Search

Bamboo is an important raw material for manufacture of paper pulp in areas where it is abundant, especially in India, Pakistan, Taiwan (Formosa), and mainland China. In most instances it is reduced to pulp by chemical treatment under pressure at high temperature. An exception is the manufacture of bamboo mechanical pulp in Taiwan. This pulp is combined with a small amount of ricestraw chemical pulp for manufacture of a product used to prepare the so-called "joss paper" employed in Chinese religious and funeral ceremonies. "Joss" is a pidgin English word that is derived from the Portuguese deos or deus, god, and is used to refer to a Chinese household divinity or to a cult image. Joss paper consists of sheets of crude paper of various sizes, mostly 2'2 by 3 inches, to 10 by 11 inches, usually almost completely or partially covered with a piece of tin foil. A golden metallic effect is created, according to Hunter,2 by brushing the foil with seaweed extract contain

Bottom fauna surveys of the Lower Sabine River in the vicinity of Orange, Texas were performed from 1967 to 1969. During this time samples were taken before and after effluent from a black-liquor paper mill was discharge into the Sabine River. Species diversity indices were determined for each station (one station above the discharge canal and four below it). The results obtained indicated that the paper mill effluent was not disturbing the river to a degree that it would cause damage. However, the proximity of Sabine Lake (an estuary) and the very low flow often encountered on the Sabine River makes it imperative that high standards be imposed in treatment of the waste water and that qualified personnel make periodic studies on the river.

Il est montré par quelques exemples pris dans nos recherches de chromatographie quantitative, que le dosage des taches colorées des chromatogrammes sur papier est plus reproductible quand celui-ci a lieuaprès chromatographie. Ceci fait de la chromatographie quantitative sur papier une méthode microanalytique de choix., A few examples chosen from our quantitative paper chromatography researches show that the estimation of coloured spots may be achieved with greater reproducibility if carried outafter the spot has been chromatographed. Quantitative paper chromatography may therefor be accepted as a true quantitative micro analytical method., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

1. The estimation of unsaturated fatty acids of three varieties of linseed oil is carried out by the paper chromatography technique using131I for saturating the acids. 2. The relationship between the total and individual unsaturated fatty acids content on one side, and the maximal spot activity on the other side, is linear and can be used as standard reference line. 3. Determination of the Rf values of the three occuring unsaturated fatty acids, depends mainly on the change of the specific activity of the iodinating mixture.

Of the several uses that were described forC. juncea, its production as a bast fiber source and a green manure crop are the most important. Although limited usage in special rotational situations is possible, most of the envisioned acreage in the United States will be for new pulping raw-material. It appears promising for this purpose because (a) little or no nitrogen fertilization is required, (b) it grows on poor soils and is fairly drought-resistant (c) stalks dry out faster than other experimental species after a killing frost, (d) resistant strains can be grown in soils that are infested with root knot nematodes, and (e) a high macerate (pulp) yield is obtainable. However, stand inconsistency which contributes to weed competition and low yields, a tendency for lodging, and a sensitivity to cool temperatures may be listed as debits. Additional experimentation to determine more precisely the environmental and cultural requirements, proper harvesting and handling methods, production economics, and end-use applications is needed.

THE formation of more than one zone containing phosphate when the sodium orthophosphates are chromatographed on paper suggests that these spots contain different molecular species originating in proton transfer equilibria of the kind: where B−n is a base1,2. The speed of proton transfers, for example, the half-life for the reaction of hydronium and hydroxyl ions is 10−8 sec3, argues against this as such equilibria yield multiple spots only if the transition time is comparable with the time required for the formation of the chromatogram4. It is natural to question next if the zones are actually of different species since discontinuities in either the immobile or mobile phases can also produce the result4. Chromatograms of orthophosphoric acid and of the primary, secondary, and tertiary sodium salts were formed on 55 cm × 2.8 cm strips of Whatman No. 1 filter paper, acid washed, which had also been washed in 2 M acetic acid followed by three successive rinsings in distilled water5. The chromatograms were formed either with pyridine/ethyl acetate/water (the faster solvent) or butanol/water. Fig. 1 is a photograph of 10 µl. of 0.01 M trisodium phosphate (No. 321) and 10 µl. of 0.01 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate (No. 322) formed simultaneously with BuOH/15 per cent H2O. The origin was the vertical pencil line adjacent to the numbers. When revealed, the colour process was that employing ammonium molybdate and benzidine hydrochloride6. In certain select cases, the multiple spots were irradiated in the University's Triga reactor7,8. Both sodium and phosphorus undergo (n,γ)·reactions to form radioactive isotopes which decay as follows9,10

WITHIN the last twenty years, chromatography has become increasingly important as an analytical tool. The purpose of this article is to review the uses of partition chromatography on paper, which, since its inception four years ago1, has had a wide application and which promises to become as well established as the older forms of chromatography. It should be emphasized, however, that, as mixtures, especially from biological sources, may be very complex, preliminary separations2-5 may often be necessary before paper chromatography can be used to the best possible advantage. For recent developments in all types of chromatography, the reader is referred to a number of articles indicated in footnotes 6–9.

High-Voltage Paper Electrophoresis of Non-Volatile Organic Acids and their Mixtures with Amino-Acids

THE interesting suggestion that the oligosaccharides formed from sucrose may be the precursors of polysaccharides such as inulin and levan requires verification by the establishment of the identity and type of linkage of each of these compounds1. The recent discovery of their presence in plant extracts2 and human urine3 is a certain indication of their significance in metabolic processes.

High-Voltage Paper Electrophoresis of Inorganic Cations: Alkali, Alkaline-Earth and Other Metals

WE have shown1 that primycin, an agent of strong antituberculotic effect belonging to the group of guanidino antibiotics, is not identical with any of the known antibiotics. On the basis of its colour reactions and of its infra-red and ultra-violet spectra2, the molecule of primycin (C19H37O7N)n contains an N—H group and several O—H groups; it is inclined to molecular associations and it discloses adsorptive properties. On subjecting primycin to paper chromatography, the formation of a second spot was observed. This was due to the so-called ‘secondary adsorption’ of an accompanying substance present in minute amounts.

THE filter paper chromatographic procedure developed by Consden, Gordon and Martin1 has proved to be very useful in the qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of amino-acid mixtures, and appears to have possibilities for extension to a variety of other compounds2, 3.

PAPER electrophoresis of proteins has on the whole proved to be a more satisfying means of separation than paper chromatography, owing to the physico-chemical properties of the proteins that make them rather unfit for the latter method1,2. Nevertheless there do exist methods of paper Chromatographic separation of, for example, enzymes, blood and serum proteins, mainly based on a kind of adsorption analysis, in addition to the more usual procedures of partition-, ion exchange- and adsorption-chromatography on columns.

GLYCONIC acids, glycaric acids and glycuronic acids and certain related hydroxy acids show a marked tendency to produce streaked spots on paper chromatograms. This may be eliminated by incorporating in the developing solvent certain organic acids such as formic acid or acetic acid1 to suppress ionization of the carboxyl group. The developing solvents incorporating formic or acetic acid vary in composition with time, due to slow esterification of the acid when an alcohol is present; for this reason R F values are variable. Moreover, the number of suitable acidic developing solvents is limited. In order to be able to use any developing solvent for the separation of acids, we have coated the filter paper with alginic acid. Whatman No. 1 filter paper is dipped into a 1 per cent aqueous ammonium alginate solution and after removing the excess of this solution the paper is dipped into N hydrochloric acid which causes precipitation of alginic acid. The paper so treated is washed with water or ethanol to remove excess hydrochloric acid and allowed to dry in the air.

XANTHINE dehydrogenase from Drosophila melanogaster is of particular interest since mutants at two separate loci lack this enzyme1 while a mutant at a third locus produces about 25 per cent of normal activity2. In an effort to detect strains of flies with genetically altered forms of xanthine dehydrogenase we devised a technique involving paper-strip electrophoresis in which this enzyme is located after electrophoresis by spraying the strip with the enzyme's substrates, incubating it at 25° C, and then using paper chromatography to separate the fluorescent product from the substrate which also fluoresces. This technique is very simple, and has potential application to other enzymes. Paper electrophoresis of xanthine dehydrogenase in rat serum has previously been reported using the technique of elution and direct assay3,4.

A RAPID, reproducible, semi-quantitative assay of the amino-acid composition of peptides is of great value in amino-acid sequence studies. Many of the common techniques of paper chromatography present difficulties in the subsequent quantitative estimation of the amino-acids. Dixon et al. 1 have described the separation of amino-acids by use of high voltage paper electrophoresis at pH 3.6, followed by paper chromatography in n-propanol-pyrophosphate buffer. Using electrophoresis at pH 2.2 (4 per cent v/v formic acid, 0.3 per cent pyridine), followed by chromatography in n-butanol; n-butyl acetate; acetic acid; water (19:1:5:25), we have obtained a separation of the amino-acids (Fig. 1) which is rapid and reproducible. We have also found this system useful in the comparison of peptides from a series of proteolytic digests.

FEW methods for the separation of derivatives of volatile alcohols by paper chromatography have been reported. Rice, Keller and Kirchner1 have separated a number of 3,5-dinitrobenzoates by using various solvent systems and filter papers. They quote no RF values, however. Kariyone, Hashimoto and Kimura2 have separated the potassium xanthogenates of a number of alcohols, using alkaline butanol as solvent.

PARTITION chromatography on paper has proved of such general use in biochemistry that, for the time, adsorption chromatography seems to have been neglected. Datta and Overell1 have recently shown, however, that vitamin A and its derivatives can be chromatographed on filter paper impregnated with alumina, whereas, owing to the high solubility in lipoid solvents, partition chromatography is unsuccessful. Even the addition of alumina to the paper is in many cases unnecessary, as was shown by Goppelsroeder2 so long ago as 1910. As in ordinary chromatography, the adsorption and elution are governed by the solvent used.

IN a recent publication1 from this laboratory, a method for the separation of amino-acids by circular paper chromatography was outlined. The present communication describes a new technique, which permits the identification of amino-acids by reference to the chromatogram of the known amino-acids run on the same paper.

INTERPRETATION of the results of paper electrophoresis1–3 is complicated by liquid movement in the paper, due to hydrostatic flow, attainment of equilibrium in the paper, and electro-osmosis. Hydrostatic flow, due to the difference in level of buffer in the electrode vessels, can be eliminated by arranging a siphon between the vessels1.

NEUTRAL 17-ketosteroids have been isolated from extracts of urine by methods too elaborate for routine application1,2. Using chromatography on columns of alumina or silica, quicker methods have been devised3–7; but these are still somewhat tedious. Separations have been achieved by chromatography on paper previously impregnated with the stationary phase7,8. A technique is here reported for separating the 17-ketosteroids by paper chromatography without any previous impregnation.

THE difficulties found by several investigators1 in attempting to separate a racemic compound into its optical antipodes by means of chromatography on paper are well known. We have attempted to resolve organic racemic bases into their optical isomers, using the method of partition on chromatographic paper, and the results obtained with racemic β-naphthol benzylamine are reported in the present communication.

THE paper chromatography of steroids, for example, cortical steroids, has already been investigated by Zaffaroni et al.1 and by Bush2. Although the separation on paper of the natural œstrogens free or in compounds has already been investigated by Bush3, Heftmann4, Nyc et al.5 and Boscott6, a satisfactory separation of the three natural steroids on non-treated paper has, to our knowledge, not yet been published. The method described below gives excellent results. It has been especially devised for separating and purifying the small amounts of œstrogens normally present in biological fluids.

DURING an investigation of the possibility of cross-linking nitrocellulose molecules in solution with silicon esters1,2, some experiments were also made with cellulose itself in the form of filter paper or unsized kraft paper.

IN a previous communication1 we have described procedures for the separation, by paper chromatography, of the natural ester alkaloids derived from veracevine, cevagenine and cevine, as well as some partially synthetic esters of these alkamines. The most suitable solvent system proved to be chloroform on formamide-impregnated paper; detection was carried out with Dragendorff's reagent or by reaction with concentrated sulphuric acid.

SINCE the technique of paper partition chromatography is generally inapplicable to fat-soluble substances, we have investigated the use of alumina impregnated filter paper for this purpose. We have found that such paper run in simple organic solvents forms, in effect, an adsorption chromatogram on a micro scale, and combines the advantages of alumina chromatography with the elegance of paper chromatography.

SEVERAL methods1–6 have been published for the quantitative estimation of amino-acids after separation by filter-paper chromatography. In general, these methods have only been applied to simple amino-acid mixtures, which can be resolved on a one-dimensional chromatogram. In investigating the possibility of quantitative estimation of amino-acids in complex mixtures, we have examined the accuracy of most of these methods. The most sensitive and accurate method in our hands is a colorimetric ninhydrin method based on that of Moore and Stein7. Applying the method directly to pieces of filter paper, there is a high and variable ‘amino-acid’ value, due mainly to the presence of absorbed ammonia. The colour response per mole of ammonia is about the same as that of an amino-acid. By treatment of the paper with dilute alkali immediately before the determination, the absorbed ammonia is removed, the ‘paper blank’ becomes very low and constant, and the colour response from a standard amount of an amino-acid added to small squares of filter paper is identical with that produced from the same amount of amino-acid in the absence of paper, provided the appropriate paper blank correction is applied.

RECENTLY, the application of paper chromatography to the study of transamination reactions has been reported by several workers. The method adopted by Fincham1 is based on the visual comparison of the spots and as such it is only roughly quantitative. Tulpule and Patwardhan2 reported a method based on conversion of α-ketoglutaric acid and pyruvic acid to the respective dinitrophenyl-hydrazones and estimating them colorimetrically after paper chromatographic separation. This method, even though claimed to be accurate, is obviously time-consuming and tedious. While our work on transaminating systems in Indian pulses was in progress, Awapara's paper3 appeared in which the distribution of transaminases in rat organs was followed by using unidimensional paper chromatography.

QUANTITATIVE methods of paper chromatography tend to be unsatisfactory largely because of the very small amounts of substance separated. In the case of sugars, the spots are generally located by guide strips, which are an additional source of inaccuracy. Giri1 has recently shown that relatively large amounts of sugars can be separated by circular chromatography. The same author and Parihar2 attempted to recover the sugars by running the solvent off the paper and collecting it in fractions; however, they did not achieve quantitative separation.

WHATMAN No. 4 filter paper impregnated with 10 per cent paraffin oil, and methanol saturated with paraffin oil (prepared by shaking methanol with paraffin oil in a separating funnel) as the ascending mobile phase, were found suitable for paper chromatography of the polycyclic tar hydrocarbons (for others, see ref. 1).

APART from an early attempt by other authors1–3 to adapt a method of paper chromatography for the examination of natural saponins, the potentialities in this field do not seem to have been investigated. The present communication deals with the application of paper partition chromatography to the identification of natural saponins and the separation of the constituents present, with particular reference to saponins of the important medical plants.

CHROMATOGRAPHY on filter paper has provided an excellent and a much-needed method for the investigation of the structure of polysaccharides1–5 and proteins6–10. While butanol–ethanol–water, butanol–acetic acid–water, and phenol–water are effective mixtures, among others1, for the separation of a wide variety of sugars11,12,5 and their methyl derivatives13, the phenol–water mixture is usually better than either of the other two mentioned above for the separation of unmethylated sugars (cf. ref. 14). The method using phenol–water, however, suffers from the disadvantage that the location of the sugars on the paper by treatment with ammoniacal silver nitrate cannot be accomplished without some difficulty because the paper quickly becomes dark or sometimes black. It is claimed that suitable purification of the phenol either reduces the darkening5 or eliminates it altogether15. We find that most of the darkening can be avoided by extracting the paper with ether before spraying with the silver reagent. By adopting this slight modification, it has been found unnecessary to purify the phenol.

AN extensive literature on the quantitative paper chromatography of a large variety of organic compounds already exists. Most of these methods are based on: (a) measurement of the optical density of a coloured spot produced on the paper chromatogram by spraying with a suitable reagent; or (b) measurement of the optical density (in ultra-violet or visible light) of an extract of the component considered, after separation from other components by paper chromatography.

AN improved method, of paper ehromatography has been used, to aid the separation of galactosamine hydrochloride from other hexosamine hydrochlorides in acid hydrolysates of chondroitin sulphate and to investigate the isomerization of N-acetylgalactosamine in alkaline conditions.

THE Burton, Zaffaroni and Keutman1 method for the paper chromatographic analysis of the adrenal cortical steroids has been found to be suitable for the non-steroid œstrogens of the hexœstrol series (hexœstrol, stilbœstrol, dienœstrol, trienœstrol2) and ethinyl œstradiol. It can also be used for the natural œstrogens (private communication from H. Grundy). Development is carried out using the toluene – propylene glycol system, and the detecting reagent, a mixture of 1 per cent ferric chloride and 1 per cent potassium ferricyanide as used by Barton, Evans and Gardner3, gave a blue spot with less than 2 µgm./sq. cm. of the run synthetic œstrogen. In addition, stilbœstrol, dienœstrol, trienœstrol but not hexœstrol gave a strong absorption at 2300 A., and dienœstrol a blue and trienœstrol a green fluorescence at 3600 A.

THE application of paper chromatography to the separation1, identification, and quantitative microdetermination2 of the sugars, in investigations of the carbohydrate group, is an advance of no small importance. However, the use of ammoniacal silver nitrate, which gives a similarly coloured dark spot with all the reducing sugars, as colour reagent, often leads to uncertainty, especially when the RF values of the sugars are close.

WE have already described a fortuitous combination of events which led to the discovery that American newspapers and other paper products contain a potent analogue of the juvenile hormone of the European bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus L. (Heteroptera ; Pyrrhocoridae)1. When reared in contact with ‘active paper’ or when exposed to surfaces impregnated with extracts of the ‘paper factor’ (PF), fifth-stage Pyrrhocoris larvae undergo one or more supernumerary larval moults and finally die without completing metamorphosis or attaining sexual maturity. This same result is observed when 1 µg of partially purified PF is topically applied to young fifth instar larvae1,2.

BETINA recently described1 a method for the determination of suitable pH values for the extraction of antibiotics. He used air-dried buffered paper, which is absorbent and tends to lead to the formation of ‘comets’, and he did not take into account the ratio of the volumes of the moving and stationary phases, r, which also influences the R F value. Thus the accuracy of his method is rather limited. Using a relatively moist paper and taking into account some quantitative relationships involved, it is possible to make this method more precise.

ESTIMATION of microquantities of purines by paper chromatography was first suggested by Hotchkiss1. Later, detection by photographing with an ultra-violet source has amplified the method2. Tennent et al. 3 and others have designed adaptors for the Beckman spectrophotometer to enable direct estimation of the purines from paper chromatograms. This method requires costly instrumentation, and is time-consuming unless an automatic recorder is provided.

IN the course of a paper chromatographie study to detect possible crop residues of an organophosphorus insecticide it became apparent that benzene extracts of untreated check samples of a red variety of Irish potatoes. sugar beets, Valencia oranges and Staymen apples produced cholinesterase-inhibiting spots.

IN the first report1,2, on ‘crossing paper electrophoresis’, a direct demonstration of enzyme-substrate complex has been described. The enzymes tested included crystallized pure trypsin, chymotrypsin and ribonuclease.

Crumpler and Dent1 devised a method based on the immobility of the copper complexes of the amino-acids in some solvent systems to differentiate α-amino-acids from other amines on paper. The behaviour of β-amino-acids is ambiguous, since they also form stable copper complexes, but occasionally yield visible mobile spots with ninhydrin1. α-Amino-acids2,3 but not β-alanine4 or most other amines undergo transamination with pyridoxal in aqueous solutions. Since the pyridoxamine formed gives a characteristic deep orange colour with ninhydrin it appeared that adaptation of the reaction to paper might provide a convenient means of differentiating α-amino-acids from β-amino-acids and other amines.

IN several recent publications, separation of the alkaloids of the South American Strychnos into a great number of constituents by paper chromatography has been recorded1,2. The most successful solvents for two-dimensional analysis yield, however, almost the same sequence of spots. Thus it was considered desirable to find methods of separation which gave sequences different from those obtained by partition chromatography.

R. P. LINSTEAD et al.1 have described the separation by means of paper Chromatography of aluminium, gallium, indium and zinc from solutions of their chlorides in n-butyl alcohol containing hydrochloric acid as a solvent. According to their work, aluminium scarcely moves at all from the original position, while the other elements move varying distances down the paper. We have recently followed their technique in an attempt to separate aluminium and beryllium, but instead of developing the aluminium with ‘Aluminon', we have incorporated the technique of development by fluorescence first proposed by Pollard et al.2. After separation on the paper, the positions of the aluminium and beryllium spots are shown by spraying with an alcoholic solution of 8-hydroxyquinoline. Both the aluminium and the beryllium then fluoresce under ultra-violet light and can, indeed, be observed in strong sunlight. The fluorescence is intensified on drying the paper and exposing to ammoniacal vapours.

NUMEROUS paper chromatographic methods exist for the detection of keto-acids as their 2,4-dinitro-phenylhydrazone, semicarbazone, and quinoxaline derivatives or as the free acids1. By the ninhydrin spray test for amino-acids on paper chromatograms, it is now possible to detect as little as 1 µgm. per sq. cm. of α-ketoglutaric acid on chromatograms of plant extracts. The procedure described here thus permits simultaneous detection of the amino-acids on the same chromatogram.