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To investigate in the human the mechanism by which BSP is excreted into the bile, various studies have been performed on T-tube bile samples following the intravenous injection of the dye. There is evidence to show that BSP under-goes alteration during the process of hepatic excretion. Certain fractions of bile-type BSP are probably excreted in the form of a conjugate. No evidence has been found that the formation of a glucuronide explains the bile-type BSP observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archiv für Pharmakologie und Experimentelle Pathologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 30 diabetic inpatients the fatty acid pattern of triglycerides in parenchymal liver cells was studied by gas-liquid chromatography. With increasing size of fat droplets, a significant increase in the proportion of palmitic and oleic acid was observed as well as a significant fall of arachidonic (C 20: 4) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C 20: 5). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an abstract of the study "Newer Anatomy of Liver-Variant Blood Supply and Collateral Circulation," by N. A. Michels, published in the January 9, 1960 issue of the "Journal of the American Medical Association." Number of dissections published by the author for investigation of the blood supply to the upper abdominal organs with particular reference to the hepatic arteries; Findings on hepatic arteries; Possible consequence of insufficient care or knowledge on hepatic arteries.

Experiments were designed to determine whether renal excretion of uric acid is achieved by the same mechanism as for renal tubular excretion of hippurates and related organic acids. Surviving slices of rabbit kidney cortex were unable to accumulate C-urate by a concentrative mechanism. Further, entry of C-urate into renal slices was unaffected by acetate, probenecid or anoxia in accord with earlier observations from this laboratory with non-radioactive urate. Experience with isolated perfused rat liver supports the use of this experimental method as a model of the hippurate transport system. Unlike hippurate and a large number of related organic anions, neither urate nor C-activity derived from urate was concentrated in the bile from this preparation. Probenecid did not inhibit excretion of the small amounts of C-activity which did appear in the bile. Urate did not compete with indigo carmine, a nonmetabolizable substrate of the hippurate transport system, for excretion into the bile. From these findings, it is concluded that urate and organic acids such as hippurate do not behave similarly in kidney or in liver. The possibility that urate might be excreted by an independent active transport mechanism is not excluded. The demonstration that renal tissues can synthesize urate from hypoxanthine raises the possibility that urate synthesis might also occur in the intact animal and might contribute to the renal clearance of uric acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface ultrastructure of Kupffer cells in the rat liver has been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrate that Kupffer cells are both significantly different and clearly distinct from endothelial cells. Kupffer cells have neither pores (and/or 'sieve plates') nor fenestrations, all of which are present in endothelial cells. They possess a stellate shape, and only indirectly, with slender and irregular evaginations, contribute to the lining of the sinusoidal wall. Furthermore, the luminal surface in some areas contains a large population of short microvilli, microplicae and invaginations. These elements form a kind of microlabyrinth which may correspond to the 'worm-like' structures described by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the present study, transition forms between endothelial and Kupffer cells were never found. On the contrary, considering the highly fenestrated nature of the endothelial cells, the Kupffer cells may, by ameboid movements, easily cross the overlapping barrier of the sinusoid and protrude into the lumen. Thus, acting as activated macrophages, the Kupffer cells might function to prevent the entrance of foreign material into the tissues of the liver through the fragile and highly fenestrated endothelium. Finally, the topographical reconstruction of the sinusoid by correlated SEM and TEM studies demonstrates that Kupffer cells, with their protruding cytoplasm and ability to extend into the lumen of the sinusoid, may actually change the caliber of the vessel, and thus function as a 'sphincter' which causes a temporary arrest of the blood flow when the diameter of the sinusoidal lumen is reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lysosomes in mouse liver parenchymal cells have been marked by intravenous injection of Thorotrast. They were subsequently followed in a time sequence from five hours up to sixteen weeks after injection. At two days after injection the majority of the lysosomes was heavily loaded with marker particles, while endocytosis was no longer observed. From six days after injection Thorotrast was partly accumulated in very large lysosomes (conglomerates) with mean diameters up to 2.5 μm. As the time after injection advanced the Thorotrast content of the cells was reduced while most of the remaining marker substance became concentrated in the conglomerates. Many Thorotrast conglomerates were shown to contain acid phosphatase and some of them were able to fuse with functionally younger lysosomes which were marked with colloidal gold. Morphometric analysis showed an increase in the volume density of the dense body population between 0 and 2 days after injection, followed by a decrease between 2 and 11 days. The observed decrease is probably caused by exocytosis of the contents of Thorotrast containing lysosomes in bile capillaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is shown that alloxan inhibits binding of SITS to liver cells. This indicates the cell membrane as a site of alloxan action. Alloxan is found to react with tissues to form complexes that are detectable up to 3 hrs after alloxan treatment. On the basis of the present findings, an assumption is made that alloxan inhibits a cell membrane processes by blockade of functionally important groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 40 diabetic inpatients the fatty acid pattern of triglycerides in liver fat and in subcutaneous adipose tissue was determined by gas liquid chromatography. With rising size of fat droplets in liver parenchymal cells there was a significant increase of palmitic acid (C∶16), oleic acid (C 18∶1) and linoleic acid (C 18∶2) as well as a decrease of myristoleic acid (C 14∶1), arachidonic (C 20∶4) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C 20∶5) in liver triglycerides, resulting in a fatty acid composition in big droplets similar to that of adipose tissue. Fatty acid pattern of subcutaneous depot fat was strikingly constant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Normal male Sprague Dawley rats were infused under restrained conditions with hypertonic dextrose solution, with or without added protein, through a superior vena cava catheter delivering 130 to 341 Cal. per kg. body weight per day. Infusion of hypertonic dextrose solution for four days at high caloric level (> 300 Cal.) uniformly produced gross fatty infiltration in the liver. Addition of essential amino acids did not prevent the change. Protein hydrolysate seemed to minimize the change slightly at a lower caloric level (250 Cal.) but not at a high caloric level (315 Cal.) There was a positive correlation between the liver weight and caloric intake (r = 0.68). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In three species chronic treatment with the anorectic drug chlorphentermine causes a profound alteration of the phospholipid/lipid metabolism in the organism, resulting in an increase of the fractions of phospholipids and lipids, e.g. in lungs, livers and adrenals. The results are interpreted as drug-induced generalized phospholipidosis, which is caused by amphiphilic drugs, like chlorphentermine and others. Its extent depends on several factors, like content, pattern and turnover rate of phospholipids in different organs, and on the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of experiments indicated thatI-parathyroid hormone administered to the rat i.v. was deposited very rapidly in three organ systems only, bone, kidney and the liver. As indicated by increasing solubility in trichloracetic acid, the hormone seemed to be rapidly metabolized at the sites of deposition. The experiments were in part repeated employing quantitative extraction and gel filtration procedures. It was found that intact hormone predominated (82%) in the circulation but was cleared very rapidly: 91, 97, and 99% having left by 10, 30 and 60 minutes respectively after injection. The intact hormone was found at 10 minutes to be principally in kidney, bone, and liver. Although there was evidence of fragmentation preferentially to polypeptides of molecular weights of 6000, 4500 and 2500 these cannot be claimed to represent real molecular entities. By one hour, only a few per cent of the injected hormone remained intact, the bulk having been degraded to fragments of small molecular weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autoradiographs were prepared from tissues of rats sacrificed 10 minutes after injection of biologically activeI-labeled parathyroid hormone. No radioactivity was seen in intestine and muscle. Deposition in liver was diffuse showing some sinusoidal concentrations. Deposition in kidney was high and, nearly all activity appeared in selected tubules (presumably proximal tubules) in the outer third of the cortex. Specific localization was also seen in bone particularly in the cellular layers of periosteum and endosteum adjacent to bony matrix and to some extent in osteocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biologically activeI-labeled parathyroid hormone (I-PTH) was used in a series of studies in dogs and chickens designed to confirm and augment earlier studies in rats. As in rats, a three exponential equation was required to describe disappearance ofI-PTH from the blood in the dog. The first two 'half-lives' (1.8 and 7 min) accounted for the bulk of the dose. Also as in rats, deposition of apparently intact hormone took place rapidly in kidney, liver and bone in both the dog and the chicken. Degradation occurred very rapidly in all three target organs. Three labeled hormones of different biological activities were compared in the rat. Inactive, oxidized hormone was rejected by the liver but showed markedly increased deposition in kidney and the higher the purity of the hormone the higher was its uptake by liver. Exploration of a wide range of dosages revealed few effects on distribution (smaller deposition in liver and kidney at highest dosages, 65 μg/rat). Fresh sera did not degrade hormone rapidly or extensively. There was no deposition of hormone in intestinal mucosa, marrow, and red cells. Nephrectomy increased deposition in liver and bone. Finally, the perfused liver was capable of extensive degradation of the hormone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies are described on the practical use of radioiodinated Rose Bengal and scintiphotography with the gamma-camera in the differential diagnosis of jaundice. The main scintiphotographic aspects of the various types of jaundice are discussed with special reference to the possibility of making a diagnosis. Special attention is paid to the investigation of 'major cholestasis' cases and particularly the possibility of differentiating intra-hepatic and extra-hepatic jaundice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Diabetologia is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Diabetologia is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Diabetologia is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Diabetologia is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Diabetologia is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The inner surface of sinusoids and adjacent hepatocytes have been examined by scanning electron microscopy. The endothelial cells lining the sinusoids show large numbers of fenestrations which vary greatly in size and arrangement. Some are very small (0.1 μm) and arranged in clusters; others that are much larger (∼1.0 μm) are subdivided by slender strands of cytoplasm. At sites where the larger fenestrae are present it is evident that the endothelial lining of the sinusoid is double. This may represent a kind of structural assurance against complete breakdown of what seems to be a very thin and fragile endothelial wall. Junctions between adjacent endothelial cells have not been found in these preparations. The open continuity of the sinusoid is occasionally interrupted by slender extensions of cells morphologically distinct from the thin fenestrated endothelial cells. These possess a characteristically textured surface and are thought to represent stellate Kupffer cells. The SEM images describe the subendothelial Spaces of Disse as being larger and as having more extensive ramifications than is generally evident from transmission micrographs. The space, limited on one side by the hepatocyte with numerous microvilli and on the other by endothelial cells, appears actually to be only part of an extensive labyrinth of intercellular channels. These connect the more discrete Spaces of Disse and extend into the narrower spaces between the hepatocytes. The total effect of this system is to expose the greater part of the liver cell surface to the blood filtrate. Microvilli populate the hepatocyte surfaces except for narrow margins which border the bile canaliculi. Whether their presence coincides with the adsorbing surfaces and their absence with secreting surfaces can be decided best by experimental studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cellular location and sites of synthesis of α-fetoprotein (AFP) in the foetal, neonatal and maternal rabbit, were studied by the fluorescent antibody technique and by culturing tissues in vitro with labelled amino acids. AFP was found to be localised intracellularly within liver hepatocytes and yolk sac endoderm of the foetus, and within the maternal uterine epithelium. Analysis of extracts of the cultured tissues for incorporation of radioactivity into serum proteins separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or analysed by autoradiography of immuno-precipitation lines, confirmed that the foetal liver and yolk sac splanchnopleur were the principal sites of primary synthesis of AFP. Localisation of AFP in the uterine epithelium and other foetal organs was consistent with a secondary derivation from the uterine fluid or from the blood circulation. These findings are discussed in relationship to findings in man and other mammals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two distinct types of cells were derived from organ cultures of liver from adult and larval Xenopus laevis. Each type was isolated in clonal cell culture. Several media were compared with respect to support of epithelioid outgrowths from explants and support of growth of epithelioid colonies in cell culture. Ultracentrifuged embryo extract promotes the growth of all cell types, but the particulate fraction is also required for the maintenance of the epithelioid morphology of larval cells. In these media it was possible to maintain some epithelioid cell cultures for over 6 months. The identity and retention of some specialized functions of both cell types were demonstrated on larval cells. One cell type contained PAS-stainable, amylase-sensitive granules that increased in amount after treatment with glucocorticoids. This same type was shown by histochemical methods to contain phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and dexamethasone-inducible tyrosine aminotransferase, and is considered to be a hepatocyte. The second type appears to be a sinusoidal cell, since it phagocytosed trypan blue and stained positively for acid phosphatase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on cases involving the performance of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography to distinguish hepatic from posthepatic causes of obstructive jaundice. Number of cases that were observed; Technique that has been shown to be useful in introducing needle into the liver as well as its insertion into the intrahepatic bile duct; Methods used in the study.

Discusses some aspects of the hepatic changes associated with heart failure. Ways the measurable effects of heart failure on the liver are expressed; Reason for the jaundice which may occur in heart failure according to A. A. H. Van den Bergh and I. Snapper; Medical conditions of patients with heart failure.

Discusses the association between the control of plasma protein levels and control of liver size. Maintenance of plasma protein levels within physiological limits; Consequences of their association; Amount of extracellular plasma protein synthesized by individual liver cell per unit time.

Presents a case study that develops an experimental method of producing local injury to the liver capsule and the lymphatics contained therein. Materials and methods applied in the study; Analysis of the result of the experiment; Uniqueness of the experimental liver injury.

Presents several abstracts of studies on gastroenterology. "Tumors of the Parotid Gland," by Ausey H. Robnett, Milton W. Durham and Harry P. Harper; "Intestinal Obstruction," by Rudolf J. Noer; "Pathological study of the Liver in Kwashiorkor," by N. K. Chanda.

Focuses on a study of liver patterns in patients with hypercholesteremia and jaundice. Description of patterns within the livers of the patients; Significance of the presence of visible xanthomatosis; Comparison of the degree of jaundice and the cholesterol level in the patients.

Discusses findings of clinical and laboratory studies, which investigated the effect of ether, cyclopropane and spinal anesthesia on the normal and abnormal liver in man. Comparison between the incidence and degree of postoperative disturbances in liver function following the commonly used anesthetic agents; Advantages and disadvantages of using hypotensive spinal for the patient with liver disease; Factors that may influence the clinical effects of anesthesia.

Discusses research being done on the characteristics of serum enzymes in normal conditions and in pancreatitis. Clinical information on esterases; Insensitivity of esterases proper and lipases to eserine; Effects of drugs upon the hydrolysis of alpha-naphthyl butyrate and laurate by human liver.

Reports on the findings of the study conducted on the incidence of liver disease in patient with ulcerative colitis. Types of liver pathology which have been found in cases of ulcerative colitis; Average duration of ulcerative colitis in the 11 cases showing abnormal liver function; Percentage rate of all 29 cases manifested clinical evidence of liver disease.

Investigates the status of liver biopsy by researchers from Memphis, Tennessee. Indications for liver biopsies; Discussion on liver puncture biopsies; Description of diagnostic liver biopsies using needle and syringe aspirates; Safety and accuracy of the method.

Phalloidin is known to produce potassium loss and swelling in perfused livers. In isolated hepatocytes no volume increase was observed in the presence of the mushroom toxin; however, the cells lose potassium by treatment with phalloidin. Swelling and K-balance were studied at various extracellular K-concentrations. At high extracellular K-concentrations (140 mM) the potassium loss from both isolated hepatocytes and perfused livers was higher in the controls than in experiments with phalloidin. In the presence of 10 M ouabain the K-loss from perfused livers, as caused by phalloidin, depends on the K-gradient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Diabetologica Latina is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Diabetologica Latina is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Klinische Wochenschrift is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Presents abstracts of studies on the liver and biliary tract. "Recurrent Jaundice of Pregnancy, A Clinical Study of Twenty-Cases"; Cholestasis Due to Prochlorperazine"; The Significance of Gallbladder Deformities"; "Adrenal Cortical Function and Liver Disease in Alcoholics."

Focuses on the effect of untreated psoriasis on liver. Liver function tests and x-rays conducted in patients with psoriasis to determine the effect of psoriasis on liver; Complications resulting from the use of oral methotrexate in the treatment of psoriasis; Disease associates with folic acid antagonists used for psoriasis.

Presents a question and answer advisory on topics related to liver biopsy and biopsy in diabetic patients. Use of Vitamin K to correct prothrombin cases; Discussion on the importance of plasma prothrombin in the selection cases for liver or splenic biopsies; Clinical approach to patients with diabetes associated with liver damage.