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The article discusses the third paper in a series that provide results of studies that describes the site and vegetation which are in many respects typical of miombo woodland in Western Tanzania. It is the author's view that the Forest Reserve has probably not been cultivated for the past 50 years as throughout the miombo, cultivation has certainly occurred at times in the more distant past. It is suggested that the shifting cultivation is identified as the mostly used agricultural system in miombo areas of Tanzania if enough land is available.

The article reports on nationalism in United States. There are scores of new States in Asia and Africa that are trying to set up free societies. It is a "new birth of freedom" on a grand scale. It is in fact freedom's greatest test, for it involves the older free regimes of Europe and the United States. If truth counts over charity, then one must point out that the new States will fail, if not all, then all but a few. Some are already succumbing to the initial perils of liberty that the last paper of the Federalist warned Americans against: "anarchy, civil war, a perpetual alienation of the States from each other, and perhaps the military despotism of a victorious demagogue." The real wonder is in believing that national unity could ever arise in freedom among the many units that nowadays arrogate to themselves the name of nation. They are nations only to the map maker. Many are areas marked off only for colonial administrative convenience; some have dozens, even hundreds, of languages, several antagonistic religions; a still uncounted welter of tribes living in mutual ignorance or traditional war; and above all there stands the great gulf between the village primitive and the urban modern.

Relative comparative advantage is measured by contrasting country ratios of the domestic resource costs per unit of foreign exchange earned by exporting coffee to the exchange rate. Uganda, Ethiopia, and Tanzania have strong relative comparative advantages in coffee vis-à-vis the Ivory Coast, largely because of higher opportunity costs of Ivoirian factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rate of adoption of family planning in the developing regions is the central issue in any attempt to anticipate the course of world population growth. Accordingly, a typology is developed to express some of the theoretical possibilities connected with this process. The global distribution of these types is considered briefly. A more detailed analysis is made of the potential for family planning in tropical Africa. The results suggest that a substantial interest in contraception exists throughout the continent. That this interest is not associated generally with effective use is taken as evidence of the transitional character of the population. Prospects for the resolution of this marginality are judged favorable if present motivation is effectively developed by family-planning programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As is well known most African countries are too small to provide an adequate market for large-scale industry and the only way in which such plants can be economically established is through two or more countries combining so as to offer a common market. Since the common market is only large enough for one plant, however, the country in which this is located will derive the main benefit unless special measures are taken to avoid this. These measures are discussed in the first part of this paper. The alternative, discussed in the second part, is when feasible to divide the manufacturing process into two parts so that two or more countries can share in producing the final product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the factors which led people in Kenya to produce agricultural commodities from 1920 to 1940. The detailed evidence to provide a case for the growth of African commodity production has been produced elsewhere. There is in fact no doubt that there was a great expansion in cash-crop production in the domestic market in Kenya during years when so many academics have dubbed Kenya's peasantry as subsistence producers. The most useful way of approaching the question of the response of peasants to prices would obviously be to compare their behavior in relation to changes in prices and wages over these twenty years. Unfortunately, there is a lack of data, because there was very little contemporary interest shown by the Europeans in the prices of African produce. For instance, cash wages and commodity prices published annually in the Blue Books are so regular as to throw serious doubt on their validity. The most useful index of African commodity prices would be of those prevailing at local markets, but no such material was ever obtained.

This article presents information on the economic policy practiced in colonial Africa. The purpose of this article is to illustrate certain crucial but neglected features of British policy by focusing upon the local administrators, their attitudes and beliefs, and the institutions through which they worked. The concept of an open economy can have several implications, but for present purposes it will be sufficient to remember two, economic growth was envisaged essentially in terms of the promotion of a narrow range of export staples, while imports mainly took the form of consumer goods which were taxed for revenue, rather than for the promotion of infant industries. Within this broad classification a variety of patterns emerged. White settlers or exploitable mineral deposits, for example, could significantly influence economic structure and policy. But all African economies, planter, peasant, or mining, were subject to the exigencies of world markets for primary products which, over a comparatively short period, were buffeted by two major wars and a great depression.

The giant groundsels (Senecio L. subg. Dendrosenecio [Haum. ex]Hedb.) are tropical branching pachycaul trees in a predominantly temperate herbaceous group. Other pachycaul Senecio spp. of Africa with dendrosenecio-branching are related to tropical herbs, shrubs and lianes; the pachycaul cabbage-trees of St Helena include the he-cabbage tree with dendrosenecio-branching. It is postulated that the pachycaul tree with dendrosenecio-branching is the primitive condition for at least some alliances in the Senecioneae. The hypothesis is tested by reviewing the taxonomic distribution of the pachycaul trees with such branching in Senecioneae throughout the world and its usefulness by a consideration of the origin of herbs and trees in the Compositae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the responses to the introduction of cash crops and a monetary economy in some African societies was the development of a pattern of activities which may be called ‘inner dualism’, manifested by the simultaneous existence of two production systems, each based on soil and on the same production unit, the kinship unit, but differing in their economic aims and their social significance. The consequence of such a dualism is that the ‘old’ is retained intact, pari passu with the adoption of ‘new’ consumption items and modern patterns of activities. The old institutions function as areas of security and enable modern ‘adventurous’ activities by minimizing the amount of risk and anxiety involved in the entrance into a completely new cognitive map. In the cases in which such dualism appeared, it contributed, in the primary stage of modernization, to the avoidance of breakdowns, but it also tended to limit changes in the rural periphery in the ensuing periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a study which explored the origin and distribution of valley grasslands in east Africa. The study investigated several species of grasslands, their stature and status, and their phenological and ecological attributes. Results of the study demonstrated that grasslands are of ancient origin. The study obtained further evidence of the long history of formations of grasslands from an examination of the riverine grasslands of the Malagarasi (Tanzania) and Kafue (Zambia) drainage lines. The study suggested that optimum utilization and management of grasslands depend largely on background information.

The article discusses the vegetation types in tropical Australia in comparison with the vegetation of Africa and America. This study presents a material which gives information about the principal plant formations from a selected area off the Australian tropical zone specifically within the State of Western Australia. These information are collected from fieldwork in 1964 and 1965 involving description of physiography, climate and plant formations. They are compared with the existing plant formations of tropical Africa. Adaptation of terminologies in standardized types are worked out.

The article discusses the ecological survey on the Miombo Site, Lupa North Forest Reserve in Tanzania. The author mentions that evergreen species are found among Miombo trees. He explains that leafless period in the region exists during the higher altitude of the region. The author also mentions that the vegetation in Miombo consists of the tree canopy and the herb. He explains that Lupa North Forest Reserve consists of granite rocks that form rocky hills even outside the rocky hills. The specie Macrotermes goliath Sjostedt was found in the area as well.

The article outlines the biology of Andropogon (A.) gayanus Kunth, a member of the tribe Andropogoneae and the sub-family Panicoideae within the family Gramineae. It has three varieties, namely A. gayanus, A. squamulatus and A. isquamulatus and they are distributed throughout most of the tropical and subtropical savannas of Africa south of the Sahara. The known locations of the species lie between 400 millimeter (mm) and the 1500 mm annual isohyets. The morphology and anatomy, and phenology of A. gayanus are discussed.

The article analyzes the data based on the study which observes the deciduous woodland located in the eastern province of Tanganyika. The author mentions that the relationships of the woody vegetation in East Africa are still unfamiliar and the areas are large that it why it cannot be further studied. Diagrams that show the activities of all the species, thicket associes, pioneer associes, woodland associes, gravel woodland and drainage line associes and all the successions are also presented in the study.

The article notes the soil conditions, ecological problems of Itigi Thicket and Miombo in the Central Province of Tanganyika and vegetation types of East Africa. It is noted that Miombo and Itigi Thicket are tied to differing soils founded on granite and on cement. The differences are considered fundamental, since the cement soils owe to their parent material a state of extreme unsaturation or chemical exhaustion unlikely to be attained by the granite soils under present climatic and topographic conditions. This relationship between soil and vegetation is notable on the Rift Wall, the island hills and the uneroded peneplain surfaces.

The article highlights a report discussing the pleistocene climatic changes and the distribution of life in East Africa. It reports that the present evergreen forest boundaries are generally not natural, noting that they have been reduced by human agency as much as they would have been appreciable drop in rainfall. It discusses the changes that have occurred in the West African forest for a period prior to 400,000 thousand years ago. It also examines the impact of the subsequent dry period in the areas including Elgon, Kilimanjaro, and the highland forms in Southern Tanganyika Territory.

The article examines the growth and importance being placed on the development of vital social insurance institutions in developing African nations. The growth of family allowance systems in many of the African nations is evidence of the influence of the colonial power or home country in the course of the development of the social security system in a given nation. Despite the development of social security in Africa, most of the people are extremely poor. The author of this article suggested that the overall complexity of determining the future course of social security in Africa involves not only demographic and social factors, but also the employment structure and wage policy of the nation.

Presents the author's views on the economy and feudalism in Africa. Application of the term feudal to pre-colonial African states; Interrelated aspects of the society; Means of water control that do not involve the wheel; Effects of the technological gap between Africa and Eurasia.

The involvement of American social science in the problems of emerging African nations, in my opinion, represents an important encounter, for two reasons ‐ (a) the social changes in Africa carry the very real possibility of precipitating, within the next five to ten years, a major international crisis . . . (b) American public opinion is seriously unaware of the issues which constitute this fact, and (c) it is a social responsibility of social scientists to participate in translating these realities about the developing peoples into popular awareness and understanding. Second, I shall try to show that a careful survey of the considerable social science research and literature on Africa and the other emerging countries has, within the past five years, amounted to a veritable explosion in the development of political science, economics and psychology. This makes for a substantial eclipse of sociology and anthropology, two disciplines which have remained substantially aloof from studies of the development process. While of course a host of other interesting hypotheses have been raised, one can say that, by and large, the sociological theory being used in comparative political research has thus far yielded a variety of interesting models and taxonomies as guides for subsequent study. Apter's mobilization (Ghana), reconciliation (Nigeria), and modernizing autocracy (Ethiopia or Liberia) systems as developmental types is another such model. It is remarkable that these models about power and authority have pointed only to governmental structures. The need is for sociologists to generalize these conceptions via the study of the variety of nongovernmental social systems as well. (2nd from last paragraph.) Institute for Behavioural Research. York University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the differences in growth between populations of sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of the world. It discusses the environmental factors which appear to account for the late sexual maturation of the subjects. The population of African origin is among the earliest maturing populations. It was noted that several African populations reveal an advance in skeletal ossification at birth. The researcher argued that much of the advance is postnatal and may be explained by superior methods of infant care in some African population.

The article focuses on investment in tropical Africa while emphasizing economic, social and political aspects of opportunities for development and obstacles to change. Although by Western standards tropical Africa is poverty-stricken, per capita incomes averaging $50-150 per year, it has progressed rapidly, especially since World War II, and it gives every promise of continued and even accelerated growth rates. No one who has visited these lands, even if only for a short visit, can fail to detect the atmosphere of hope and progress, of peoples on the move emerging into the twentieth century, although still wrapped in the cocoon of a tribal world. The years since the end of the second World War have seen a marked quickening in the tempo of political evolution in the area. The first great change, however, did not come until 1957 when Ghana (then the Gold Coast) became a self-governing Dominion within the British Commonwealth. Africa needs the capital, the skills, and the know-how that only Western firms can offer. It realizes that the goals of rapid development, which usually includes industrialization, cannot be achieved in any other way. In return, the foreigner should show his sympathy, especially by employing and upgrading his African staff as quickly as is feasible.

The article discusses the social changes that have occurred in Africa over the years. The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries ushered in a new era in world history. The rise of the West with its developing industrial way of life heralded a change in the existence of mankind, the consequences of which have not yet run their full course. Industrialism brought with it urbanism, a new kind of urbanism from that of the old, and the impact of this new type spread over the face of the earth, reaching some places earlier than others. The phenomenon of urbanism is nothing new in Africa, for some of the oldest cities in history existed there. A major object of this new urbanization is the social organization of the African, for the life of the modern African as lived by his forefathers is being changed considerably. In the old and traditional African configuration the members were socially linked to one another. The African philosophy of living is based principally on the group, rather than on the individual. One's activities are coordinated in a pattern that is approved by the group.

Information about a meeting held on January 6-7, 1933 at the University College in London is presented. The event showcased several exhibits regarding Molluscan distribution and was attended by a large number of participants and guests who discussed specimens of arborescent Senecios found on the mountains of Africa and other plant species.

The article discusses of the economic outlook for French North Africa. With British and American help, French North Africa again can be come the important supplier of food it was before the Nazis stripped the country. Moroccoan and Algerian farms range from two or three to a score of acres. Estates owned by the native nobility are large, whether located on the Coast or inland. A well-tended, European-managed wheat farm in North Africa can produce as good a yield as American farms. Whether French North Africa can achieve maximum production this year and next depends on how effectively the United States and Great Britain can carry out their joint program of aid. That program has two parts. The first embraces food and clothing and other essential consumer goods. These are needed not only by those who are hungry and ragged; they are imperative as incentives to production and exchange in situation where the internal economy has broken down. The second part involves sending the means to get production going again--critically needed machinery repair parts, fuel, and concentrated fertilizers.