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This, the second of four papers on the effects of acculturation on personality and attitudes, tested the hypotheses that the more acculturated, in comparison with the less acculturated, are more frustrated, hence more hostile, and have more effective modes of handling frustration and consequent aggression. Two criteria of degree of acculturation were used: (a) four Uganda schools represented four levels of acculturation; (b) the 211 Uganda Ss were assumed to be more acculturated than the 144 Kenya Ss. The frustration-aggression variables were assessed by means of the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Test and sentence completion and thematic apperception tests. The findings supported the hypotheses. The more acculturated were more aggressive than the less acculturated. They were more frequently frustrated by authority, by the aggression of others, and by their own failure or inability, and, less frequently than the less acculturated feared aggression or viewed it and rebellion against authority to be wrong. The more acculturated were more frequently intropunitive and need-persistent than the less acculturated, and less frequently obstacle-dominant (especially extrapunitive obstacle-dominant) and impunitive. The significance of these findings will be discussed in the fourth paper of this series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this first of a series of four papers on the effects of acculturation on personality and attitudes, students in four Uganda secondary schools, chosen to represent four levels of acculturation, were tested on sentence completion, thematic apperception and figure-drawing tests, in regard to their political awareness and attitudes toward authority figures, especially chiefs and Euro-peans. These 211 Ss in the Buganda province of Uganda were then compared with 144 Ss in the North Nyanza province of Kenya who were assumed to be less acculturated. The findings support the hypothesis that the more acculturated more frequently than the less acculturated feel hostile toward authority figures. The findings suggested further that the more acculturated more frequently than the less acculturated tended to perceive authority figures as punitive, but were mixed in their opinions about authority. In comparison with the less acculturated Kenya sample, the Uganda sample were more aware politically, more actively discontent with the political status quo and more nationalistic in their identification. Non-monotonic relationships with degree of acculturation were found in regard to readiness to identify with the European and covert tendency to view the European as dominant The significance of these findings will be discussed in the fourth paper of this series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This, the third of four papers on the effects of acculturation on personality and attitudes, focussed on attitudes toward parents, teachers and education as reflected in a thematic apperception test and a sentence completion test. Two criteria of degree of acculturation were used: (a) four Uganda schools represented four levels of acculturation; and (b) the 211 Uganda Ss were assumed to be more acculturated than the 144 Kenya Ss. It was hypothesized that degree of acculturation has less effect upon attitudes toward parents than upon other personality characteristics. This hypothesis was supported by the data; although some significant differences followed the acculturation gradient, others seemed attributable to special acculturation influences associated with sub-cultures, and a few to the influence of the "old" cultures. It was also hypothesized that the more acculturated assign a higher value to education than the less acculturated. This hypothesis was supported by the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ankole District, Western Uganda, a serious land problem is developing. Land is increasingly being acquired for commercial and speculative purposes; access to land for the majority of Banyankore becomes problematic. This paper is concerned with the origins of only two avenues of land acquisition in Ankole, mailo grants and individual freehold titles. Both have contributed to nascent problems, if only through their inducement of interests in land as a commodity. The paper explores the effects of these policies on Ankole sociopolitical divisions and questions general (especially 'individualization') land policies concerned with agricultural growth alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article shares the author's thoughts concerning the development of three East African countries. The author notes that like most other developing countries, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania have recently become independent in which they engaged in combatting the human problems. He said that the problem of the three East African countries are very basic that include, to be able to produce enough food in order to feed the populations, to be able to fight the diseases by using curative methods and to be able to open the eyes of the people to what is happening on around through the right type of education. The author points out that the problem of the three East African countries will become much more complex when their overall setting is taken into consideration.

The Past played by cities and the significance of urbanization have been much discussed by those who in recent years have struggled with the problems of the developing nations. In the ensuing discussion three viewpoints have emerged: one emphasizing economic factors, two asserting the priority of social and political aspects, and three supporting the United Nations' approach of "balanced social and economic development." The partisans involved in the discussion have not consistently followed the biases of their own disciplines. For example, Everett Hagen, an economist, following a frustrating experience as adviser to the Government of Burma, has written a book, On the Theory of Social Change, in which he assigns priority to social factors in the emergence of societies from traditional into urban-industrialized states. On the other hand, William McCord, a sociologist with wide experience with developing nations in Africa and Asia, has judged the more classical economic factors related directly to production to be more central to the explanation of change than social and political variables. After reading the work of each of these scholars, one is led inevitably to the common experience which they and many others have shared in recent years, namely, an awareness of the inadequacy of our academic and theoretical formulations to meet the tests posed by the development problems of the new nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses nutrition planning and social organization in West Budama county, Eastern Uganda. Factors considered in nutrition planning; Discussion on the improvement of nutrition as a practical problem in developing countries; Assessment of the nutritional status of children in West Budama; Nutrition policy and its implementation.

In this article the authors analyze the economic conditions in Uganda. They remark that nothing gives rise to so much general satisfaction as a new electricity station. Electricity is regarded as the hallmark of a modern society, providing people with light and heat in the cleanest and most convenient form. The Owen Falls Hydro-electric Project in Uganda was especially intended to promote the economic development of the country. Here the authors are concerned with some questions like what part was hydroelectricity expected to play in the economic development of Uganda and secondly, whether ten years of operation have born out these expectations. The authors remark that the history of electricity in Uganda is to some extent the history of the government's changing view of its economic role. The change in the government's view of its functions coincided with a dramatic change in the economic possibilities that were open to Uganda. The value of exports which had been under £ 5 million in 1938, was £ 10 million in 1945 and £ 50 million seven years later.

This article presents information related to acculturating Africans. The problem considered in this study is part of an inquiry into psychological aspects of the acculturation process in an East African society under-going extensive and relatively rapid sociocultural change. The society is that of the Banyankole tribe, an inter-lacustrine Bantu kingdom now part of newly independent Uganda. The research project of which the present study is a part encompasses a search for personality and personal history variables which contribute intragroup variability in response to acculturative pressures as well as a delineation of the response differences. The present study is focused on a description of the individual differences in attitude among members of the society toward their own tribe and examines the extent to which attitudes of the Banyankole themselves resemble the attitudes toward the tribe expressed by resident Europeans employed in the Uganda civil service. At the time the data to he discussed here were collected, British administrators and educators were the primary purveyors and mediators of European culture.

This article presents information on the psychomotor development of African children in the first year, and the influence of maternal behavior. This article elaborates on a study of the psychological state of children suffering kwashiorkor. The disease is most frequently seen in children aged between one and two years and is probably largely due to inadequate diet at the time of weaning. Children examined before and after weaning showed marked difference in their behavior and in the results of their tests. The attitude of the mothers towards the children seemed to be largely responsible for the differences. Before the child is weaned, the mother's whole interest is centred on him. Weaning makes a sudden change in the child's life. The mother does not only stop giving him the breast, but often behaves as though she is deliberately trying to effect a separation; inevitably the child becomes miserable and clings to her all the more. Sometimes the separation is geographical, with the child sent for many months to his grandparents and seldom visited. This custom is especially common amongst the lower social classes of the Baganda, the tribe living around Kampala.

The article discusses patience and gratification preferences among Ugandan school children. Studies were conducted of delayed gratification preferences (DGP) in Trinidad, finding patience for reward commoner among children of East Indian than of African origin. In Uganda it was found that less educated people tended to prefer to spend money now rather than invest it, though they also significantly more often said they made plans for a year ahead. DGP was related to acculturation, and possibly to overestimation of time intervals. 100 Ugandan primary-school children (dichotomized by social class, age, and sex) were given tests in the Ganda language. High-class girls did not score significantly more on DGP than lower-class boys, but high-class boys exceeded high-class girls. On punishment-patience, high-class boys and girls were similar, but high-class boys exceeded lower-class boys. Among 50 boys, age correlated significantly with DGP and time estimation respectively, but not significantly with punishment-patience. Among girls, no such connection with age emerged.