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Information about several papers discussed at International Conference on Science in the Advancement of New States which was held in Israel is presented. The conference focused on the introduction to the world leaders the eminent scientists from advanced countries and explaining to them how science and technology can help with their problems. Several scientists spoke at the conference including P. M. S. Blackett, John Cokcroft, and John A. Jukes.

Economic development has long been a dominant topic in sociology. Since Marx' and Weber's initial insights, sociologists have been unraveling the complex relationships in this ubiquitous process. Recent conceptual work (Smelser, 1959, 1963; Parsons, 1966; More, 1964; Eisenstadt, 1964, 1965; Rostow, 1963) has attempted to isolate critical variables and relationships among them in the process of economic development. One of the consistent attempts of this literature is predicting when, where, and how fast economic development will occur in modernizing Third World nations. Drawing upon this growing body of literature, this paper will outline an analytical model of economic development. This model is especially relevant to developing Third World nations, although it is sufficiently abstract to encompass economic development in other types of historical and contemporary societies. The term model has an ambiguous meaning. In this paper, a model is a map or grid of relationships among analytically important units. The model presented here is cybernetic, denoting key feedback processes, both negative (Weiner, 1954; Nadel, 1953) and positive (Maruyama, 1963). Ideally, a model should assign differential weights to various relationships, but in the model to be presented, only general weights will be assigned to some relationships. As will be emphasized, feedback relationships among units will be considered to carry more weight than other relationships in determining rates of economic development. Beyond this, existing data do not warrant further weighting. But an attempt will be made to delineate those variables within and outside the economy affecting the weights of any particular relationship in the model. In doing so, elements in the model can begin to approximate a set of propositions in a more general theory of economic development. For the purposes of analysis, the economy can be divided into two general sectors (Moore, 1967): (1) the productive; and (2) the distributive. Production concerns those structures and processes involved in gathering resources from the environment and converting them into goods and commodities, while distribution refers to those structures and processes dealing with the dissemination of commodities throughout a social system. The model presented in this paper will focus on relationships between and within these two general economic sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks at the influence of the socio-political conditions on the economic development program in the African Reserves of South Africa as of May 1966. Attention focused recently in journals and elsewhere on the Reserves has stressed political above economic factors. In particular, the granting of a small measure of autonomy to the Transkei (the largest Reserve) has been high-lighted. But even complete political autonomy (a very distant prospect) would be a fragile achievement unless fortified by the realization of economic potential. Economic development thus assumes an importance in the long run at least equal to political development. In this paper it is proposed, therefore (1) to describe the reasons for the relative economic backwardness of the Reserves; (2) to briefly mention some proposals for development and actual government policy in the Reserves in recent times; and (3) to suggest how this policy needs to be changed. The article presents a summary on the political background to the present economic development program being implemented in the nation. Just as the more advanced parts of the South African economy could be more fully employed in developing the less advanced, so could it contribute considerably to the development of the African continent at large--if only the political climate allowed.

This paper describes a model of U.K. exports of manufactures to industrial countries. The model is outlined in the first section and estimated in the succeeding section. The next section compares the relative efficiencies of aggregate and micro-relations. The paper ends with a discussion of a partially reduced form of the model. Industrial countries are defined as 1967 OECD members (excluding Iceland); these countries accounted for 50 per cent of world imports of manufactures and 70 per cent of total world imports and took about 56 per cent of U.K. total exports of manufactures, in 1967. Manufactured goods are defined as SITC Sections 5-S inclusive. Quarterly data from 1956 to mid-1968 are used. All trade and price series are expressed at 1963 U.S. dollar prices, and activity indicators are also expressed in real terms. This was because it was thought that the structural parameters of the model could be better estimated using volume rather than value flows. Also the full London Business School macro-economic model measures national income as the sum of expenditures corresponding to output produced at home at 1963 prices. So, in forecasting G.D.P., estimates are needed of U.K. exports at 1963 prices. Conversion to current price forecasts, for balance of payments purposes, is made using an explanatory relationship for U.K. export prices of manufactures. Conversion into sterling terms from dollar values is straightforward, after allowing for the sterling devaluation of November, 1967. The present model is only a partial version of a larger system explaining individual trade flows between countries; it is concerned wily with individual relations for British exports by markets and with total import flows for the other industrial countries.

Cross-sectional data and long-period time series data have generally shown an inverse relationship between income and fertility. But short-period time series data over the business cycle have shown a direct relationship. The first part of this paper resolves this apparent paradox by showing that it arises from a statistical illusion-specification bias due to omitted lagged variables. The second part of the paper then considers the likely unconditional effect of income on fertility in several sorts of situations: (a) secular income increase in less developed countries; (b) cyclical income change in industrialized countries; (c) secular income increase in industrialized countries; and (d) incentive payments for higher and lower fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among available economic data of less developed countries, foreign trade statistics are known to be most reliable and are used extensively. This paper, concentrating on Southeast Asian countries, examines the extent and variation of discrepancy in export and import recordings of their own and of their trading partners. The ratio of corresponding trade records exhibit varying heights and irregular patterns suggesting a larger degree of inaccuracy than generally assumed. Inter-Asian trade of Southeast Asian countries show a greater discrepancy than that of their trade with developed countries, and the trade ratio variance of the former is significantly larger than that of the latter at the 5% level. The rank coefficient of correlation between the level of discrepancy and the absolute size of trade value is found to be insignificant for most countries. Also the adjustment of trade figures by exchange rate overvaluation does not narrow the inconsistency in the bilateral trade recordings. The recordings of commodity-by-country trade data show a larger discrepancy than that of total trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farm households in Finland and Sweden are an exception to what appears to be a general rule in industrial societies. The general rule is that households containing married couples and parents more often include wives' patents than husbands' parents. This has been found to be true in the U.S., in London, and in Finland and Sweden. Finnish and Swedish farmers, on the other hand, more often share the household with husband's parents rather than wife's parents. This is to be expected because of the custom of transmission of farms to sons in these two countries. The custom is for a son to take over the farm, with the understanding that he will provide for the parents in their old age. To investigate whether there was evidence that the custom of patrilineal transmission of farms is changing or breaking down, farming households were classified according to the statistical region in which they were located. For each statistical region, the proportion of shared households which were patrilineal, that is, which contained husbands' parents, was then calculated.

This article presents the author's views on the educational assistance provided by experts from developed nations to students of developing countries. The author says that there will be a comparative rise in this aid. He says that there is nothing good or bad in this assistance but the long existence of the arbitration of foreign advisors and experts from powerful countries can give birth to a cultural conflict and later cultural subversion. He suggests that educational experts need to understand the local system of the receiving country.

The article examines the gap between the underdeveloped and the rich countries. In this report, J. Leite Lopes of the Brazilian Physical Society has given emphasis on the scientific gap between European countries and the U.S. and the Soviet Union. According to Lopes, the gap between these two opposing sides had been increasing, in terms of the relative rate of development and the relative speed of growth. With this regard, Lopes suggested intensive national efforts to promote education, culture, scientific and technological research to create a legitimate development. Also, establishment of an international cooperation program is recommended to stimulate scientific research in underdeveloped nations, with the support of outstanding scientists from many advanced nations.

The article provides an overview of the factors that contribute to the concept of privilege and poverty in developed and underdeveloped countries. The increasing rate of population, income comparisons, broadening of the welfare gap, people's attitudes and their behavior were considered elemental basis that accounted for the country's development. Moreover, income, race, culture and geography were also observed as components that determine the poor class of the society and underdeveloped countries from the middle class and developed countries.

The article discusses the development of nuclear technology in developed countries. It is said that many nations have the scientific capability, the economic capacity and the nuclear technology which would enable them to embark on the road to independent production of nuclear weapons with reasonable prospects for success. The author cited that nuclear weapons become an integral part of military systems. The fundamental problem is that the nuclear superpowers continue to rely on nuclear weapons as a major ingredient of their military forces and in the conduct of international relations.

The article focuses on the physical and social factors that influenced the distribution of raw materials in developing and industrialized countries such as the U.S. The author notes that the unequal distribution of natural resources is one physical factor that influence access to raw materials while social factors stem from the uneven economic development that resulted to the need for raw materials. Other factors are derived from the demand of developing countries for primary metals such as iron ore and cooper. Information about the available oil reserves and world steel production are discussed.

The article discusses the difficulties that Asian countries encounter in their process of economic development. The author gives a comparison between the economic development of the U.S. and India. He notes that Americans started under conditions of extreme abundance of natural resources relative to population while the Indians started under conditions of extreme population relative to natural resources. Several factors are presented that affect the economic difficulties of Asian countries which include the underestimation of natural resources, change in demographic structure, and rapid population.

The purpose of this research, then, will be to attempt to test Cowgill's propositions on a sample of countries rated on a number of indices of industrialization. With appropriate dependent variables, the propositions become hypotheses which are testable on a larger and more representative sample than has previously been used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The examined cross-cultural evidence indicates that women may come to have many options in very different types of societies and through very different combinations of social, political, cultural and economic reasons. Furthermore, there is no linear relationship between a country's level of economic development and the range of women's options in different life sectors. Thus, the option not to marry becomes much more of an option for men and women in the less economically developed countries. Women, on the other hand, have much more the options to work in general, to work after marriage and to enroll in college when a country is at a medium high level of economic development (GNP-$ 1,000-$ 1,500) than at higher or lower levels. Finally, a wide range of occupational choices for women can be achieved in countries at either a medium high or a medium low level of economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circumstances of developing countries are very different from those of the industrializing West in the nineteenth century. Nevertheless, Western experience is relevant in improving public health in developing societies today. Requirements have to be interpreted in terms of local circumstances. But the broad needs are common, namely satisfactory water supplies, the disposal of waste materials, and the improvement of housing. And the means of implementation still require the enforcement of law; the establishment of an efficient machinery of government to meet the needs of health and safety; and the creation of an educated and understanding community. How are environmental functions to be distributed in the administrative services of a developing country, and in what way can Western experience help in this decision? One or two useful answers to this difficult question are gradually emerging as a result of the application of studies to the problems on the spot. The first, and in many respects the most important, is that environmental services grow best when they are firmly rooted in community life. In town and country alike these services are an indispensable part of the community program and the keenness of the local residents is the only real guarantee of continuing success.

In this article an attempt is made to assess the major health problems of the second half of the twentieth century in developed countries, the methods appropriate to these problems, and the pattern of medical services necessary to deal with them. From an examination of mortality and morbidity trends it is suggested that the most important problems are likely to be the mortality, malformation and disability established before birth, mental illness, and the disease and disability associated with aging. Reasons are given for doubting whether control of breeding, the method that has contributed greatly to the improvement of plants and other animals, can be expected to be effective in the case of man and hence reliance must continue to be placed on modifications of the environment to which achievement hitherto has been entirely due. Profound changes will be needed in the pattern of services through which medical knowledge is applied, the most important being unification of the major classes of hospitals, acute, mental and chronic; association of the preventive personal health services with curative services; and the strengthening of domiciliary medical care, particularly through a new and more intimate relationship between general practitioner and hospital services.

The article discusses key issues concerning the French experience on the difficulties and complexities of educational planning in industrial societies. Key issues discussed include the motives of the state in engaging in educational planning, the social and economic background of educational planning and education policy in France, the key features of French educational policy, the peculiar difficulties and determinants of educational planning in France and the issues' implications for comparative education.

The German economist Andreas Predöhl has proposed a model of world- wide spatial economic organization which relates the flow of trade to industrial location. Basically, Predöhl's model distinguishes between industrial core areas, the focal centers of world commerce, and peripheral regions which supply the core areas with raw materials in return for a share of the core areas' output of manufactured goods. Considering the almost universal drive toward industrialization, the question arises whether Predöhl's model can be useful in projecting the growth of new core areas and related changes in the direction of trade. Special interest attaches to the recognition of core areas in their early stages of development. The simple criterion of steel production, used by Predöhl as the primary index of the stage of industrial development, is found wanting. Paths of industrial growth can be expected to differ with the advance of technology, consumer preferences, and the availability of local resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The patent system in developing countries has a predominantly negative effect and is devoid of significant benefits for these countries; virtually all owned by large foreign corporations, patents are used as a vehicle for achieving monopoly privileges which militate against conditions conducive to foreign investment, and hinder the flow of technology to developing countries while restricting their technological advance through imitation and adaptation. For developing countries to license patents is therefore tantamount to granting import permits under restrictive conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to present an original set of estimates of new Great Britain's portfolio foreign investment from 1865 to 1914 which alleviate some of the limitations of the existing statistics. The examination of the statistics of the enterprise and industrial mix of pre-1914 new British portfolio foreign investments raises many additional questions for further study and empirical research. It suggests the necessity for an analysis of annual time series in order to identify and explain the trends and fluctuations in particular regions. It calls for the development of enterprise industry matrices for each region, so that we can determine the share of British funds for each respective industrial breakdown that was obtained by each form of enterprise. These statistics, providing hitherto unavailable detailed data on the enterprise nature and the industrial composition of a significant segment of the capital account, should prove useful in the analysis of the pre-1914 transfer mechanism and the role of foreign capital in economic development.