencil test. In the group pressure situation the S was presented with simulated reports which varied in degree of discrepancy from his own perception.

Studies of the effects of individual characteristics upon memory typically are concerned with the selective learning and forgetting of particular details of the original stimulus complex. Relatively little attention has been given to the question of possible reliable individual differences in the degree to which any detail is likely to be forgotten regardless of its semantic content. The purpose of the present paper is to inquire into the reliability of individual differences in leveling tendency, and to examine the relationship between leveling and various personality factors presumed to affect perceptual-cognitive style. The present hypothesis is that individuals indicating a preference for simple phenomenal experiences on this scale have relatively strong leveling tendencies. Leveling in the design recall task was significantly associated with leveling at the story recall task, indicating reliable individual differences in general leveling tendency. Furthermore, as predicted, individuals preferring simple rather than complex experiences tended to have high general leveling tendency scores. The Low-Complex individuals also tended to be highly ethnocentric, but the ethnocentrism measure was not significantly associated with leveling.