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This article focuses on the changing methods of government consultation in Great Britain. The method used in the first Green Paper of April 1967 was to invite public discussion on the memorandum which the Green Paper contained and which the Government had previously sent to the National Economic Development Council and the regional planning councils for their comments. In the nine Green Papers published by the Labour Government, five of them followed the pattern of the first Green Paper in inviting public discussion while policy was still in a formative stage. A comparison was made between the two Green Papers on reorganization of the national health service and the Consultative Document with a view to arriving at an understanding of the fundamental differences which exist between these two types of document. But there has been little, if any let-up in the production of Green Papers since the Conservative Government came to power.

The article discusses the use of newspaper as a source material in health education. In evaluating the extent and the nature of material on public health and hygiene, and the methods of using the material in teaching public health and hygiene at college level, the selected article must include material on hygiene, must treat topics included in standard texts on public health and hygiene. Each article clipped from one of the issues of the newspapers should be marked with the name and date of the paper from which it had been taken, and inserted in an envelope. In some articles publicity was given to meetings and conferences, awards of prizes for distinction in health activities, openings of hospitals and health centers. In determining the extent to which the average person is interested in reading news on public health and hygiene, students were asked to check the articles they read in the papers during a period of one week. It was noted that health news was not widely read.

The article presents information related to upcoming events on rural sociology. The Program Committee for the Rural Sociological Society announces a call for papers for the annual meeting to be held in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, from August 25-27, 1972. Submission of papers is required by April 1, 1972. Abstract and text should be sent to Rabel J. Burdge, Program Chairman, Department of Sociology. University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506. A series of workshops is planned on topics of current interests to encourage more active participation in the program. This years program will reduce the number of formal presentations. Papers will be made available for distribution prior to the meeting. Graduate students are asked to submit papers to any session. Sessions organized by graduate students will review papers from all sources. The other information is that J.L. Charlton has directed a study now published by the University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. The co-author, Joseph F. Singer, also used the data for a Ph.D. disseration in economics, Charlton is currently directing a study of factors affecting the use of medical services in three subregions of Arkansas.

SUMMARY In this paper an attempt is made to use the methodology of economics and operations research for determining the optimum allocation of resources among different methods of preventing or curing diseases. First, after comparing the different indices proposed to measure the output of health services, a very simple one is adopted: the number of deaths. The objective of health planning is assumed to be the minimization of the number of deaths. Next, the optimum distribution of resources between prevention and cure of one particular disease is studied in some detail, and a numerical example is presented. Finally, the generalization of this model to include several diseases, under both static and dynamic conditions, is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The community health center has been viewed by many Americans as an important mechanism for the improvement of health of the urban poor. The millions of dollars allocated for a relatively small percentage of the population, however, has led to some criticisms of the concept. This paper deals with factors influencing the cost of dental services in a community health center and an analysis of several existing programs. The major factors affecting the cost effectiveness of the clinics appear to be the (1) broken appointment rate, (2) age distribution of the population served, (3) mixture of services rendered, and (4) additional community services rendered. Programs which have low broken appointment rates and which treat both adults and children seem to maintain a higher revenue-cost ratio. This ratio was in the range of 0.78 to 1.10 for the three dental programs studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is: (1) to test, in two additional states, the applicability of a method devised by Ciocco in studying ‘intercounty movements’ relative to live births and to suggest some possible refinements to his method, and (2) to delineate certain ‘medical areas’ in these two states on the basis of the findings. In order to investigate these phenomena, the live births in each Michigan and Missouri county during 1952 were divided into two components—‘In-Residence’ and ‘Out-Residence’ births. Some possible explanations of variation of the ‘In-Residence’ ratios among the different counties ere examined in relation to three independent variables: (1) number of hospital beds per 1,000 population, (2) number of physicians relative to population, and (3) median family income. Ciocco's method is found to have some usefulness; but it is shown that each state should be examined separately, and other factors should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the paper on the research on sociological aspects of health. The report will describe these experiments and, in addition, will present in some detail the major steps of the study that are important to an understanding of the methodological aspects. The methodology of the current statewide health survey is actually a part of an extensive and varied research effort which is now being made in the sociology of health and health care throughout the U.S. The major purpose of the survey was to ascertain the extent of unmet need for medical attention by use of the symptoms approach among a representative sample of the population in Michigan. Other purposes were to obtain information about the availability and use of medical services, methods of paying for health care, attitudes regarding physicians and medical care, and the attributes and characteristics of people which might be related to all three of these areas.

This paper presents the historical, social, and economic concepts underlying the framing of Title XVIII of Public Law 89-97; the mechanics involved in implementing the medicare program; and the health services rendered medicare beneficiaries during the first year of operation. Attention is also directed to present and future contributions of the medicare program as a stimulant to the growth of the Nation's health care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ageing population and consequent high dependency ratios are features common to all European countries. However, the specific problems of the elderly in rural areas have not been the subject of systematic research, despite growing preoccupation with the obstacle this group may constitute to modernization and restructuring of agriculture. In default of hypotheses based on properly weighted data on rural populations, the paper examines the type of alteration in the situation of old people which is reported as occurring as agriculture becomes increasingly focused on highly organized market production. It then discusses the possible impact of this change of situation on the basic needs of the old in rural areas, as identified in general studies of old age. These basic needs-for economic security, housing, health care, and continued activity -- are briefly reviewed in the context of rural life. The question is put as to whether it is feasible to solve the old-age problems so presented on lines consonant with the general principles to be observed in treatment of the old, which have emerged in these last few years as a consensus of informed opinion. In view of the lack of precise facts, a long-term research strategy is suggested. As a first approach, some global studies of all factors involved within some limited and clearly defined areas would seem essential. Specific problems could then be selected for more thorough study, perhaps on parallel multi-national lines, to ascertain which practical solutions are most likely to be of help in evolving new human patterns of living in integrated rural communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the informal session for French speaking participants in the formal programme of an International Council of nurses (ICN) Congress. Papers, indicating fruitful topics and appropriate methods for research in nursing and outlining steps in establishing a research programme were given by Mlle Nicole. The session for English speaking participants followed a similar pattern to the French session but there was an expert panel instead of a second speaker. The participants gave every sign of enjoying the session and finding it profitable.

An account is given of the creation and management of an in-patient therapeutic programme for male alcoholics at Bellsdyke Hospital, Larbert, Stirlingshire, commencing with a selected group within a psychoneurotic unit which it was found necessary to convert into an unstaffed alcoholic unit with often admission procedure. Statistics over a two-year period are provided and discussed. In the discussion which followed an attempt was made to answer a series of questions posed by the experience involved. For their advice and support in the preparation of this Paper, I would like to thank Dr. A. P. Russell, Physician Superintendent, Bellsdyke Hospital, Larbert; Dr. D. A. Pemberton, Consultant Psychiatrist, Bellsdyke Hospital, Larbert; Dr. A. B. Sclare, Consultant Psychiatrist, Eastern District Hospital, Glasgow; Professor Ferguson Rodger. Chair of Psychiatry. Glasgow University; and Dr. R. J. Simpson, Registrar in Psychiatry, Bellsdyke HospitaL Larbert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on personal observations and impressions on the treatment of drug dependent patients in various facilities, including a (prescribing) Out-patient Treatment Centre, a (non-prescribing) Out-patient Addiction Clinic, an In-patient Drug Dependence Unit, and a prison, over a period of at least three years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of British Journal of Addiction (to Alcohol & Other Drugs) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper provides an economic explanation of the observed widespread support of direct public provision of medical care. It is based on a characteristic of the relevant market different from characteristics which underlie various arguments in support of public provision. Thus Arrow has resorted to particular uncertainty elements in the demand and supply of medical services to justify government intervention. Weisbrod has developed the implications of an option demand characteristic which indicates that purely private provision of health facilities may be ‘sub-optimal’. Pauly has explored the role of externalities of consumption in the demand for medical care. Each of the characteristics noted has its own implications for the required adjustment in the structure of the medical market. There remains, however, an aspect of demand bearing similar implications for the medical market which has received scant attention from economists. That aspect is the apparently universal desire and willingness to share. It is the attitude often expressed that everyone should have ‘equal access’ to the medical resources available; that medical need and not economic status should determine eligibility for medical care; that high income or wealth should not entitle one to better or more care. This argument runs throughout the literature of medical economics, but it has never to my knowledge been examined formally for its economic as opposed to its normative content. This paper attempts to fill this void. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses about children's spontaneous object elaborations on a visual-motor test. Observations of spontaneous object elaborations in children taking a visuals motor test have been presented. Under the test conditions specified, retarded children drew recognizable objects such as human figures, numbers and letters which appeared to be functionally unrelated to the test stimuli. Past descriptions of such types of primitivizations have characteristically emphasized their relatedneas to test stimuli.

The article discusses the validity of clinical judgments of schizophrenic pathology-based on verbal responses to intelligence test items. The reliability of clinical judgment has been the subject of a series of studies using single responses to intelligence test items obtained from psychiatric patients and judgments by trained clinicians based on a seven-point rating scale. It has been possible to demonstrate reliability in judgments of disorganization in schizophrenic thinking, as well as more specific aspects of schizophrenic thinking. The question now arises whether clinicians can make global appraisals of complete test protocols with as great reliability as they can judge single test items. This paper extends the study of reliability, defined as interjudge agreement, to global judgments in which whole protocols are ranked according to severity of schizophrenic pathology.

The article reports on psychological research in the community mental health service in the United States. The need is obvious for the development of public health practices which will control the causes of mental ill health as effectively as is now done with many other diseases. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the opportunities and the methodological problems for the psychologist doing research in the field of community mental hygiene. Research on community mental hygiene, it seems to the author, can best be attacked by studying those factors in total community life which prevent or promote the development of healthy patterns of adjustment by individuals or groups. Stating this a little differently, research in community mental hygiene might best be concerned with the nature and the origin of conflicts, frustrations, or confusions for persons or groups which are part of the community way of life.

The article focuses on the increase in the need for patient health education and in the professional nurse's opportunities for such a role. The purpose of the paper is to examine the existing problems in patient education provided by the professional nurse and to offer some possibilities for clarifying the nurse's role in order to ensure progress in this area. The fundamental responsibilities of the nurse are to serve life, to promote health, to prevent disease and to alleviate suffering. It has been generally accepted by the nursing profession that thoughtful and appropriate patient education is the essence of all health rehabilitation.

The article reports on a self-directed approach to the treatment of a complex neurosis with implosive therapy (IT). It demonstrates or investigates the effectiveness of IT in the treatment of psychological disorders typically have dealt with relatively simple, identifiable fears. This paper describes the self-directed treatment of a "complex" and debilitating neurosis, in which identification of the conditioned stimuli was based upon dynamic inferences. The results of the study support the use of dynamic formulations to develop a behaviorally oriented treatment program.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the relative efficiency of several basically different health care systems by considering their market structure and its implication on the price and output of health care services.
The present article evaluates relative efficiency of four alternative health care systems; namely, the physician controlled non-profit hospital, the proprietary hospital, consumer controlled hospital and the government controlled hospitals. The analysis used in the study utilizes the theories of economics of cooperation. The scope of the study is limited only to the analysis of the nature of the market structure and its implications on the price and output of health care services and the costs and benefits associated with the zero individual user costs. Our conclusions are that: 1. The price and output tends to be close to the socially optimum level under the open-member consumers' coop hospitals; whereas the de facto closed-member producers' coop for the staff physician (as in the U.S.), output tends to be suboptimal and the price tends to be supra optimal. The equilibrium output and price for the proprietary hospitals and the hospitals under the British-Swedish systems can be shown to fall somewhere between these two extremes. 2. Furthermore, if the individual user cost is reduced to zero through the government finance or insurance coverage, the social cost of providing health care and the waste of resources tends to be larger under the proposed U.S. plans than under the hypothetical model and British-Swedish system, largely due to the inelastic supply response of the existing health care industry in the U. S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on several books. The book "Aspects of Medical Care Administration," by Avedis Donabedian is a comprehensive review of the basic concepts of medical care including social and economic factors which must be dealt with in effective organization, management, and financing of health care systems. The book "Citizen Groups and the Nuclear Power Controversy: Uses of Scientific and Technological Information," by Steven Ebbin and Raphael Kasper, is based on a one-year study of three cases involving the construction and licensing of nuclear power plants. This report examines the conflict between the need for an impartial search for facts on that issue and the inalienable right of citizens to participate in shaping their society. The book "Comparative Social Policy and Social Security: A Ten Country Study," by P.R. Kaim-Caudle, presents a consideration of social policy and social security provisions in Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Iceland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Great Britain, and the U.S. The author pairs neighboring countries, and using indicators such as national wealth and world status, explores the likenesses and differences in theft policies.

The paper deals with the prognosis of teeth positioned in fracture lines. The clinical and radiographic findings are based on 68 patients with 84 fractures involving 110 permanent teeth. The observation period varies from 1 to 7 years. By means of a multivariate analysis it has been found that pulp necrosis was present in 25 % of the involved teeth and was significantly related to the course of the fracture line in regard to the apical area and the time interval from injury to permanent fixation. Loss of marginal bone support was registered in 12 % of the involved teeth and found significantly related to tooth location and to dislocation of fragments after reduction. Pulp obliteration was recorded in only 5 % of the involved teeth. Root resorption was not found at follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the factors associated with the acceptance of health care practices among rural families. In this exploratory study, the general procedure consisted of constructing an index of adoption of recommended health care measures, which was considered to be the dependent variable. This index was then related to a series of social and economic independent variables. A random sample of households was drawn by the Department of Statistics at North Carolina State College. Data were obtained for 611 sample households by means of personal interviews conducted by graduate students in rural sociology. This study points up the applicability of the developing body of theory and method in one area of technological change to changes in human behavior associated with health care practices. The agreement of the findings in these two seemingly unrelated areas of human behavior point toward the application of this approach to other areas of social change. Explanation is needed as to why certain health care measures have been more highly accepted than others and why the acceptance of certain practices varies from one social group to the other and yet with others differs little from group to group.

A major objective in the development of mental health services has been to provide treatment as early as possible in the course of the illness. In order to achieve this objective, it is necessary both that adequate treatment services be available and that they be perceived as necessary by the patients and/or his family. This article focuses on the steps by which hospitalization itself is arrived at. These are clearly two aspects of the same phenomenon which cannot be wholly separated: actions taken depend on what the actors see as the nature of the problem facing them, and in turn perceptions as to the nature of the problem are modified by the actions and interpretations of others involved in the process of dealing with the patient.

With few exceptions, studies of the families of mental patients have been focused on the parental family of the patient in an effort to trace the etiology of the illness. Almost no systematically collected data exist to permit an analysis of what happens within the family group when a member develops a mental illness. It is the aim of this article to study the problems which the family faces when one of its members becomes mentally ill and is hospitalized in a mental hospital. Systematic data were obtained on: (1) the process whereby the illness is defined; (2) the course of the family's functioning during the illness, in terms of its members' attempts to cope with the situation, both psychologically and materially, and; (3) the ways in which family members relate to each other, the patient, the hospital, and the society.

Examines whether physician supply is adequate to meet some desired health care delivery capacity in Portland, Oregon. National health care goals; Utilization of outpatient and inpatient physician services; Physician output rates; Physician supply and demand disequilibrium.

The distinctive clinical and histological features of an extensive case of hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans and the rapid and complete response to topical applications of betamethasone-17-valerate are recorded. No previous record of effective treatment has been described in the four male cases previously recorded in the literature. A 57 year old female has also been studied with a twenty year old history of an unremitting progressive eruption showing the clinical and histological features of hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans. In this patient initial response to topical therapy with betamethasone-17-valerate is most gratifying, and is the first treatment to influence the signs and symptoms of the disease state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roots of the increasingly close collaboration between sociology and medical care are to be found partly in a common interest in certain aspects of disease and therapy and partly in their similarity of approach to research problems. This article reports a study in the sociology of medical care that is characterized not only by the multiplicity of disciplines represented in it, but also by the cross-cultural comparisons which it introduces. It is concerned with the contribution that the study makes to the refinement and development of social theory, and especially to the theory of illness and sick-role behaviour given by sociologist T. Parson. The article presents data from three small-scale populations surveys, in different cultures to examine some of the components of Parsons' analysis of illness and sick-role behaviour. Central issues concern the criteria that define entry into and performance in the sick role, and they are both conceptual and methodological issues. The underlying objective is to examine sociology of illness and illness behaviour.

The theme of the Annual Professional Conference of the Royal College of Nursing was 'Standards of Nursing Care', when the Report of the World Health Organization Fifth Expert Committee on Nursing was used as a basis for the discussions. Papers were presented in the context of basic and post-basic nursing education, hospital and domiciliary nursing and nursing research. Miss H.M. Simpsom, B.A., S.R.N., gave a résumé of the Report of the WHO Committee, of which she was a member. Mis B.I.R. Dodwell discussed four major problems which militate against the achievement of good nursing standards at the present time. The curriculum was named first, together with the conflict of trying to provide the right kind of nurse for the 1970s, while giving consideration to present needs. Next, came the candidates and their recruitment. It was suggested that recruitment of student nurses should be separated from recruitment for service. Third, the control of nursing education and the fact that the claims of the nursing service get constant priority over education, which was deplored. Finally, there is the problem of too few teachers of nursing. On domiciliary nursing, Miss L. Hockey felt it to be a necessary contribution of the profession to the community it serves to make it possible for the aged, the sick and the handicapped to be cared for in their own homes, if they so desired. Miss K.J.W. Wilson, B.Sc., outlined the organization of the Department Nursing Studies of Edinburgh University, and the courses available for undergraduates and for registered nurses. She also spoke of research as a major responsibility of a University Department and how this was carried out. Finally, Miss Simpson spoke of the present situation in nursing research in the United Kingdom in relation to the framework suggestion in the World Health Organization Report. The Royal College of Nursing has accepted an invitation from the Ministry of Health to be set up a project to study standards of nursing care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of uncertainty in the provision of medical care, especially in regard to health insurance and the demand for medical care, has been the concern of theoretical work by K. J. Arrow [1; 2], H. G. Grubel [8], and M. V. Pauly [17]. Empirical estimates of demand have been made by M. S. Feldstein [5; 6], H. Joseph [13; 14], and G. D. Rosenthal [18; 19], among others.[1]
This paper utilizes a theory of the behavior of hospital planners and data for 116 Iowa hospitals to estimate the reduction in the expected number of patients who would be turned away that is attributable to the last hospital bed. These results are then used to estimate the costs that are incurred by hospitals so that they may avoid turning away a patient. Finally, the costs that would be incurred to avoid turning away a patient are tabulated for rules about hospital size that are different from that indicated by the Iowa data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article demonstrates how psychological instruments can be utilized in the understanding and study of organizational processes in the mental hospital. The instruments consist of two attitudinal or ideology scales and a measure of role-conception. The attitude scales are the Custodial Mental Illness Ideology Scale (CMI) and the Opinions About Mental Illness questionnaire (OMI). The following four occupational groups were administered the three instruments: the New Psychiatric Aides, Older Aides, Business Maintenance, Clinical Group.

The article discusses on research on the selection of clinical psychologists. High among the accomplishments of applied psychology has been the marked improvement in techniques for the selection of personnel. Future psychologists were selected in scores of widely separated departments, many of which had no desire to coordinate or standardize their practices with respect to selection or training. On the basis of this broad outline, the staff of the Department of Psychology of the University of Michigan developed a more detailed design for a pilot study which was carried out during the week of September 10-18, 1946.

The article cites a study that aims to investigate whether a relationship exists between psychiatric patients' hospital adjustment and their attitudes toward hospitals, to observe patients' feelings about mental hospitals, and to see whether a difference exists in attitude scores of patients on different wards. The Hospital Adjustment Scale provides an estimate of hospital adjustment for use with adult patients of either sex hospitalized in any type of psychiatric institution. The Southern Attitude Scale is a Thurstone-type attitude scale consisting of 72 statements about mental hospitals with which the subject either agrees or disagrees.

The article offers a case report on the use of state-dependent learning principles in treatment. The section demonstrates the application of state-dependent learning principles to the treatment of disordered behavior. It aims to demonstrate how state-dependent findings can be applied in the clinical situation and combined with other treatment techniques. It states that one of the implication of state-dependent learning research is an alternative to the purely biochemical explanation of why patients are often readmitted to psychiatric hospitals when medication is discontinued.

This article presents discussion related to psychoses. The reader should be reminded that the system was developed on inpatients in public mental health facilities and therefore should work most effectively with such patients. The correlates also may be applicable to outpatients from such facilities, especially if they have become outpatients after having been inpatients, which frequently is the case, or readers familiar with computerized printouts of MMPI interpretations or with skillful clinical interpretations, the interpretive summaries given in this paper may be disappointing on several grounds: Prognostic statements are not included, the reports often are brief, the language in which the reports are cast lacks elegance, scales L, F, and K are not interpreted in terms of validity, and dynamic explanations of behavior are not attempted.

The article focuses on a workshop that promoted interdisciplinary cooperation on the teenage parent. There were hundreds of high schoolteachers, junior college instructors, counselors, school nurses, home advisors, social workers, ministers, and parent-teacher associations representatives who participated in the gathering. During the workshop, anthropologists, economists, psychiatrists, and sociologists have made it clear that there were many causes of teenage marriage and parenthood problems. Many of those present involved themselves in family life education, medical and nutritional care of teenagers. Meanwhile, social workers focused themselves with the rehabilitation of unwed mothers.

Discussing the place of the elderly in a technologically advanced society, the authors relate demographic change to social structure and social psychological changes. A series of model population profiles, including one which assumes zero population growth by 2028, are given. The present elderly population and its family characteristics are described, and the situation of the elderly under conditions of zero population growth is considered. It is felt that zero population growth would accelerate the role of government in providing housing, recreation, health care, and income maintenance for the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Director takes us through his clinic as if we were a woman patient who comes in for assistance. A medical history chart is filled out by a woman intake person and the patient is referred to the Triage person, the bridge between the patient, the medical section, and the laboratory. Further material deals with very basic questions that any free clinic should ask itself before it opens: What are the health problems in this community? Who are its community leaders and how can we contact them? What are the health laws? And what are the pharmaceutical regulations in the city and the state? There is discussion of malpractice insurance and tax status. The importance of counselor sensitization is brought out, as well as the importance of training. A very thorough and detailed presentation of the organization and the materials required in the examining room, the pharmacy, and the laboratory is given, as well as the procedures for the sterilization of nondisposable instruments, and how to obtain medical and dental supplies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contains an intensive and extensive summary of reasons why, how, and for what purpose free clinics came into existence. The initial discussion centers around what the unmet needs of the community are that helped to promote the coming into existence of free clinics. The discussion then goes into the problems and the planning necessary for setting up the administrative machinery for the clinic, and issues of the lay board vs. the steering committee. There is a presentation of volunteerism, how to keep these men and women in an alternative institution, and the role of the steering committee. The procedure for how to admit a patient, the appropriate record keeping, and the maintenance of quality care is essential in this article. The concept of service for service as a method of fee payment is raised. In this unique way a patient can "repay" a clinic, through his labor and skills, without it being necessarily an economic fee payment structure for services rendered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explains the national health insurance scheme introduced in Japan in 1938. Emphasis of the insurance scheme on rural population; Reason for the success of the insurance scheme; Decrease in the number of hospitals operating under the scheme.

A sociologic survey of dental care practices and related attitudes and knowledge was conducted on 2071 16- to 45-year-old Danes in three selected areas. The complete findings were published in 1971 in a Danish thesis; only the findings on the frequency of dental visits (in childhood and at present), toothbrushing habits, and the selfreported number of teeth are presented here in detail. Particular emphasis is placed on the marked relationship of these factors to socio-economic status, the latter being determined by the respondents' education and occupation. Among the 35- to 45-year-olds, 84 % of the "high" SES group made regular dental visits, as opposed to 55 % of the "middle" and 37 % of the "low" SES group. Similar trends were demonstrated in all age groups and for all the parameters investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a model which aims to correct notion that deficiency by integrating public health as a consumer good into the theory of consumer choice and welfare, thus making life expectancy gains comparable to gains in real product. The demand for health services represents an expenditure to relieve pain and suffering and to reduce the risk of dying. Other consumer goods compete with health services in two ways: these other goods also contribute to improved life expectancy as well as directly satisfying other wants. Consumers demand health services as they do other goods because they yield utility. The specific utility is in the form of a greater sense of well-being, reduction of anxiety about illness and death (especially through preventive medical services such as immunizations, check-ups, etc.); in short, better health and the expectation of a longer life. As with other goods, the utility derived depends on the psychological attitudes of the consuming unit. public health programmes may in large part be viewed as collective consumption goods, in the sense that they are not individually packageable, or at least a larger part of the benefits are external to the individual utilizing the health service. Mosquito-malaria abatement programmes, water purification and sewage treatment plants, mass innoculation campaigns, and the treatment of persons with infectious diseases who act as vectors are all examples of pure or quasi-collective consumption goods.

Focuses on the implications of the establishment of the European Economic Community (EEC) by the Treaty of Rome for the nursing profession. Complexity of the problem of freedom of movement in the health professions; Application of directives to the profession; Formation of the National Nurses' Associations of the EEC member countries. INSET: Preamble of the Treaty of Rome.

Focuses on the role of the nurses in various medical institutions in Canada. Improvement on the quality of nursing; Increase on the number of medical missions in the area; Assessment on the leadership ability of the nurses.

Provides information on the experience of the nursing students on learning about geriatrics in Great Britain. Description on the behavior of various aged people; Assessment on the quality of care; Terms of long and short-term nursing goals.

This article focuses on alcoholism and the concept of disease. Removing the status of disease from drinking behavior does not make medical practice redundant for other aspects of alcoholism. In fact the convene is true, because by defining out what isn't medical, it is possible to define in what is. There are actually many aspects of alcoholism that conform to the criteria of disease, which are distressing and dangerous, and which are amenable to medical treatment. Examples are cirrhosis, peptic ulceration, neuropathy, and myocarditis. The withdrawal syndrome itself with its symptoms of anxiety, tremulousness, nausea and sweating, as well as delirium tremens, organic cerebral reactions, psychotic reactions and convulsions, all require appropriate and urgent medical therapy. Specifying what is and what isn't a disease in the medical sense determines the patient's expectations of his treatment. Likewise the doctor is not put in the position where he is exasperated by the failure of his treatment which in any case was not appropriate and could not be expected to produce a cure.

This study tests the hypothesis that the acceptance of an innovation in a medical care practice follows the same patterns as the acceptance of approved farm practices. The health practice used in testing the hypothesis is the acceptance of the Salk polio vaccine. The data for the study were secured from a representative sample of 701 households in Greene and Hancock counties located in the Piedmont section of Georgia. Contrary to expectations there were not the relationships between individuals receiving polio vaccine and the sociocultural factors previous studies had indicated were associated with the acceptance of approved farm practices. One unexpected result was the significantly higher percentage of Negro children receiving the Salk vaccine than whites--a result that could account for most of the other unexpected associations. A more intensive analysis of data and special interviews were made to find an explanation for the greater acceptance of polio vaccine among nonwhites than whites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased size of unit required to deliver modern medical care, combined with the effect of rural population shifts in the last half century, has made modern medicine more and more an urban development. The result has been gradual depletion of the supply of health personnel and facilities in rural as compared with urban areas. Among the efforts to reverse this trend are the special emphasis on needs of rural areas in the Hill-Burton hospital survey and construction program; the inclusion of rural experience as part of the training of physicians; the organization of services on an area-wide basis, bringing the isolated physician and the small rural clinic or hospital into a working relationship with larger medical centers; and the activity of citizens' health councils. Current research and demonstrations need to be extended, and new types of research and demonstration must be developed. Rural sociologists, home economists, physicians, and other professional personnel, as well as the rural family and community groups, all have a role to play in coördinated efforts to equalize rural and urban health opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to analyze the relationship between the distance that farm families reside from certain health personnel and facilities and (1) the incidence of bed illness at home among those families and (2) the use of such health resources. The analysis is based on information obtained on 1,947 persons, 15 to 64 years of age, in 858 farm-operator households. The data are from 10 counties of a 20-county sample used in a survey of morbidity in contrasting socio-economic areas in Missouri. Generally, it was found that persons who live at the greater distances from certain health personnel tend to have a lower physician-call rate and more days of bed illness than those relatively nearby. No clear-cut relationship between distance to hospital and incidence of bed illness at home was found. The findings have implications for the development of any public or private health programs and suggest consideration of distance as one of the factors in the location of health personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of first admissions to all state and three large private mental hospitals in the state of Michigan from 1938 to ]942 reveals a concentration of high rates in the Upper Peninsula counties. These counties are part of what has been delineated as a rural problem area—an area of cut-over forests, decadent mining industry and marginal or submarginal agriculture. Exploratory correlations between the county mental disease rates and selected indices of socio-economic disorganization, such as percentage of population on relief, percentage of tax-delinquent land, and average value of land, proved to be non-significant. However, the high rates did seem to be related to nativity composition of the population. Foreign born and second generation immigrants were found to have much higher rates than native born populations. Correlations between mental disease rates and the number of foreign born in each county were inversely significant, both for the total foreign born and the constituent nationalities. The findings would seem to support the culture- conflict, social isolation theory of mental disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]