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A wide variety of computer programmes for solving facilities design problems have been developed. Since the arrival of programmes like CORELAP and CRAFT in the early sixties, a variety of aspects of this problem have been approached using computer technology. Engineers and architects appear to be the developers and users of most of these programmes. This paper describes the results of a survey attempting to summarize this activity both in Europe and North America where most of the work is being conducted. Computers are being used for both data reduction and graphics associated with the design of buildings which range from industrial plants to hospitals and schools. It is apparent that computers are being used as design aids although few practitioners are willing to delegate the whole job to a computer at this time. Both time shared programmes and the more conventional batch processing are summarized. Heuristics include algorithms which vary in philosophy. The advantages and limitations to construction algorithms, improvement algorithms, vector analysis and graph theory are discussed. A catalogue of these programmes including sources for further information is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the specific contributions which scientists could make to foreign affairs policies. According to the author, perhaps the most important such task which scientists and engineers have done has been to study and report very broadly on the complicated military-technical problems which have come into existence. He asserts that the two other areas in which scientists have contributed in a substantial extracurricular way are the analysis of the role of science and technology in the economy and the fostering of international discussions of military problems and disarmament.

The article discusses the four studies which investigate how academic specialists in the U.S. view themselves, as well as their roles in technical assistance programs. These studies were conducted by Leonard J. Fein at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Center for International Studies on engineers and scientists, and Clarence E. Thurber, George M. Guthrie, and Richard M. Spencer at the Pennsylvania State University on agriculturists, education specialist, and engineers. Also, C. Wendell King and Edwin D. Driver at the University of Massachusetts conducted studies on teachers in the social sciences and humanities, and William B. Storm and Jason L. Finkle at the University of Southern California on social scientists.

The article discusses the demands of scientific revolution to the government in the U.S. One of them is to correct the inadequate salaries specifically on the executive levels. Another is to provide technical people a suitable environment under the control of professional scientists and engineers. Also urgently needed are more flexible personnel policies in the management levels-similar to those in corporations. Scientists and engineers must face up to three new facts including the inevitability and urgency of their new public service functions, the need for a new and respected career pattern to fulfill these functions and the need to develop methods to maintain the highest technical competence under these conditions.

The article discusses the importance of science and technology in global human affairs. The future of the world will be decided through research and development. In the U.S., the significance of scientists occupy a supporting role in handling human affairs. Scientists, engineers and their laboratory facilities constitute a national resource of great importance. The need for central management in conducting scientific research is discussed. There is a call for the involvement of scientists and engineers in government.

The article presents the 11-point program of applied action for putting science and engineering to a collaborative work for the attainment of world peace. It also features an address of H. G. Well in April 1961 at the MIT Centennial Dinner which focused on the role of science in contributing to international affairs and promoting domestic and foreign economic growth. Various international contacts and efforts among scientists and engineers show an improvement in global communication and cooperation. Among these were Conferences on Science and World Affairs and the Rehovoth Conference on Science in the Advancement of New States.

The article presents a discussion on the typical political, social, and cultural orientations of chemists, physicists, biologists, and engineers in a sociological concept. Chemists are the most abundant of the scientific professions. It also cites that the engineers are more absorbed in their professional duties and less involved in management and community activities. The physicists include the astronomers, applied mathematicians, and some advanced electrical and electronics engineer. It also cites the various biologist groups.

To look for patterns in the organisation of engineering design departments, a pilot comparison has been made of numerical information on the employment of engineers, draughtsmen and technicians on design and supporting development in a variety of firms. The results indicate patterns in the distribution of designers by salary level and in the proportion of designers engaged in co-ordination of design. Some pattern also appears in the relative costs of design, but none of the results appears to have any relation to the duration of design or to the number of engineers relative to the number of draughtsmen and technicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is often asserted in literature that production rate decreases with activity but recovers after a rest period. If the characteristics of the production rate function are explicitly stated, the model can be used to determine both the timing and duration of rest periods. The assumptions on which this model is constructed are discussed and the validity of some propositions is questioned.
The effect of fatigue on the level of human productive activity has intrigued time and motion engineers for almost fifty years (see, for example, Gilbreth & Gilbreth, 1919). In reviewing past studies of this subject, March & Simon (1958) summarize the views previously expressed on the fatigue model by three propositions: 1. The current rate of activity (i.e. production rate) in a given muscle group is a decreasing function of fatigue in that group (or as Barnes (1952, p. 180) put it, "Fatigue in industry refers to ... a diminished capacity for doing work"). 2. Fatigue in a given muscle group is an increasing function of total past activity in that group and/or other muscle group. 3. Fatigue is a decreasing function of past rest time in that group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a discussion about several topics in a symposium focusing around P. W. Bridgman's article "Scientists and Social Responsibility," which is related to the question as to whether or not scientists have a unique civic responsibility for the uses of their discoveries. It tells of a topic in a second symposium that scientists and engineers should refuse to participate in weapons research and development. It elaborates on the relationship between military strength and national security.

The article presents information on different models for motor learning. A model can be a different thing for different persons. For an artist, a model is a person who poses in front of him. For engineers and architects, a model is the final plan of a building. Hence, a model is based on the idea in the mind of a person, and related facts. According to theoretical models of motor learning, learning occurs in a hierarchical manner through different levels of developed habits. Mathematics and computer programming can enhance motor learning. Research by physical educators has been of no significance for the development of learning theory, and physical educators need to do more research on motor learning.

The article focuses on the statement of Senator Edward M. Kennedy on the amendment to the Independent Offices Appropriations Bill in the U.S. for the fiscal year 1971. According to him, the amendment aims to increase the appropriation for the National Science Foundation to provide for the planning, research and development in methods of converting scientific manpower and resources from the defense activities to civilian-related projects. The appropriations bill would help address the problem of unemployment among trained scientists, engineers and technicians in the nation.

The article discusses an extensive and well documented study entitled "Education and Professional Employment in USSR" by Nicholas Dewitt, Harvard Research Center political scientist and research associate of the National Academy of Science's Office of Scientific Personnel. Dewitt's study raises difficult questions for the U.S. educators and concluded that the focus of USSR is to educate the engineers and scientists which will serve the state. In addition, Dewitt's study ended by stating that Soviet higher education is failure if the education's objective is to develop a creative intellect critical of society and its values.

One of the problems which occupies the work study engineer is that of determining the number of observations necessary in order to estimate the work content of a job with a prescribed accuracy. A new equation is presented for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the response of the authors to the critics of their article "Freedom Demands Responsibility," which appeared in the October issue of the periodical "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists." They agreed with the critics that the only a world government can secure men from war and that the role of scientists and engineers is the policing of the world that none are made secretly. The authors argue that scientists must recognize the present activities if peace is to secure and denies that they propose a scientists' strike.

The article presents a discussion on the implications of the development of the atomic bomb in the relationships between the United States and Russia. It also discusses the international control of atomic energy and suggests the denaturing of fissionable materials for the purpose of making them more difficult to use for the manufacture of bombs. It also cites the viability of creating a situation that will enable the United States to appeal in various ways to physicists and engineers for information that would uncover violations on the control of atomic weapons.

Examines the verbal description of international boundaries in diplomatic notes, treaties and other documents. Employment of aerial reconnaissance; Use of boundary descriptions by diplomats, lawyers, surveyors, cartographers and engineers; List of main methods of boundary description.

Focuses on the history of Peel, Williams & Co., an engineering company in Manchester, England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Popularity of the company; Description of its founders and how they formed the business; Distribution of printed catalogs, which is early evidence of standardized mass production of engineering goods in anticipation of demand; Expansion of the business; Progression of the company and its eventual demise.

Though it would seem of obvious importance to understand the relationship between occupation and the decision to marry, there is astonishingly little published directly on this subject. Most of what there is relates to the age of the female, primarily because the interest in gathering such information has tended to center around the demographic study of fertility. An attempt is made to supplement the picture derived from these sources by materials emerging from my own research. As this research is in a very early, exploratory stage, the data that the article presents, on young British engineers, is very tentative and preliminary in nature. Given the differentiation and specialization of occupations within Western society, and the differences of life situation associated with the various occupational roles, one would expect sharp differences in the age of first marriage for males. Furthermore, one would expect these tendencies to have been growing increasingly over the past hundred years, as the degree of specialization has increased.

Focuses on a study to compare the speaking ability of liberal arts and engineering upperclassmen. Number of engineers included in the comparison group; Rating groups used during the study; Data related to means, standard deviations and standard error of the means of speech ratings received.

The article reports that the most crucial social problem posed by engineering and technical personnel (ETP) as a category of labor is to obtain a quantitative evaluation of the place of this group in the social structure of Soviet society and to predict its role in the future. The growth rate of the number of ETP, including technicians and engineers, engaged in industrial production presents an interesting pattern. In the present study, this category is taken to include the number of technical and engineering jobs filled by diplomaed engineers and technicians, persons with higher and specialized secondary education, and persons with a general education but having considerable on-the-job industrial experience. The share of blue-collar workers in industry is rising, while the relative number of office workers is on the decline. These trends, which reflect the actual pattern for 1957-1965, will take on a somewhat different complexion if one takes into account the changes that should be instituted by the economic reform and the accelerated rate of technical change. The role of ETP engaged in industrial production will grow at a more rapid rate than the projected figures indicate. Changes within the category of ETP--in particular, the percentage of diplomaed engineers and technicians--are somewhat more complicated.

The article addresses the growing shortage of scientists in developing countries. It is claimed that for every 91 scientists, engineers and technicians in the 33 technically developed countries, there are only nine in the 84 developed countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. The shortage of scientists and technologists in developing countries is complementary with the small amounts actually spent on research and development. Clearly, there is a need for these countries to maintain and expand the number of their scientists. Thus, proper education, training and fraternal encouragement will certainly be needed for the advancement of science to be set up. Moreover, international scientific cooperation will be achieved when scientists work together for the advancement of science.

The article reports on the formation of the U.S. Federation of American Scientists which are composed of scientists and engineers concerned with the impact of science on national matters. The organization has been a place for inquiry, debate or criticism which is free from governmental or economic connections. The dependence of most universities to the federal government may worsen when a university conducts classified military research which could compromise the basic way of freedom of discussion and criticism. Secrecy in research is antithetic, gives an improper environment for the academic training of students and to the values and functions of the university. With this, the Council of the Federation of the American Scientists recommends guidelines for university sponsored research.

The article offers news briefs related to science in the U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower announced a new National Committee for the Development of Scientists and Engineers on April 13, 1956. Meanwhile, a group of physicists invited by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Academy of Sciences to attend a high energy nuclear conference has received permission to go from the Atomic Energy Commission.

The article offers world news briefs related to civilian defense. The City Council in Coventry, England refused to run its civil defense organization for the reason of its complete uselessness in the face of the new weapons. The Mohawk Association of Scientists and Engineers has conducted a dispersion survey in Schenectady, Troy, and Albany in New York. An evacuation plan has been developed for the city of St. Louis, Missouri due to a hydrogen bomb threat.

The article offers news in connection with the ninth semiannual report of the United States Atomic Energy Congress (AEC) in July 1947. The semiannual report reviews AEC contract policy and operations from the vantage point of four full years of experience. It aims to widen participation of all segments of the economy program. The Manhattan Engineer District has been one of the most important administrative decision of the commission, which aims to continue the practice of contracting with industrial concerns and academic institutions to performs the actual operations. INSET: KOREAN APPEAL FOR TEXTBOOKS.

The article reflects on an article entitled "Freedom Demands Responsibility," which states the fact that scientists and engineers should also be focused on their social responsibility of utilizing their inventions and discoveries for the good of mankind and not to support the production of weapons and life-threatening devices and tools.

The article presents a reprint of the full text of a telegram wired to United States President Harry Truman by eight distinguished scientists. The telegram mentions a problem regarding sufficient staffing of the national atomic energy laboratories with scientists and engineers of the capability required to implement a necessary thorough research program.

The article offers information about the appeal of the scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) on the alleged misuse of the government on the developments related to science and technology in the U.S. The author stresses that the government is using the developments of science and technology to increase their capability in creating weapons of mass destruction. Scientists and engineers at MIT created a proposal to address their concern on the increasing exploitation of scientific knowledge. It includes the initiation in examining the policies of the government in science and technology, turning the research applications from the present emphasis on military technology, and sharing the benefits of the developments to mankind.

The article presents a summary of the conclusions and recommendations given by the group of Professor Maurice Visscher of the University of Minnesota and Doctor J. S. Nicholas of Yale during the Third National Conference of the U.S. National Commission for UNESCO held in New York on January 27 to 31, 1952. The summary includes the evaluation of grants-in-aid program of UNESCO, promotion of cooperation in research in major area problems, and the barriers to exchange of information and travel. The summary also includes the trend toward increasing isolation in science in the U.S., and better utilization of services of engineers.

The article announces an award given to Westinghouse engineer Cyril E. McClellan. The cash award worth $7,500 was given by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Patent Compensation Board as compensation for McClellan's patent claim. The patent claim involves the design of an apparatus for separating isotopes of different mass.

The article focuses on the goal and organizational structure of the Society for Social Responsibility in Science in Pennsylvania. The society was formed by a group of scientists and engineers in the country. The aim of the society implies objection to destructive activity like war but is devoted to constructive works such as assisting individuals who suffer economic or legal difficulties. Victor Paschkis, the society president, stated that the scientists have omitted all the social and moral aspects of their work just for constructive purposes. A list of new society officers are presented.

The article reports on the combined training and research program of Clinton Laboratories. The proposed program aims to provide facilities in the dissemination of information in the field of fundamental and applied science and engineering. The Laboratory facilities will be available to 35 highly trained scientists and engineers from the academic and industrial laboratories. Selected scientists and engineers will have the opportunity to attend a coordinated lecture program on pile operation theory and the opportunity to participate in research and development program of Laboratories.

The article discusses the effects of job strategy seminars upon unemployed engineers and scientists. To meet some of these personal and educational needs among unemployed engineers and scientists, a series of job strategy seminars were held on a demonstration basis. Twenty-two unemployed scientists and engineers participated in 10 group meetings. These seminars combined didactic and self-analytic features. Their aim was to enhance the self-confidence and self-esteem of the participants. Experimental subjects showed significant differences in several areas. Eleven men in the Experimental group were successful in locating jobs as opposed to six Control subjects. Experimental subjects were more active in two kinds of job seeking behavior -- number of visits to college job bank and placement agencies and tended to have more job interviews during the period of follow-up. Though the number of subjects is small, this pilot study offers significant evidence that bringing unemployed scientists and engineers together in groups for didactic, self-analytic discussions has an important impact on their lives.