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The factual basis for therapy and family advice urging "leveling" in the sense of giving free expression to aggressive feelings is reviewed and the results of a study of 385 couples presented. The study tested the hypothesis that verbal aggression is a substitute for physical aggression. Opposite results were found: the more verbal expression of aggression, the more physical aggression. A similar analysis of "intellectualizing" marital conflicts found that such an approach is associated with low amounts of physical violence. These results apply most strongly for working-class couples. Historical and social trends which could account for the popularity of leveling approaches to marriage, despite considerable evidence suggesting the opposite, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents three therapeutic levels. This paper discusses cases where parents brought their children for evaluation or therapy but finds out that therapy was not after all needed. Reassurance of the methods applied in child care and rearing is the most immediate need these parents seek. They need to reassure themselves that their child is not growing differently from other children. Mental hygiene has aroused anxieties in parents and so often they need to be constantly reminded of the facts of child behaviors by a professional. These therapeutic levels are discussed more thoroughly in this presentation.

This section presents a list of books and papers about the therapeutics of infancy and childhood.

Rather than viewing psychotherapy with teen-agers as essentially a holding operation and waiting until adult years when self-defeating patterns have become rigidified, the period may be considered as offering a unique opportunity for facilitating change and focusing on new directions in the life of the client. One workable psychotherapeutic procedure, a team approach involving Diagnosis and Planning, Bargain-Setting, Psychotherapy Proper, and Termination, is briefly described. Involving the parents is seen as being of major importance. Other special concerns briefly examined and illustrated are interpreting closeness, establishing controls, and exercising flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychotherapy with individual patients is central to the objective of resolving children's psychological problems. Clarification is needed of the term "psychotherapy" and of the field it encompasses. The relationship between psychotherapy and the patient's environment is considered, and the importance of transference in the patient-therapist relationship is illustrated by the case history of a child receiving therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suppression of the primary immune response by treatment of mice with carbon 1 day before initial immunization markedly interfered with development of immunological `memory', since such mice responded to a subsequent Challenge injection of RBCs by formation of mainly IgM PFCs and serum antibody. Appearance of IgG PFCs and 2-ME resistant antibody was delayed several days in these carbon treated animals, indicating failure of a typical secondary response. The immune response of these animals was similar to that of a primary response of control animals to a single injection of red cells. Reticulo-endothelial cell blockade with colloidal carbon suspensions interfered with development of a normal secondary type immune response to sheep red blood cells,, as assayed on both the cellular and humoral levels. Fewer antibody PFCs, mainly 19S IgM but also 7S IgG, appeared in spleens of antigen primed mice treated with carbon 1-3 days prior to a challenge injection of red cells, as compared to control primed mice injected with erythrocytes alone. However, the peak day of antibody response was the same for both control and carbon treated animals. Mice treated with carbon 1-3 days before secondary immunization had much lower peak serum litres, mostly susceptible to 2-ME inactivation. The time of inoculation of carbon in relation to immunization was important since carbon treatment 1-3 days before secondary RBC Immunization resulted in maximum suppression. Injection of carbon 5-7 days before resulted in only a slight effect, whereas Injection 30 days before had no detectable effect. Injection of carbon simultaneously or after RBC injection had little effect The dose of carbon used for immunosuppression, as well as the concentration of sheep erythrocytes used for immunization affected the number of antibody PFCs and the serum titres in control as well as carbon treated animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]