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The article focuses on the interaction recorder, an electronic punched paper tape unit for recording speech behavior during interviews. The study of verbal interview behavior results in the accumulation of (and the ultimate necessity to process) large quantities of data. This is true whether the investigative focus is on such global phenomena as personality traits or personality change, analysis of the content or themes expressed, or on such structural characteristics as frequency and durations of single units of speech and silence. With both the Chapple Interaction Chronograph and the Interaction Recorder, a trained observer is needed in order to record the interview interaction.

The article focuses on research and clinical applications of the doll-play interview. There is a real need for a technique which permits the exploration of the child's feelings in a fairly short period of time, and yet is simple and flexible enough to be used with very young children, and adaptable to investigation of a large variety of problems. It should be possible to obtain specific information, which can be recorded easily. Furthermore, requirements of high reliability and validity should be met. The purpose of this paper was to describe a doll-play interviewing procedure and to summarize information about reliability and validity. Its applicability in clinical diagnosis and research as a flexible tool for attacking a large variety of problems and producing specific quantifiable data was discussed. Methods for increasing its value were pointed out. It is concluded that the doll-play interview can be a valuable technique for studying children's behavior clinically and experimentally. The doll-play interview takes place in a play situation, in which dolls are asked questions. The child answers for the dolls and is encouraged to manipulate the dolls as well as to give verbal answers.

In the fall of 1952, a chronological study has been conducted to solve the problem of community action in the Springdale community in New York. For this purpose interviews were arranged with ten different adults who had played key roles in the action. The case study is based primarily in the weekly paper, observations made by the field workers at meetings of various organizations. Additional information was also gathered by field workers through informal contacts in the community. The roles of various organizations were also analyzed.

In the article, the author explains the meaning of popular science. He states that the building of science is a more chaotic process. The author is concerned with the individual acts of generating a new idea that sum up into the body of scientific information. To do research is to be in a special state of grace. He maintains that American archival journals suffer for not recording more of the raw experience. He proposes a sort of interview in which good scientists and engineers talk in a very personal way about how they do science and what it means to them.

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This article discusses a study on social grading by manual workers. This paper reports a small research project in East London in England wherein the sample consisted mainly of manual workers. Personal interviews were used rather than written questionnaires. After they had graded occupations, people were asked the reasons for their decisions. The small research project described here was an attempt to find out whether manual workers chosen at random from electoral registers. This East London inquiry finds a considerable measure of dissensus amongst the manual workers in its sample. The respondents are divided into two groups. The deviants grade occupations according to their social contribution. Manual workers are on the whole ranked above non-manual. The deviants are influenced by their political attitudes. In conclusion, it was on a very small scale, and a much larger sample is plainly required. It was made in East London, and the residents in it may not be at all representative of manual workers in general. The validity of the findings can only be tested by a full-scale inquiry. A full-scale inquiry into the views of a cross-section of the population using verbal interviews could reveal the measure of dissensus consensus on the status of occupations, and beyond that, lay the foundations for a study of an important aspect of political ideology in contemporary Britain.

In any given interpersonal situation some pairs of individuals will interact harmoniously while other pairs will interact with discord and friction. Since the extant situational variables are often identical, the differences in the resulting interaction would appear to be related to the behavior tendencies of the participating individuals. In an effort to account for motivational forces in dyadic interaction R.F. Winch formulated a theory of complementary needs. This theory postulates that the members of a dyad seek to derive need gratification from each other, and since an attempt to gratify identical personality needs from each other would frequently lead to conflict, the members of enduring dyads have dovetailing or complementary needs. An experimental test of this theory, using the TAT and interviews as measures of personality, was made by R.F. Winch, T. Ktsanes, and V. Ktsanes. Later, Winch did a different statistical analysis of the same data. Both papers seem to provide some qualified support for the theory. But neither of them indicates what safeguards were exercised against possible contamination of ratings by the raters' knowledge of the subjects.

The article presents an investigation into the "Self-Concept " of personality organization. One of the newer candidates in the field of personality theory is the Self-Concept theory of personality organization. This view received its first formal statement by V.C. Raimy in 1943, although related lines of thinking are to be identified both previous to and since that time. This view holds that the behavior of the individual is primarily determined by and pertinent to his phenomenal field and, in particular, that aspect of the field, which is the individual's concept of himself. Some other psychologists have given special support to this view in showing its value in explaining or describing the results achieved through nondirective counseling and psychotherapy. There is no reason, however, why the Self-Concept theory must be solely identified with the nondirective technique. The present writers have felt that the postulate of the "Self Concept" may be employed to good effect in other phases of psychological practice and by psychologists of other persuasions. As an example of an interview technique arising from the Self-Concept theory frame of reference and available to any interviewer, the present paper reports on a device which has been found productive in exploring the interviewee's self perceptions.

South-East Asians who are being interviewed will express only views which they think the interviewer or investigator wants to hear is one of the most commonly held stereotypes relative to the difficulties of conducting opinion and market surveys in nine countries of South-East Asia. In this study emphasis is placed in this discussion on the influence of courtesy on the respondent's answers and behavior. Two basic attitudes related to courtesy which must be overcome by interviewer training are: The desire to help the respondent, and the tendency to retreat in the face of a possible refusal by a person of higher status. A defense must also be built against the interviewer's courteous behavior towards a person of status. It is hoped that nothing in this paper will suggest that more than a beginning in research has been made in South-East Asia both in the conduct of opinion and market research surveys themselves and in controlled experiments directed towards the elimination of the effects of the courtesy bias.

The purpose of this paper is to show how a new nonparametric method, manifest structure analysis, may be used for a quantitative analysis of case histories or very general information files, it is well known that mature adults do not like to take most conventional tests. These same adults, however, generally show far less antagonism to interviews, the taking of a case history, etc. In the present study, information files were compiled for management personnel in an industrial organization, a manifest structure analysis of these information files was made, and a test or scale constructed for use in estimating the actual value of employees to management.

The article focuses on the research paper "Industry and Science: A Study of Their Relationship Based on a Survey of Firms in the Greater Manchester Area Carried out by the Manchester Joint Research Council 1950-1953." The survey covered 225 carefully selected and representative firms in the Manchester area in England and was conducted by means of interviews by a small team of investigators. The report discusses the internal research and development activities within the firms, the contacts between industry and the universities.

The article focuses on the paper "The Export Decision Process: An Empirical Inquiry," by Claude L. Simpson. The author informs that in recent years various U. S. government efforts have been directed at bringing more firms into exporting. The research reported in this paper was designed to test the assumptions on which these efforts have been based. The author has attempted to profile the export decision-maker by inquiring into his perceptions of the risks and cost/benefit relationships associated with exporting and into his reaction to various hypothesized export stimuli. The survey conducted by the author consisted of interviews conducted in Tennessee in late 1972 with 50 decision-makers in firms that had begun exporting since 1967 and 70 in non-exporting firms of which 48 were found capable of exporting. In each case the re- search identified the presence of internal export stimuli and external stimuli. A variety of factors affecting the perceptions of the decision-makers were also determined.

Focuses on the total defence exhibited by patients in a transference psychosis. Investigation of delusional transferences; Description of the features of the syndrome; Ritualization of the interviews; Interpretation of the patient's defensive use of symbolization .

This article presents a study which was undertaken to determine whether the advantages of the standardized interview in terms of the reliability of the data obtained are sufficient to warrant its use in research studies concerned with family behavior. Traditionally, in studies concerned with family behavior which have not purported intensive personality analyses, three general approaches have been utilized in the collection of data: i.e., questionnaires, interviews, and observation. For the purposes of obtaining relatively impersonal information, the questionnaire method yields data of sufficient reliability to warrant its use; however, there is little empirical evidence concerning the relationship between the method of data collection and the reliability of responses obtained in studies of family behavior. The interview has been uncritically accepted as a "perfect instrument" while the reliability and validity of paper-and-pencil tests have been critically checked. It is surprising that very few studies have been performed to find out the best method for obtaining reliable information.

This article presents a study on public attitudes toward the city police in Hartford, Connecticut during June-July 1966. In recent years the police in the U.S. have attained a certain prominence in the eyes of their public. It appears that the public image of the policeman is assailed by bad publicity and increased conflict with the nominally non-criminal segment of society. The purpose of the study reported in this paper was to determine by interview survey the extent to which hostile attitudes toward police exist in a medium-sized Northern city, namely Hartford, Connecticut. The data for this study were collected as a part of a multi-purpose sample survey. The sample is a self-weighting two-stage stratified area probability sample of households. The first stage was a sample of all square block areas in the city. At the second stage, every dwelling unit in each of the 100 selected primary units was listed and the lists of dwelling units were subsampled. Despite the proliferation of criticism directed toward policemen, the citizens of Hartford on the whole appear to be satisfied with their performance. Differences in satisfaction with the police's job by occupational levels are not statistically significant at the .05 level. Despite some evidence of varying degrees of satisfaction by occupational level, there does not appear to be a linear relationship between occupational level and satisfaction with police performance. Asking subjects to simply evaluate the job which the local police are doing has obvious limitations. The criticism receiving the largest percentage of agreement concerned the policeman's contact with citizens over relatively minor considerations.

The article focuses on a proposal that job satisfaction of an employee should be interpreted using a general satisfaction index. It states that many studies on the issue are conducted through the administration of a questionnaire to employees involved. It cites various criteria used in administering questionnaires including job termination, wages and turnover using different approaches such as an interview, a projective test or a questionnaire. It mentions a study on the job satisfaction among life insurance agents who were asked to check items that correspond to their job satisfaction or dissatisfaction.

The article focuses on job analysis as technique to obtain job information that was used for personnel administration's field operation. It mentions the two classifications of jobs in industry such as job analysis for the development of information for personnel operations, and method analysis and time and motion study for the purpose of engineering. It says that the two classifications have different techniques, wherein experience, training , and qualifications of job analyst differs from time-motion-methods analyst. It states that the process of job analysis for small and big organization is the same, which uses questionnaires, observational approaches, and interviews.

The article investigates the relative effects of appearance vs. factual written data on an interviewer's evaluation of an applicant. It indicates the correlation between the evaluation of an applicant and his final employment decision. This paper examines the relative effects of appearance as represented by a photograph and written factual information on employment decisions for a series of applicants for the job title of life insurance agent. It thus appears that the rating process in the setting of a selection interview is subject to additional influencing factors which do not appear to affect the employment decision.

The article aims to indicate some incongruities which arise from the use of logical model on the analysis of inquiry. Such incongruities between the model and the actual behavior of students must lead to speculation about the value of the model. It is proposed that the behavior of students in an inquiry environment is so contaminated with affective factors that no model based on logical presuppositions can predict or describe it totally. Whenever logical structures are used to analyze data dominated by psychological influence, these will be found to be lacking in salience in this fundamental area.

The article presents a study on objective quantification of countertranference attitude. Twenty-two psychotherapists were incorporated for the study. The patient was asked to describe himself by means of an array of seventy-six statements. The therapist was requested to predict how the patient described him-self, using the same statements and the same instructions. The article suggests that therapists' feeling reactions toward their patients are relatively stable over many treatment interviews

The article compares three methods of handling mental hygiene clinic statistics. The purpose of this article is to contribute to this area in two-fold manner: First, to compare findings obtained by three different methods of collecting clinic statistics, and secondly, to report the experience of one clinic in evaluating treatment in terms of success, as well as number of treatment interviews. One major reason for the dearth of statistics is the difficulty in reaching agreement, whether it be in defining the terms used, in categorizing the procedures employed, and in classifying the results obtained. The closed case method and follow-up method gave almost identical results as to the number of improved patients and the number of interviews.

This article discusses how to write a psychological report. The following job breakdown is intended to help the beginner in psychological report writing who has trouble "getting started", and is patterned after one provided by the Industrial Training Service of the San Francisco Unified School District. It is to be hoped that the trainee will shortly outgrow the need for this kind of a crutch. But experience has shown us that at least some beginning students can be aided materially by such a step-by-step guide until they have had sufficient opportunity to develop their own methods and standards for reporting interviews in the field situation.

The article discusses the relationship between unemployment rate and unemployment duration. A high aggregate unemployment rate only indicates that labor market conditions in general are poor. Another important influence on unemployment duration is the strength of the unemployed worker's motivation to work and hence his incentive to seek out available job openings. Persons with low motivation to work, for any given level of labor market opportunity, would be expected to be unemployed for a longer period than persons with high motivation. Each claimant's motivation to work was assessed by the interviewer to determine an "interest-in-employment" rating for each claimant. Interest-in-employment was defined to include the worker's motivation to work and his attitude toward seeking employment. Monetary pressures that affected the conditions under which an individual would accept employment, relevant psychological factors, were considered in assessing this factor. Because of the strong expectation that highly motivated persons would be expected to experience significantly shorter mean unemployment duration than persons with lower motivational levels, it was difficult consistently and accurately to identify an individual's interest-in-employment.

This article presents an economic and social study of nutrition. The data for this study were collected from the Moapa Valley Southern Paiute Reservation near the City of Las Vegas, Nevada, in 1971, the residents of which represent about 250 of Nevada's approximately 4,000 Indian population. The sample subjects were from approximately the same social stratum with an average per capita income of $350. The sample includes 35 youths between the ages of 14 and 21. This represents essentially all youth in that age bracket living on the reservation. All were interviewed by means of questionnaire. The interviewer had worked with similar Indian youth for a ten-year period and was instructed to conduct interviews away from the parents so that responses might be given more freely. In addition, much information was obtained through intensive observation by the writer who spent much time in and around the reservation. Because calories are more descriptive of dietary quantity than quality, it was considered necessary to construct an index to reflect protein adequacy in the diet.

The article investigates the training needs of first line trade union officers in Great Britain. This study arises from a survey commissioned by the Education Committee of the General Council of the Trades Union Congress to investigate the training needs of first line full-time trade union officers. It reveals that a study of training needs must necessarily concern itself with a very large range of influences and activities. The study is concerned with those full-time union officers who are classed as "first-line" by their union. This excludes full-time branch secretaries. It covers those officers employed by their union under a variety of titles to deal directly with trade union members in their day-to-day negotiating and administrative work. A hundred and seventy-five of these officers were interviewed for this survey. Although trade union head offices took part in the selection of the sample, the basic characteristics of the officers in the equivalent unions in this sample were very similar to those of the sample selected for the 1966 Government Social Survey.

Each member of a sample of 59 men admitted to one London alcoholism halfway ho use was interviewed concerning the details of his social and drinking history. Analysis suggested the existence of two major dimensions of individual variation: degree of chronic alcohol dependence, and late-uncomplicated versus early-complicated alcohol dependence. Observation of the lengths of residence and manners of discharge of members of the sample suggested two varieties of failure; premature discharge (length of stay less than two months) and irregular discharge (drinking at discharge and/or discharge to an unknown or unsatisfactory destination) 4 There was a significant tendency for early-complicated alcoholism to be associated with premature discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article cites a study which aims to examine the relationship between attitudes toward the use of authority in interviewing and rigidity in everyday life and the selection of nuns for training as mental health counselors. It uses the data collected from the responses 190 Catholic nuns to the questions containing instruments measuring authority and rigidity. The study found significant relationship between authority scores and number of counseling courses taken. It suggests that nuns are appropriate individuals for counseling.

Distributions of information and of attitudes were assayed by field interviews in four villages representing varying degrees of contact with Western influence. Knowledge questions dealt with world affairs, national economy and government, and mechanical experience. Attitude queries explored conceptions of social status, democratic political values, economic traditionalism, and family organization. The level of information is low generally, and varies more with status or educational level than among the villages. Acceptance of secular and Western values is well begun and appears to embrace all aspects of life rather than being limited to technology or any other single sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on two bulletins, "Housing and Attitudes Toward Housing in Rural Pennsylvania," and "Measurement of Housing and Attitudes Toward Housing in Rural Pennsylvania," both by Howard R. Cottam. The bulletin entitled Housing and attitudes toward housing in rural Pennsylvania and a methodological supplement together report on a careful study of rural dwellings, rural people's attitudes toward their dwellings, and an analysis of the relationships between the objective and subjective aspects of housing conditions in rural Pennsylvania. The basic data consisted of 517 interviews made in 10 rural areas of Pennsylvania and brief questionnaires answered by 1,417 sixth-to eighth-grade school children. The interviews yielded data on 57 housing items, broadly defined, and on the attitudes of informants toward their own housing conditions. The questionnaires provided supplementary material both on housing facilities and on attitudes toward housing. The extensive statistical procedures employed are reported in detail but unfortunately some of the more elementary considerations have been slighted. For example the schedule and questionnaire used are not reproduced, the numbers of cases represented by housing scores, attitude scores, and percentage distributions in some 90 text tables are not given, even so fundamental a breakdown as that into numbers of farm, open country nonfarm, and village cases is omitted, details on the methods by which the attitudinal data were secured are lacking.

Families on seven recently established rural resettlement projects were interviewed to determine trends in community development. The social activities of settlers in their new surroundings were compared with those in the communities of residence previous to resettlement. Also the activities of families in an Indian-Mexican village, a Dutch truck farming community and an area on an irrigation project were studied for comparative purposes. Preliminary analysis indicates that families on the resettlement projects are developing a community life which is in many respects unique. Blood relationship ties among associating families were not so common, but associating families lived closer together geographically, were more dependent upon one another for various types of assistance and in more instances had children which played together than was the case in the other communities. The sociologist has much to contribute both in the selection of settlers for resettlement projects and forestalling community disintegration on them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the components related to attitudes of union representatives and management. It mentions that the setting of industrial relations in Israel provides an example to determine the nature of union and management attitudes. Data were gathered by interview-questionnaire procedure and four respondents associated with Israeli business enterprise were interviewed. The study uses the Attitude to Industrial Issues Questionnaire to compare the management attitudes of union representatives and executives. Results show that attitudes were significantly different on various items, most of which are on socio-economic ideology and Union role and evaluation.

The article offers the insights of Benjamin Balinsky of BFX Psychological Associates Inc. on the applied activity of psychologist. Balinsky says that the psychologist becomes familiar with manpower models for various jobs by making a contribution to management through helping draw comparisons in the conference with management. He mentions the problems arise in a professional work such as the criterion and the making of behavior inferences from tests and interviews. He adds that continuing consulting relationship is key to having good men workers and that the superior's personality must be taken into account.

The article presents a study on methods used in evaluating the performance of employees. The study 915 employees in 12 occupations working in nine offices through an aptitude test battery. The study uses private interviews, a role-playing technique, and mathematical formulas. Results show that the role-playing methods found to be a reliable and realistic criterion measure and be applicable in situations characterized by major obstacles dealing with supervisory judgments. The article also relates that the methods used appear to be quite satisfactory.

The article offers information on validity information exchange, and normative data information exchange. It says that the purpose of validity information exchange is to stimulate validity studies' publication, while normative data information exchange's purpose is for the additional employee populations' normative data. Furthermore, it states that the personnel selection studies are needed in validity information exchange specially their personnel actions including promotions, reassignments, and separations. It adds that the information required for normative data information exchange are the data in the attitude scales, interview guides, and rating forms of the employees. Moreover, it presents the format for normative data information exchange, and validity information exchange.

The article presents a study which shows how attitudes select facts among 132 students of human relations at the University of Michigan. The study involved a role-playing of personnel's attitudes using the material callled "The Case of the "Old Girls"" to determine the type of interaction that occurred from the students after the termination of the activity and their independent judgment to the behavior of Mr. Jones, a personnel man in the role-playing. Results show that both parties in the role-playing have depicted same number of facts. It also notes the differences between the interviewer (personnel man) and the interviewee (supervisor) in evaluating the interviewer's behavior and in mentioning favorable and unfavorable facts about the old girls.

The article presents a study which investigated a method for employment interview analysis. It states that a sample of interviews was recorded in the employment offices of several companies and the method of analysis by Julius Seeman was used. It says that the time spent in the interviews were analyzed and each interview was examined by categorizing each exchange. It notes that the method of analysis allowed to compare interviews for various jobs and the methods employed by interviewers. It adds that it was possible to create categories for the interview analysis for purposes other than employment.

The article offers the author's insights on Reign Bittner of Owens-Illinois Glass who insisted the needs for the development of rating procedures in the Army's rating of officers. The author says that the position of a good rating procedure is a waste if the results are neglected and filed. He adds that the most valuable steps in such ratings is the discussion of a supervisor with the person he and his superior have rated. He mentions the article written by Richard Uhrbrock of Procter and Gamble about interviewing on personnel psychology.

The article discusses the study which aims to gather data concerning the duties and job functions of industrial psychologists to determine the professional status, trends, and the desired educational and training requirements for psychologists. It says that the questionnaire survey was a job-analysis with check-list items, which were obtained from job descriptions and personal interviews of employed industrial psychologists. It mentions the criteria for the selection of psychologists such as holding a membership in the American Psychological Association and a full time position in industry or business. It adds that the obtained from the respondents are summarized under the topical questions used on the questionnaire.

S ummary T he Personnel Department frequently finds it necessary to gather personnel information for either research or operating purposes. For many types of information the personal interview has been preferred in spite of its expense because it has been thought to provide fuller information than can be obtained by other means. This study describes a group interview technique developed to secure personnel information less expensively. The, results of the group technique are compared with a control situation in which individual interviews were used. Results indicate that the group interview accomplishes the work of the individual interview in one fourth the time with no loss of quality and no adverse morale effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the process involved in surveys done for the purpose of intervention research in various urban ghettoes in the United States. Conducting survey research in the country's ghettos has become increasingly problematic. Conventional survey research operations have failed to recently achieve acceptable levels of response in low-income areas. For example, the Institute for Survey Research at Temple University reported a much lower completion rate in 1966 as they have experienced in previous years. Among the suggested modifications in the survey process includes appointing interviewers as community representatives, establishing legitimacy and accountability, and using the language of the area that is targeted for surveys.

The article focuses on psychologist's role in birth planning in the U.S. In 1955 and 1960 two samples were selected by comparable criteria, although they involved completely different interviewees. Each included over 2,400 wives, national probability sample of currently married white women in the main child-bearing years. The 1960 study also included a national probability sample of comparable nonwhite wives. Interviews with these wives provide cross-sectional data for 1955 and 1960, and for the past and expected future child-bearing of interviewees. In research that is deliberately focused on birth planning, psychologists have been conspicuous by their absence, a fact that puzzles some observers. "Psychological" factors of birth planning can be studied by those whose formal training is not as "psychologists", of course. Nevertheless a group with such training might tend to have some distinctive perspectives, and getting such a group involved in birth planning research would seem to have value.

The article presents information on the results of a psychosocial study of student peace demonstrators in Washington D.C. The sample consisted of 247 participants, which represented approximately 6 per cent of the total number of registered demonstrators. Two hundred and eighteen demonstrators filled out short-answer questionnaires, and twenty-nine other subjects were interviewed in depth for periods of 1% to 2 hours each. The questionnaires were distributed by a group of medical student research assistants who were instructed to choose subjects randomly at various times and in various areas of activity. Most questionnaires were filled out in the registration and resting area in the church which was serving as demonstration headquarters. Some forms were completed by demonstrators in or near actual picketing locations. The research assistants stood near the respondents during the 15 to 30 minutes, which it took to complete the forms, in order to discourage formation of informal groups making collective responses to the individual questionnaires. Subjects for interviews were selected at the headquarters area by the five interviewers who then conducted private interviews utilizing an outline prepared in advance. The authors also did some group interviewing under fairly informal circumstances. The whole research team met subsequently to discuss and compare various observations and data on group phenomena.

This article attempts to examine the aspects of racial invasion-succession sequence in the U.S. The author gathered data through intensive interviews in Russel Woods, a changing middle class neighborhood in Detroit. The assumptions which underlie many of the current efforts to stabilize the changing neighborhood, to suggest how an alternative orientation might be more fully utilized, and explore the implications for social policy are discussed. The author recommends for action programs to abolish discriminatory practices in all phases of housing, and in all sections of the urban community, and to make more low-cost housing available.

The article focuses on the factors associated with effective performance in overseas work assignments. The problem of obtaining performance measures for men working overseas includes all of the conceptual and logistic difficulties associated with obtaining such measures in a domestic environment plus an augmentation of these difficulties caused by greater physical distances and perhaps very substantial cultural and environmental differences. The measure of performance or "contribution," used in this study was obtained from the program administrators who were well acquainted with the men during the selection process. Although the advantage of having ratings on a consistent basis for all of the men is a strong argument for choosing the program administrators' ratings as the basic measure, it is desirable to see how that rating relates to the other ratings which were obtained. The study deals with a particular group of people who appeared to have had successful overseas experiences. The interviews with the field supervisors and co-workers, with the men and with the program administrators suggest that, relative to the interviewees' knowledge of other overseas working assignments and programs, the participants on this program were unusually successful in their work and had unusually satisfying working and living experiences.

The article discusses on the a research program conducted by John A. Hornaday and John Aboud supported by the Babson College Board of Research. The program is designed to identify and measure the personal characteristics of those persons who successfully started a new business which led the development of a structured interview guide sheet and standardized objective test. The study has the goal to develop a valid objective test and that will have simple format to ease the administration and interpretation.

The article focuses on the effectiveness of personnel interviews in predicting consulting success. In consulting firms, as in other enterprises, interviews play a particularly significant role among the various selection techniques used. The interviews usually vary in the range of two to six per candidate and are conducted both by consultants who are firm members and by personnel administrators. The first study of the article involves 78 individuals hired for consulting positions in the major office of a very successful international firm providing general management consulting services, primarily to business clients. Data were collected for each man over his entire career with the firm. All were individuals who did not achieve promotion into partnership with its concomitant managerial responsibilities. The second study was a replication of the first except that subjects were drawn from smaller offices of the same firm. Six different offices in the United States and Great Britain were represented, and 51 individuals were included. It is found that there is no definite evidence of any relationship between the various interview scores and the criteria, although the sub-managerial professionals do exhibit a negative trend.

The purpose of the present study was to attempt to determine the main effects and interactions of some of the variables which may influence an interviewer's final decision. In particular, the effect of three psychometric characteristics of items used in constructing hypothetical applicants—favorableness, and inter- and intra-rater agreement, and their interaction with the type of decision being made—a rating, a ranking, or a decision to hire or not to hire—was to be investigated. The use of a straightforward factorial design to make these comparisons also provided a number of "pure type" applicants—that is, applicants made up of specific known characteristics—which could serve as normative information against which the results of later studies could be compared. Having each judge make three kinds of evaluations also permitted an evaluation of the effect an individual's rating characteristics has on inter-rater agreement. Finally, an identical study was repeated using photographs of individuals in an attempt to determine if results obtained for written items of information would generalize to appearance data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article cites a study from the U.S. which examines the validity of personnel interviews. The use of the interview as a device for appraising applicants for a job is generally regarded with a good deal of suspicion and distrust by industrial psychologists. Interview is criticized by industrial psychologists because they believe that only a well-trained professional person can achieve valid assessments in exploring in depth the applicant's background. In attempting to improve the selection interview, industrial psychologists have sought to develop sets of rules to follow in order to improve the reliability and validity of the interview.

The authors of some studies have been concerned with problems of establishing and maintaining research relationships from the point of view of the research worker. It is the aim of this article to study the point of view of the subjects of the research. It seeks to answer the following questions: (1) how do they react to being interviewed, observed, and in general, researched upon; (2) what are some of the common defenses they seem to employ, and; (3) why do they employ these defenses?

Forty-eight married high school couples agreed to participate in this study. Complete data were collected for 37 couples over a three-year period by means of self-rating scales, semi-structured interviews, a test of knowledge of developmental norms, and clinical notes. Variables associated with high risk of failure were prevalent in this primarily rural group and these included premarital pregnancy, school dropouts, low socioeconomic status, husband and wife under 18 years of age, limited dating experience, and lack of adequate income. Tensions were prevalent as evidenced in self-ratings. Kin network of economic and psychological support and church activities were identified to produce marriage sustaining forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]