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Investigates the relationship between foreign capital and exports in economic development among Asian countries. Calculations between the growth rate of income and growth rate of exports by Harlem; Comparison of the results with Emery; Overview of the derivation of economic growth rates.

The article focuses on the implications of economies of scale for developing countries. It explores the empirical evidence on economies of scale at the aggregate as well as at plant level and further provides a statistical analysis of the influence of the size of plant to the output per worker. It also examines the relationship between the plant level economies of scale and the industry's structure as a sample of developed and developing countries. Moreover, the potential significance of the development of economies of scale on factor intensity and factor reversals are considered. Also included is a brief overview and policy implications for developing countries.

The article presents an analysis of the evolution and prospects for the future of the Central American Common Market (CACM), entitled the "Rosenthal Report." The study was completed through the collaboration of the Permanent Secretariat of the Central American Common Market (SIECA) with other regional institutions and international agencies. The problems and possibilities that integration may offer to developing countries, particularly to Central America, are reconsidered in the study. The influence of the integration programme to the economic development of Central America and its member explored as well as highlights the most significant aspects of the Central American Integration.

The article examines the expansion of preferential trade arrangements among developing countries unrelated to regional integration. The implications of preferential trade arrangements for the trade and development of participating developing countries are explored as well as discusses the factors that resulted to the establishment of limited preferential trade arrangements (LPAs) and the signing of the Tripartite and the Protocol. Also presented is a traditional analysis of customs unions, specifying the significances of preferential agreements for economic development. The impact of the Tripartite on the trade and development of developing countries is explored.

The central concern of this paper is with the treatment of human resources in dynamic applications of capital and growth accounting. Despite many advances, national accounting conventions still give biased profiles of the economy, but the time is ripe for experimentation with measures that can correct those biases and provide a more adequate base for assessment of long-term economic performance and prospects. In the first section, the logic and feasibility of forward and backward measures of formation of human capital in the simplest case (of full-time schooling) is examined in parallel with physical capital. In a dynamic economy, which is rarely if ever in equilibrium, these approaches complement each other; they are poor substitutes. In section two a number of conceptual and measurement issues are considered with particular reference to human-capital investment periods and the treatment of appreciation, depreciation and obsolescence of human versus physical capital. Here special attention is given to the extended periods of investments in human resources, which overlap with realization of returns, and to the processes and agencies through which postschool investments are made. The last section presents a brief statement concerning asymmetries in disequilibrium biases with respect to the formation of human relative to physical capital. Drawing upon section 1 with regard to forward and backward measures and section 2 with regard to the critical importance of postschool learning, new possibilities in contributions of national accounting to a dynamic analysis of economic development are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic development involves elemental processes of great complexity and scope and that those who would move from a traditional to a modern society must relate themselves differently to the environment, shifting from an organic to an inorganic energy base, they must alter their ontology, accepting a different cognitive base for their relief system, they must adopt new values, forsaking old ones or integrating them somehow with the new values, indeed, they must psychologically refashion traditional man and his energizing and motivational system. The encompassing task of development requires the involvement of all sectors of society and different types of social units. This paper examines the nature and position of voluntary associations in the historic process of modernization and development.

The decade of the seventies thus far has witnessed a considerable amount of legislative attention directed at rural areas. Under the general heading or rural development no fewer than 48 bills were introduced in the first session of the 92nd Congress in the House of Representatives and 22 bills were introduced in the U.S. Senate. Few of these became law but the sheer numbers give some indication as to the political importance of the issues involved. The purpose of this paper is to focus on a portion of one of the most important pieces of rural development legislation, the Rural Development Act of 1972 (RDA-72). This article traces the legislative history and the philosophical assumptions of RDA-72 with particular regard to the provisions of rural industrialization in the U.S.

The article measures the effect of public finance during the period 1793-1815 on the rate and direction of Great Britain's economic development. It explores the country's involvement in war during the period. One aspect of the war which has intermittently attracted economists" attention from the time of the "bullionist" controversy is the effect of the expedients that were adopted in the field of public finance. The article describes the sources of data which economic historian can use to be able to fairly measure the effect of the country's finance on the rate and direction of economic growth. An analysis on the economic indicators during the period is presented.

That the extent of misuse of "scarce" capital is greater in less-developed economies than in advanced countries opens wide the question of why that should be the case. Two answers that naturally follow from the preceding analysis are (1) that distortions in the factor prices are such that they do not reflect real scarcities or (2) that perversities or rigidities in managerial response are such that production decisions do not respond to those prices. The comprehensive analysis of this subject, however, is left to a separate study. (Another issue which is not discussed has to do with the ratio of the firm's fixed to working capital. Several aspects of this subject have been examined in other contexts: Kim, 1968.)
In this paper the hypothesis that there is under-utilization of capital in less-developed economies has been defended on the basis of the sectoral output-capital ratios (Kim, 1969) and direct estimates from earlier studies (Jorgenson and Griliches, 1967; Kim and Kwon, 1973; Winston, 1971, 1974d). We now hope that, given the plausibility of the hypothesis as suggested here, others may also carry out further studies for other economies in order to measure the degree of utilization directly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to assess the economic implications of Puerto Rico's political alternatives--continued commonwealth status, statehood, or independence. Our purpose is not to break new analytical ground, but to isolate and quantify, where possible, the factors that are relevant in evaluating Puerto Rico's political options. Part I explains the current commonwealth status of Puerto Rico and briefly examines the island's economic development over the past several decades. Against this background, Parts II, III, and IV evaluate the potential costs and benefits of the various political alternatives for the island's future economic development: Part II deals with the implications with respect to capital investment, Part III with the consequences regarding labor (wage levels and mobility) and Part IV with the potential effects on public sector transfers. Part V consists of a brief summary and some tentative conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the paper "Toward a New International Economic System," by Keizai Doyukai and Committee for Economic Development. Much of this joint statement by the CED and Keizai Doyukai essentially restates their traditional progressive economic philosophies: liberalization of trade, freedom of international movement of capital, greater aid to developing nations and so forth. Of chief interest therefore are those parts, which indicate current priorities and areas of differences in views. Two points set the outlook of the statement in perspective. First, the general requirement is for a new economic system that accommodates the rapidly changing economic relations among countries. Second, neither the important differences in the trade and domestic economic policies of the two countries nor the serious clashes of economic interest that still exist should be minimized. The issue of internal verses external effects of government polices recognized as central by presenting it as the first item under "Basic Principles."

The article focuses on the paper "Mineral Resources and Economic Growth," by Andrew J. Freyman. In his paper, Freyman looks broadly at the evolution of the world's non-fuel mineral industries and the roles in them of public and private institutions. The article starts with a review of key statistical indicators of the dimensions of the industries. The cost of discovering a deposit of copper, lead or zinc ranges from $200,000 to $500,000 with the chances of its proving economical in the 1 to 50 range. Total costs of exploration may range up- to 10% of the ultimate cost of mineral output. The author catalogues the traditional sources of conflict in the mineral industries. Foreign companies are blamed for failure to develop local supplies of machinery, managing the environment poorly, various aspects of industrial relations, etc. On the other hand, host governments in many cases have not done an effective job of using earnings from mineral industries to develop the local economy so that greater integration of the mineral output with it would be economical.

Radical changes, up and down, have taken place in the estimates of growth in total factor productivity in the U.S. made by different economists, or by the same economists at different times. If such estimates provide ‘some sort of measure of our ignorance,’ as Abramovitz once put it, we seemed to be a lot less ignorant in 1927 (when Cobb and Douglas published their famous paper), or in 1967 (when Jorgenson and Griliches published theirs), than we were in the years between (when Schmookler, Abramovitz, Kendrick, and Denison completed their studies), or than we are today (when we have, or will soon have, revised estimates by Denison and by Kendrick, and new estimates by Christensen and Jorgenson). Viewed in this perspective, many questions may be raised about the significance of the current estimates that something like a third or more of the rate of increase in U.S. national output is ‘due’ to increase in productivity, as well as about the concepts, data, and methods that underlie the estimates. A list of particular subjects worth considering for research is given and each is briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some writers have emphasised the adverse environmental and social effects of economic growth, while others have claimed that countries with higher levels of social well-being also tend to enjoy higher levels of per capita output. The aim of this study is to see what statistical light can be thrown on these issues by collating and comparing seventeen different social indicators for twenty countries in two bench-mark years, 1951 and 1969. Two methods of analysing data are employed. First, all the countries are ranked for each indicator in turn for a particular year. Each country is then given a score ranging from 1 to 20 for each indicator, and the scores aggregated over the indicators to obtain an overall ranking score for every country. Secondly, the data are subjected to a principal components analysis to examine the correlation between the indicators. The first principal component is a potential candidate for use as a social index number. Changes in these social variables are then related to the rate of economic growth, and no evidence is found of a negative correlation between economic growth and social development. On the contrary, the results suggest a positive correlation between the two, although the strength of this relationship may be diminishing. It is not claimed that the results are in any sense the most preferred test of the form of the relationship between economic growth and social welfare, which must be a matter for subjective evaluation; rather they are seen as a contribution to the body of empirical evidence on this subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the properties of the Divisia, or chain-link, index, as they relate to the argument that this is the most appropriate index for use in studying the sources of economic growth. The great advantage of the Divisia index is alleged to be its ‘accuracy’, that is, its capacity to combine time series of prices and quantities to give a true reflection of the height of a utility or production function over time. The paper shows that there are circumstances where the confidence in the accuracy of the Divisia index is justified, but that the conditions required are very restrictive and typically do not obtain in the contexts where the Divisia index is used. Misplaced confidence in the Divisia index has led to errors of interpretation that might otherwise have been avoided, and has given rise to a distorted view of the process of economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information from the United Nations on issues related to population, health, environment, economic development and social development. The issue of population covers topics on family planning, ability for women to regulate number and spacing of their children, effects of variations in status of women, family size and birth rates, consequences of women's education, employment and position, trends in population growth and distribution, nature and scope of current family planning. The issue of health covers topics on psychiatry and primary medical care, existing patterns of services for alcoholism and drug, general survey of existing services and country reports on services for alcoholism and drug dependence. The issue of environment programme covers topics of protocol, international convention for the prevention of pollution from ships, working environment, atmospheric pollution by noise and vibration, improvement of working environment through laws and regulations, scientific and practical action to improve it.

The article discusses the effect of innovations on patterns of rural development and in particular on output per acre and on labor input per acre. Data from a sample of 240 smallholdings in five different areas of Malawi are examined. The article indicates that the existence of differing patterns of rural development in these areas. It discusses the implications for rural development policy. The article shows a bias among the smallholders in favor of innovations and a skepticism about the viability of yield increasing innovations.

THE TEXT of this comment has pointed to three basic problems in the analysis of Sly and Chi which tend to invalidate their conclusion. All of these are serious issues that should have been dealt with by the authors. The two most serious of these issues, however, are the specification of variables and the existence of multicollinearity between variables which makes it impossible to interpret the regression results with any degree of confidence. Further work in this area may prove fruitful if a means can be devised to develop variables that measure the separate dimensions of modernization and economic development. However, these processes may be so interconnected that truly "independent" variables of an aggregate type do not exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a reply by the author to his critics Leonard G. Bowe and Bryan L. Boulier on his article "Economic Development, Modernization and Economic Behavior." The author states that, both critics object to the choice of indicators for the measurement of economic well being and modernization. The concept of economic development has increasingly come under question as "the factor" of change necessary to bring about changes in the levels of demographic behavior among populations. The use of gross national producer as an indicator of modernization was prompted by the fact that it was a good measure of the productive capacity of the systems. The second problem discussed by each of the critics is that of multicollinearity. It reflects the level of economic well being, independent of the structural complexity of society, and also reflects the general level of structural complexity independent of the economic dimension. There is no clear distinction between medical and nonmedical inputs, and between the latter and other factors.

This paper presents the results of sampling experiments that were designed to test the conjecture that under certain conditions the exact distribution functions of estimators and test statistics in a simultaneous equations model are not affected by the presence of lagged endogenous variables. The experimental data support the conjecture in almost every case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interrelationships between changes in the location of population and employment and the structure of economic activity in the development of regions has not been examined explicitly, This study constructs a paradigm based on national trends showing the relationship of population and employment in the development of a region. Data for the Old Manufacturing Belt and the South are examined to determine if the processes evident at the national level are apparent in two subnational regions which differ in their levels of economic development. The results are consistent. The paradigm appears to be useful as a model for indicating the broad patterns of change which can be expected to occur as a region develops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

David McClelland's well-known hypothesis that achievement motivation is in part responsible for economic growth was supported by an interlocking series of empirical studies suggesting that a particular human motive, the need for achievement, promotes entrepreneurship, which in turn is a key to economic growth. But none of the studies focused on peasants, even though they make up at least three-fourths of the population in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, where economic growth is a critical problem. More recent studies by Everett Rogers and his associates which show correlations between achievement scores and agricultural innovativeness in farming communities in both India and Colombia have led McClelland to the conclusion that his hypothesis also holds true for peasants, since he thinks of agricultural innovativeness as a form of entrepreneurship. The purpose of this study is to explore the generalizability of the McClelland hypothesis and of Roger's findings to other peasants, by presenting data on the relationship between achievement motivation and agricultural behavior among two different samples of Palestinian subjects.

There has been much speculation about the meaning of the residual factor in economic growth. Few economists would defend it as a perfect measure of technical change, preferring to hedge their bets by describing it as part of the growth of output not explained by the growth in the labour force and capital accumulation. Others have been more forceful in their opposition claiming that the residual merely shows the degree of our inability to measure accurately, and the omission of relevant variables, and have demonstrated their views. The view of the present author is that, while the residual when properly measured must theoretically be zero, a detailed examination of the residual as normally measured is useful in providing information on the causes of economic growth and possibly thereby producing policy implications for raising the growth rate. Therefore, this paper seeks to establish how much of the residual can be explained by incorrect measurement and specification, and to see what implications for policy, if any, can be drawn. The analysis is carried out for Great Britain. Manufacturing over the period 1956-65 and provides estimates of the residual at successive stages of purity.

Some models for the economic development of developing countries provide a shift of population from the agricultural to non-agricultural sector. The aim of the study cited in this article is to investigate the possibility of intersectoral transfers of population in the future. The supply of labor is estimated through the population growth in the non-agricultural sector, after allowing for a secular change in the labor force participation rates. The growth of national income in India during 1969-84 was expected by the Indian Planning Commission to be 5.5 per cent during the fourth plan. Before deriving the labor requirements of the non-agricultural sector, the capital-labor ratio for that sector is estimated. The marginal capital-labor ratio with the additional capital requirements is estimated to arrive at the demand for labor in this sector. To obtain the total labor force in the non-agricultural sector it requires a deduction of urban agricultural labor force from, and an addition of the labor force to, the labor force in the urban sector.

The purpose of this article is to evaluate three variables, economic development, modernization and demographic behavior, as measures of the features of economic growth in the U.S. The two indices of economic well-being, disposable income and average wages in manufacturing adjusted for changes in the price level, measure roughly what they are intended to measure, but the first should be adjusted for changes in population size. In any case, they add little to the analysis not already captured by gross national product (GNP) as a measure of development. The insignificance of disposable income in the various regressions is the result of its high linear correlation with GNP. One of the consequences of multicollinearity is that it is difficult to disentangle the relative influences of the two variables. Hence, even if GNP correctly measured modernization and disposable income measured economic well-being, the regression results do not allow one to judge their relative importance. In light of these criticisms it would appear that the conclusion that changes in the level of structural modernization have a greater effect on mortality trends than do changes in the level of economic well-being.

The article reports that regional development policy has become an essential component of full employment and welfare policy in Great Britain. The established policy contributed to the spread of opportunities and facilities between regions. Moreover, the approaching completion of the traditional industries and inflation problems points to the need for a clearer investigation on regional issues.

The article reports on the study concerning the methods of investing large sum of public money in the capital developments by the Great Britain Select Committee on Nationalized Industries. The sum involved about £2,000 million a year, which is equivalent to that of a manufacturing industry. The Committee contends that the sum is not enough to ensure a rational allocation of national resources, and recommends corporate planning for an overall view of the organization as a whole.

This paper attempts to broaden our knowledge of how countywide financial flows and banker behavior influence economic growth in specific parts of Appalachia and to test a variety of hypotheses about this relationship. The findings suggest that it is unlikely that banks or bankers play a significant or distinct role in regional growth. This conclusion is circumscribed by the difficulty found in the study of isolating the "banking" role in regional growth from a myriad of possible growth determinants.
The results of this study strongly suggest that economic growth occurs because of factors unrelated to the performance of banks or bankers in the counties studied. It is difficult to conclude that banks through their lending and investing have any unique or even significant role to play in the regional growth process. Regional growth cannot be obtained simply by liberalizing bank laws or having liberal, well-educated bankers. The availability of bank funds may be a necessary condition for regional growth (and even this may be questioned), but it certainly is not a sufficient condition.
On the basis of the results of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a procedural aspect of the war on poverty, namely the role of the office of economic opportunity as coordinator of the antipoverty war. While coordination is a procedural task, it has clear implications for the substance and impact of public policy. Coordination involves the common direction of policies or programs to eliminate conflicts and divergencies and to insure their focus on a common goal for its better attainment.

The article provides information on a statutorily authorized economic floor related to the provision of physical necessities required for the attainment of individual welfare. Such a standard would provide with a rough idea of equality in that the material base of society would be put at a level agreed to be commensurate with the development and realization of the individual's potential. A national income and services policy would provide us with the basis for the realization of the foregoing ideal.

It has become almost a cliché that measured growth in the U.S. is being overstated. The classic on the subject is by Mishan, who argues persuasively that the (uncounted) externalities from production in industrialized economies are overtaking the production which these economies are counting. But externalities are not the only problems in measuring economic activity and economic growth. Two other problems of equal importance, but more amenable to measurement, are the distinction between final and intermediate production, and the quantification of nonmarket productive behavior. In this paper, we concentrate on one aspect of the measurement of nonmarket behavior—the value of production at home by housewives. Specifically, we will present estimates of the value of home based nonmarket production by housewives. These estimates will then be used to supplement various national product aggregates in order to calculate more accurate growth rates for the U.S. economy. We find that the value of nonmarket production by married women during the 1960's has averaged approximately thirty percent of the GNP and close to 40 percent of the national income. The inclusion of the nonmarket work of housewives in GNP would reduce the measured rate of growth of real GNP per potential worker by about ten percent, the exact amount depending on how the value of nonmarket work is estimated. Our estimates indicate a reduction in the absolute rate of growth of almost 0.25 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the relationships between inflation, exports and economic growth in North America during the 19th and 20th centuries. Definition of the structuralist position in terms of an economic model; Description of the staples model; Data used; Computation methods and results.

Discusses the findings and recommendations of the International Labor Organization mission to Liberia in February 1974. Analysis of the failure of the economic development to lead to a balanced national development; Discussion on government policies affecting foreign investment; Importance of increasing tax revenues.

The article deals with the interrelationships among income distribution, economic growth and social structure in Chile from 1970 to 1973. It focuses on the issue of income redistribution and its implications to economic and social development. The study describes the socio-economic structure of the working population and the general conditions of egalitarian development. The article attempts to identify the factors that determine how much of the national income can be redistributed from the minority to the majority without jeopardizing the possibilities of raising the investment rate.

This article attempts to find the origin of money economy. The evidence at present available indicates that a money economy first developed in Mesopotamia and that this development took place some time before 2,500 B. C. There seems to have been no such development elsewhere before 2,200 B. C. This may fairly be said to be the scientific way to deal with the question about the origin of a money economy. A full answer would require a consideration of intermediate stages in the development process and of how one stage came to lead to another. Cultural snapshots are only a first step toward an answer; but it is an important step. If a cultural snapshot is not offered for any intermediate stage, it is because the research team do not have the necessary information. The two-stage approach to the question of how a money economy came into being in Mesopotamia has been dictated by the information available and the lack of it. The research team can cite a good deal in the way of empirical support for what he says about the early Ubaid period, although the research team have had to rely to some extent on inferences also. For the Sumerian period the team can document its statements much more adequately. It would not be possible today to present a comparably supported specification of any intermediate stage in the development of a money economy in Mesopotamia.

There is a widely accepted theory that the growth of a middle class is essential to the development of a low‐income nation. Geithman considers what the effect of an expanding middle class will have on Latin American economic development. It that area the middle class is not exclusively associated with industrial development, but is scattered among professionals, service industries and to a great extent in government service. The Middle class is conventionally seen as a force for change, but it may be a force for preserving the status quo when the middle class adopt the values of their country's “traditional oligarchy”. In Latin America, for instance, a secondary education carries with it a disdain for any manual work and it tends to separate the middle class from the workers. The governments controlled by the oligarchy and the middle class support and institute programs of economic development which will not threaten the status quo. In the Western world, “accelerating economic development was a precondition as much as a consequence of middle class growth.” This is not the case in Latin America and the conventional concept of middle class growth being a stimulant for economic development may or may not be valid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, changes in the socio-economic structure in rural regions have been looked upon in the light of international migration, with special reference to the flow of labour from the Mediterranean into the northern and north-western industrialized countries of Europe. The effects of these increasing manpower movements do not always appear beneficial for both areas. The free movement of labour and capital in Europe implies a concentration and accumulation of economic activity in some few regions, and has the effect of depopulation and deprivation in many other areas. The resistance against the international planning of capital and labour distribution is still dominant among the powerful European pressure groups; also the prejudices against the countryside still operate. In order to increase the attraction of rural areas, breaking the vicious circle has been proposed through an international programme of large-scale investments in the socio-cultural sector of stagnating districts, including the areas where no industrialization may be expected. The increase of the general education level of the rural population can be one of the main stimulants in a development schema. For rural sociologists, this approach implies renewed attention to the study of the possibilities of radical change in rural communities. A successful reduction of the economic and social inequality between the rich and the poor areas in Europe should be a good exercise for the forthcoming development of the Third World. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on problems and strategies in rural development. Components of a rural development program; Importance of an integrated approach in tackling the problems in the rural sector.

The article focuses on a structural perspective towards a sociological theory of development. Perhaps no single word has been more widely and frequently used by such a large number of people in so many countries of the world today than the term "development." The term frequently refers to economic development as it has been a central concern to the majority of nations and citizens living there. The author also describes the reasons why sociology has been a latecomer in this endeavor may be found in the insistence on a value-free or ideologically neutral science of society. The author further says that his paper builds its argument on the following basic premises: 1) development is a value concept; 2) development is a social structural change; 3) the aspect of social structure that is most salient to development is that of resource allocation or the distributive system of society; and 4) the pivotal factor that can either promote or cripple the development process is political leadership. This article also presents a comprehensive study of human values which was previously not existing.

The article is a Machiavellian Perspective on Community development theory and practice. Community development theory and practice have been generally inapplicable and unsuccessful in developing countries. The prime reason for this is: community development theory and practice, as well as foreign assistance, have been derived mainly from North American and Anglo-Saxon experiences that were later applied to other countries without serious consideration of cultural differences and ideological systems, rather than social change (development) has been advocated. The author proposes to offer alternative solutions, based on an antidemocratic and Machiavellian perspective. His justification is that: the developing countries, in order to advance more rapidly must forego the democratic experience until more urgent socioeconomic goals can be attained or at least show high probabilities for attainment. The author describes democracy as a form of government that is too inefficient for rapid socioeconomic development.

The Relevance of the Wheat Boom in Canadian Economic Growth. The wheat boom was regarded as the most convincing demonstration of the usefulness of the staple theory in Canadian economic history but Chambers and Cordon (1966) demonstrated that in 1901-11 it contributed at most only 8.4 per cent of the growth in per capita income. On their own grounds, because of empirical errors, the contribution was actually 20 per cent Other factors, ignored in their model, raised the contribution of the wheat boom both in the shorter period, 1901-11, and in the longer period, 1901-20/21, to between 24 and 30 per cent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY The fact that high expenditure on armaments impedes economic growth by diverting ressources from investment has been repeatedly stressed. The present paper indicates an additional route by which military expenditure may slow down economic growth. The clue is taken from the 'export-led growth' models (B eckerman, L amfalussy) which claim a correlation between growth of exports and total economic growth. It is then argued that high military expenditure reduces export availabilities in the machinery and transport equipment sector where chances for export expansion have been above average. This brake on the most expansive sector dampens export growth in general. A slow-down in GNP-growth follows from this. A preliminary glance at the statistical picture shows that the above hypothesis should not be completely ruled out. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die wachstumshemmende Wirkung hoher Rüstungsausgaben, die durch die Ver-minderung von Resourcen für Investitionszwecke hervorgerufen wird, ist schon oft betont worden. Die vorliegende Arbeit weist auf einen möglichen weiteren Zusammenhang zwischen Höhe der Militärausgaben und Rate des Wirtschafts-wachstums hin. Ausgangspunkt sind die Theorien eines «export-led growth» (B eckerman, L amfalussy), die eine positive Korrelation zwischen Export- und allgemeinem Wirtschaftswachstum postulieren. Es wird dann darauf hingewiesen, dass hohe Militärausgaben das Exportangebot im Sektor der Maschinen und Ver-kehrsmittel beschneiden, der im Welthandel weit rascher expandiert als andere Sektoren. Diese Bremswirkung im expansivsten Sektor zieht eine Verlangsamung des Exportwachstums im allgemeinen nach sich und führt schliesslich zu einer relativ niedrigeren Wachstumsrate des Bruttosozialprodukts. Ein enter Blick ad das vorhandene statistische Material zeigt, dass die obige Hypothese nicht ohne weiteres von der Hand zu weisen ist. RÉSUMÉ Des dépenses importantes pour l'armement empêchent la croissance économique parce qu'elles détournent les ressources nécessaires à l'investissement. Ce fait est largement connu. L'article se tourne vers une autre relation possible entre la hauteur des dépenses militaires et le ralentissement de la croissance économique. Les théories du «export-led growth» (B eckerman, L amfalussy) servent de point de repère: elles stipulent une corrélation positive entre la croissance économique en général et celle des exportations. L'auteur démontre par la suite que les dépenses militaires élevées réduisent les possibilités d'exportations dans la secteurs des machines et des moyens de transport. On sait que partout l'expansion de ces deux secteurs at bien au-dessus de la moyenne. Pour cette raison un freinage touchant ces deux secteun particulièrement expands ralentira la croissance des exporta-tions en général et aboutira par la suite à un tau d'accroissement moins élevé du produit national brut. Un regard préliminaire Bur le matériel statistique affirme que l'hypothèse developpée par l'auteur ne devrait être exclue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an analysis of policy options for rural development. It discusses the styles of rural development and the salient features of the green revolution. The article argues that technical change in rural areas leads to greater specialization and division of labor and to greater social differentiation. It takes into account the fact that conflict of interest arises not only between the landed elite and the peasantry as a whole, but also within the peasantry.

This article is primarily an attempt to study the economic underpinnings of the allocation of water among competing uses. First, the impact of transferring water from low-productive to high-productive uses on the pace and pattern of economic development is examined in some detail. This is followed by a discussion of the economic implications of water transfer. First, the allocation of water in terms of the market for water rights is studied. Second, the various ramifications involved in water pricing are identified. The final section views the problem of water transfer and its consequences from the standpoints of both efficiency and equity and highlights some of the relevant issues. This study describes eight possible patterns for the use of unappropriated water in two river basin areas in New Mexico. The eight possible patterns of water use described in this article represent different combinations of water according to three major uses: Municipal and industrial, recreational, and agricultural. The results of the study indicated that the contribution of the Rio Grande basin to gross national product would be about $50 for each acre-foot used in irrigation, as against between $200-$300 for each acre foot used for fish and wildlife habitat, and between $3,000 and $4,000 for each acre-foot used in industry. This result, however, does not warrant the assumption that since industry yielded the highest value-added per acre-foot of water, and hence constituted the highest productivity, all available water should be allotted to industry.

In most empirical work, the investigator's understanding of the economic process under study is only minimally reflected in the econometric methodology. This paper suggests that in many cases, the construction of a small-scale simulation can "prepare" the data for regression in a manner which takes cognizance of the theory of the process. Regression is then used to scale the output of the simulation up to observed magnitudes of the variable to be predicted. The simulation has the function of exploring for the nature of the non-linearities and interactions and thus replaces the usual search for a form which maximizes R². The simulation may also be helpful where colinear data are a problem. An example is presented in which the effects of wages, unemployment rates, and labor turnover on poverty are studied through a "prepared" regression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on several articles on economic history published in various journals. Some of the articles are "Of Plymouth Plantation As A Mercantile Epic," by J. Griffith, published in the "Arizona Quarterly"; "The Planters of Colonial Maryland," by A.C. Land, published in the "Maryland Historical Magazine"; "Trade, Distribution, and Economic Growth in Colonial America," by J.F. Shepherd and G.M. Walton, published in the "Journal of Economic History"; "The Demographic History of Colonial New England," by D.S. Smith, published in the "Journal of Economic History."

Examines how income distribution by size changes at different levels of economic development. Ways in which income distribution was examined; Income distribution pattern observed in developed and developing countries.

Questions of choice of techniques and technical change are often discussed as economic problems in the underdeveloped countries, but economists have not systematically taken account of systems of political economy to which their discussions refer. The main argument of this article is that this failure to be systematic about questions of political economy may lead to simplistic recommendations about technology policies, and possibly to some rather ill founded optimism about the efficacy of appropriate technologies as a cure for problems of unemployment and mal distribution of income. It is useful, for illustrative purposes, to start out with a brief discussion of some particular points about A.K. Sen's analysis of choice of techniques. Possibly, the least-noticed assumption is the assumption of a planned economy. All surpluses above the needs of current consumption are directly controlled by the state and are reinvested. Investible resources are scarce and the planners choose techniques of production which maximize their objectives function, subject to the constraints of this scarcity.