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This article focuses on the empirical manifestations of a captive mind and its effect on the creative development of a human being in his social interactions. A captive mind has the following features. It is the product of higher institutions of learning whose way of thinking is dominated by Western thought in an imitative and uncritical manner. A captive mind is uncreative and incapable of raising original problems. The captive mind is found in all fields of knowledge like social sciences and humanities. At the undergraduate, and even at more advanced levels, the phenomenon of the captive mind is real and pervasive. They do not functional properly in the society. It bars a person to be innovative in his thinking. Last but not the least, many creative personalities and inventors were not university teachers.

The article offers information on personality and religious values. In proceeding with this study, the Vernon-Allport Study of Values was implemented. The results of this test aided in finding out a subject's hierarchy of interests. Some of the interests include economics, politics or social affairs as a manifestation of Exocathection, interest in theoretic, and religious activity or aesthetic as a sign of Endocathection. In identifying the connection of dominance and introversion to each of the categories of the Vernon-Allport scale, correlations were computed.

The article offers information on the reality of dominance. In the adult world, it is noticeable that some individuals and groups are more dominant, or they take control of others. The Bernreuter Personality Inventory underscores the traits, attitudes, and personality patterns of women. The women who have high dominance scores in the Inventory are, with reference to the analysis of the case material, dominant, aggressive, and energetic, are not shy, and they have no acquaintances in whom they voice out their problems. Those who are submissive or least dominant are not active in sports, more confidential, and have difficulty conversing and they feel more insecure.

The article focuses on the obscure the distinction between amorphous relations of constraint in everyday life and institutionalized structures of domination. Domination through authority occurs when there is an institutionalized relation between a group of superordinates and a group of subordinates such that conformity by the subordinates to the command of the superordinates rests upon alleged absolute duty to obey, regardless of personal motives or interests. Legitimate domination consists of a situation in which subordinates and superordinates share a set of emotional beliefs or values which define the right of the superordinates to have their commands obeyed. Thus the situation in which it is possible to make an objective statement to the effect that a situation is a situation of legitimate domination is the limiting case in which the beliefs and values underlying the claim to legitimacy really are shared by all members of the society.

Nine major measures of power were replicated and compared by using each to assess power relations within 211 families selected by a stratified random means from a borough in Metropolitan Toronto. Reports of different members of the same family to the questionnaire measures were found to vary. An individual's responses to questionnaire measures were found to be associated with his normative perspective on male dominance. Independent observational measures were unrelated to each other and to questionnaire measures. The degrees of association among all measures were found to be so low that it is clear the measures are not equivalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A scoring system is developed which focuses on the continuum from egocentrism through cocentrism to altercentrism in husband-wife interaction. Three groups of couples (husband wins, wife wins, and both win) are identified on the basis of the outcomes of improvisations involving concealed differences. No significant differences appeared between the sexes on the relative amounts of concern shown for the other. It was found that if a person was predominately egocentric, he or she was most likely to win; if cocentric, most likely to be in a both-win situation; and if predominately altercentric, most likely to lose. The initial interaction tended to predict the final outcome of the conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Second- and third-grade children were issued inconsistent verbal instructions by 2 adults, 1 of whom was dominant and the other nurturant. Analyses of variance of 2 dependent resistance-to-temptation measures indicated that the least deviation occurred when the dominant adult issued the prohibitive command, and the most deviation occurred when the dominant adult gave the permissive command. This effect was independent of the sex of the instructing agent for duration but was limited to dominant males for latency. All children increased in deviant responding over time, and boys' scores were higher than girls' on the duration measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the effects of the balance and ordering schemas upon the learning of simple social structures. The role of cognitive schemas in the learning of social structures was investigated using the paired-associates paradigm within a 2 x 2 x 4 x 4 design factorializing subjects' cognitive complexity, the type of relationship learned, the social structure in which the relationships appeared and four learning trials. Fewest errors were made in those conditions where the structure matched the subject's schema of the structure. "Like" relations produced fewer errors under the balance properties of symmetry and transitivity, while dominance relations were learned more easily under the ordering properties of asymmetry and transitivity. The design permitted comparisons which showed the ordering schema to be of greater strength than the balance schema. More interestingly, subjects differing in cognitive complexity were found to differ in their reliance on social schemas. Noncomplex subjects made fewer errors when the balance schema matched the structure, while complex subjects demonstrated greater ability to abandon both the balance and ordering schemas when they interfered with learning the structure.

As a test of the general hypothesis that the enduring motivations of the individual significantly influence the land of evaluations he makes of the abilities and attributes of others in a direction congruent with the quality and magnitude of such needs, the evaluative responses of 120 persons constituting 60 engaged dyads were secured, and their needs measured by a modified version of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. It was predicted that high levels of the needs for affiliation, nurturance, deference, intraception, dominance, succorance, and abasement would influence subjects to rate their partners more highly than persons with lesser magnitudes of these motivations, and that subjects scoring high on the needs for autonomy and aggression would tend to evaluate their loved ones less positively than subjects scoring low on these variables. Comparisons in terms of difference scores of high-and low-scoring groups of subjects on each of the 9 motivational characteristics resulted in confirmation of predictions at usually high levels of significance in 15 of the 18 cases. The three comparisons failing to reach the conventional level of significance nevertheless revealed differences which were also in the predicted direction. The findings are interpreted as quite clearly supporting the hypothesized influence of particular motivations in interpersonal evaluations, an effect which has been referred to as the factor of motivational congruency.

The article attempts to evaluate personality determinant as a causative factor in the attitudes toward the disabled. Its aim was is determine which of the theoretical constructs were more valid predictors of positive and negative attitudes toward disability. The orientation in this study was to focus on the interrelationship of the variables felt to be important in producing the attitude in question. That is, it was felt that several of the variables in interaction could more adequately account for the presence of attitudes than any single variable in isolation. Finally, this study is concerned with negative attitudes toward individuals possessing a visible disability, one that would be easily perceived. Specifically, such disabilities as disfigurement, amputation, and other major orthopedic impairments were focused on. An evaluation of the various points of view attempting to explain the negative, aversive attitudes manifested by certain nondisabled individuals toward the visibly disabled indicated that authoritarianism may be the most relevant variable with which to explain and predict the interaction.

When theoretical and empirical statements about the correlates of dominance are examined in the literature, a complex and conflicting picture is revealed. The suggested correlates form a wide array, so disparate that some seem in direct conflict with each other. Parallel to this picture is the fact that the contents of different dominance scales have separate if not incompatible themes one scale developer, for example, may emphasize dominance. Through leadership while another stresses dominance through aggression. When there are several scales purporting to measure the same variable, the desirable step of comparing their patterns of correlations with other variables is not often taken. The present report focuses on the content of these scales for the purpose of more adequately understanding the substantive aspects of dominance. The scales used in the present study represent four strategies toward the measurement of dominance by self-report. The rational facet approach consists of scales developed to measure specified parts of dominance when items were selected upon the basis of the personal judgment of the scale constructor.

Negative and inconsistent findings in the area of complementary-needs research led to the testing of a facet of the theory of authoritarian character structure in order to test the more general proposition that complementarity, if present only under certain conditions, will manifest itself only when these conditions are specified. Thirty-nine recently married or engaged couples were given the EPPS and F scale to test the prediction that average F scores would correlate positively with Dominance-Difference (Dom-D) scores. The results of these analyses may be summarized as follows: male partners in the Low Dom-D group scored higher on heterosexuality and lower on Intraception than their counterparts in the High Dom-D group, female partners in the Low Dom-D group scored higher on succorance, dominance, heterosexuality, and aggression and lower on deference, intraception, and abasement, difference between average male and female dominance scores in the High Dom-D group as especially large and attributable almost solely to the female partners.

Authoritarianism has been conceived as a personality syndrome which tends to be produced by certain socio-cultural milieus or by particular familial environments and interactions. One may conceive of Allo-authoritarian individuals whose predominant orientation toward authority is avoidance. Pro-authors tartan individuals who are overly concerned with authority and obedience to it. Individuals who are overly concerned with authority and resistance to said authority, and non-authoritarians, those individuals who have no special authority problem. The present article provides comparisons of anti-authoritarians with both pro-authoritarians. Though the other three types were expected to be relatively accessible, the investigative problem was to develop measures by which they can be reliably identified. To this end measures concerned with free expressive verbal behavior, attitudes, response set, and two varieties of cognitive performance were employed. The pro-authoritarian and anti-authoritarian are similar in that both are overly concerned with authority, they are different from each other in that the pro-authoritarian usually submits to authority while the anti-authoritarian usually resists authority.

With the aim of assessing the effects upon perception of an operative need-state, 152 stimulus Ss were tested in a need-perception experiment in which the reinforcements were in effect during the test series. Utilizing ambiguous figures allowing the perception of only one alternative at a time, three reinforcement conditions were used: one aspect was rewarding, the other aspect neutral; one aspect was punishing, the other aspect neutral; one aspect was rewarding, the other aspect punishing. In first and the third, the rewarding aspect was significantly perceived with the greater frequency, and in second, there was a suggestive but non-significant difference between the number of punishing and neutral aspects reported. In a recall phase where Ss were asked which figure they remembered most vividly, the results disclosed a dominance of the rewarding alternative. Two additional experiments were conducted in which stronger negative reinforcements were used. There was again a suggestive but non-significant trend towards reporting the punishing figure in the condition where one aspect was punishing, the other neutral.

A typology of total societies was developed to serve as a means of identifying significant associations among the principal aspects of society, key patterns of societal change, and major foci of institutional dominance. Eleven aspects of society were correlated deductively and by informal induction: age, sex, marital status, kinship elaboration, ethnic, rank, civic, religious, occupational, educational, and sociability. For each aspect three modalities were identified and correlated: diversification, significance for determination of individual roles, and rigidity of membership relations. The final typology is framed in terms of four core aspects: occupation, rank, civic, kinship. It is summarized in a chart with two dimensions: rigidity and diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses invasion as a designated sociological concept. Although the process covered by the term has been recognized or implied in the writings of many sociologists, nevertheless, this particular concept has been employed only by a few authors. Whether or not the term can be isolated from the whole process of segregation-invasion-succession-dominance and scrutinized by itself is a matter for conjecture. Yet, if sociology is to become even more of science than it is today it must build a nomenclature that will accurately describe many of the phases of human living. Perhaps the concept of invasion is a step in this direction.

This study investigates parent identification and dominance patterns of married and never-married twin daughters (N = 18 pairs of twins). Strength of the variables was measured by she Interpersonal Check List. The hypotheses that married daughters had mother identification and equal parental dominance, and that never-married daughters had father identification and material dominance were not supported. Rather, a tendency was noted that never-married daughters bad a closer mother identification. Parents were perceived as equally dominating by both groups. There was an indication that the probability of marriage for one twin is dependent upon that of the twin partner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scales on a state prison population to determine if prison inmates respond significantly in the direction of asocialized patterns when compared to a sample drawn from the normal adult population. An investigation of the MMPI responses of 2,374 prison inmates on seven new MMPI scales designed to measure beliefs and attitudes reflecting the degree of adequate persona interpersonal functioning and social adaptability, revealed that prison inmates score in the direction of inadequacy on those scales designed to measure prejudice, responsibility, dominance, dependency, and ego strength.

The article offers information on some interrelationships of findings on pairs of contrasting groups relative to social adjustment, dominance, happy and unhappy child home, happy and unhappy marriage, and high and low Vernon-Allbright religious score. It was identified that women who have a high Bernreuter score for dominance make a good social adjustment throughout life and achieve a happy marriage. A poor social adjustment throughout life is calculated to be connected to a low Bernreuter score for dominance at the post-college stage. The women who have adjusted well socially have high dominance scores in the Bernreuter Inventory, and are happily married.

The article presents information on a personality inventory test. The test consists of one hundred and twenty-five items. It is designed to measure the neurotic tendency, self-sufficiency, introversion-extroversion and dominance-submission. The test is accompanied by norms, key and manual.