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The article discusses about the sociological papers for the people. In response to a challenge of this order from the Editors of the "Beacon," a series of popular sociological expositions, or, as they might be called, "Papers for the People" has been designed by the senior Editor of the "Sociological Review." Some idea of their scope and aims may be gathered from the following titles adopted for representative specimens of the projected papers. The series begins with a paper entitled "Rival Economies and Their Life Values." The first of these papers on current social evolution will appear in the January issue of the "Beacon." For the information of those not acquainted with this journal, written largely by and for men tried in the furnace of the war and found resistant to the temptation of disillusionment, it may be stated the "Beacon" is a monthly magazine devoted to the fashioning of a finer vision of life for the coming times. Now in its second year, it is edited by E. R. Appleton, assisted by Captain W. Wadsworth and Captain Ivor McClure.

The role of archival journals in the communication system of science has been recognized as important by many writers.' The nature of the scientific reward system and the ideology of pure science ensures that public communication is central to the social system of science. The two journals considered here were in a sample of thirty-two British social science journals whose editors and referee organizations were discussed in an earlier paper. Their submission and rejection rates were similar to the median rates for the journals, but their age was less than that of the majority. They were both founded within five years of the year whose submissions were studied; such young journals constituted about a third of the journals in the sample. The differences in research area and autonomy affected the nature of the journals' referee systems. The pure discipline journal sent most of its submissions to a regular panel of editorial referees for evaluation and the editor usually accepted their recommendations.

The article comments on film-making process. The film-making process requires that a person reduce an abstract idea to a visual form. One must be able to visualize people doing something and then capture that on film. In one sense, film-making is a test of the hypothesis that sociology is a behavioral science. Students should learn how to make theoretically based films for these and the additional reason that thus they can better learn their discipline. By writing a paper, the good student learns his subject. He learns the ideas and that he can control them. But, in writing, he often learns to become a manipulator of words and loses any concern about the behavioral reference they may or may not have. In making a film, however, the student does come face to face with connecting his ideas to human behavior. In film-making, one can delineate a set of roles which, taken together, result in the finished product. There is the producer, the person who has the ultimate responsibility for the film, the one who, nominally at least, has the concept of the entire production.

The 1946 Committee on Contributed Papers of the American Sociological Society, has several suggestions to offer: If sufficient interest is shown in the Section of the contributed papers published in a section of the periodical "American Sociological Review," the section should be continued, since it gives opportunity for younger men and women to appear on the program and become known to the Society. More- over, it stimulates the interest of the younger sociologists in the meetings. This year 20 papers were submitted; last year there were only 8. An opportunity to appear on the program of the Society, together with the possibility of publication in the periodical apparently is desired, as evidenced not only by the number of papers submitted but by the fact that both years every participant, upon the acceptance of his manuscript, has immediately signified his intention of being present to read his paper. It would be well for the Committee to be appointed early enough for it to get well underway in the spring. During the last two years, the Committee has been handicapped by not getting underway until the summer or fall.

Presents a letter to the editor about sociology.

This article presents a list of books, related to sociology. Some of the books included in the article are "Trade Unionism," by J.A. Banks, "Caught in the Act: Children, Society and the Law," by M. Berlins and G. Wansell, "The International Urban Crisis," by T.L. Blair, "The Mafia of a Sicilian Village: A Study of Violent Peasant Entrepreneurs," by A. Blok, "Abandonment of Children in Jamaica," by E. Brodber, "On Community, Family and Delinquency," by E.W. Burgess, "Renewing Urban Teaching," by L.F. Claydon, "Greedy Institutions: Patterns of Undivided Commitment," by L.A. Coser, etc.

This article presents a list of books, related to sociology. Some of the books mentioned in the article are "The Idea of a Spiritual Power: Comte Memorial Lecture," by H.B. Acton, "Gypsy Politics and Social Change," by T. Action, "Women in America," by E.H. Altbach, "Human Behavior in the Social Environment," by R.E. Anderson and I.E. Carter, "The Essential Comte," edited by S. Anderski, "The Social Control of Drugs," by P. Bean, "Computers and the Social Sciences," by A. Brier and I. Robinson and "Knowledge, Education and Cultural Change," edited by R. Brown.

The article reports some trends in the relative emphasis devoted to different specialties within the field of sociology in the U.S. since World War II. According to the author, sociology has grown since World War II in the number of courses taught, the number of people who make their living as sociologist and the amount of research done. The field has expanded so rapidly that virtually all special areas of interest within the field have shared in the general growth. As proportions of the total, however, some areas of specialization have gained at the expense of others. In the article sources of information used to asses trends in sociology include fields of interest listed by members for American Sociological Association directory, papers read at annual meetings of the Association, papers published in the journal "American Sociological Review" and course listings in college catalogs. The author states that in analyzing and interpreting the data, he had to make certain assumptions, which may be debatable. The author makes no ambitious claims for the absolute validity of interpretations.

The article presents new plans for papers for the 1949 meetings of the American Sociological Society. It states that by action of the Executive Committee, approved by the Society, a "Committee on Papers for the 1949 Meeting" has been appointed. The chairman of the committee is Paul W. Tappan and its other members are Robert Fans, William L. Kolb and Arnold Rose. Members of the society are requested to submit to this Committee a prospectus or full paper, which they would like to present at the 1949 sessions. This Committee is empowered to receive and examine these papers and submit those approved to the Program Committee and the respective section chairman. From these papers, the Program Committee and section chairmen will make up their programs so far as this is feasible. However, the Program Committee and Section Chairmen are free to request any additional papers they may feel necessary to fill out their plans for the program of the 1949 annual meeting. The Program Committee will attempt to have its plans sufficiently advanced to publish a notice about the general character of the program in the April issue of the journal "American Sociological Review."

The article focuses on the November 1967 edition of the Sociological Review, in which there appeared two papers on occupational choice. One was a criticism of this article's author, and the other by sociologists J. Ford and S. Box contained the formulation of a specific theory backed by empirical work. The aim of this article is to answer the main arguments of the critique and thus make possible the synthesis of Ford and Box's work. Their approach to the problem of the choice of occupation is through exchange theory, concentrating on the actual choice situation. They specifically believe that the individual is seen as attempting to realize occupational values in his choice of employment location. For a general theory of occupational choice in their view it is sufficient to take occupational values as given. In one sense this is true, but for many reasons an explanation may be wanted of how these values were learnt. For example, a sociologist of education or a schoolteacher may be concerned with the links between the family or educational institutions and the economy.

This article presents a list of books on sociology. Some of the books included in the list are, "Outreach: Extending Community Service in Urban Areas," by J.J. Banon; "The Coming of Post-Industrial Society," by D. Bell; "Emile Durkheim on Morality and Society," edited by R.N. Bellah; "Man and His Kind: An Introduction to Social Anthropology," by T. Crump; "The Resolution of Conflict and Destructive Processes," by M. Deutch; "Sociology: The Study of Man in Adaptation," by J.T. Doby; "The Economics of Residential Location," by A.W. Evans; "Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution: Early Industrial Capitalism in Three English Towns," by J. Foster; "Sexual Conduct: The Social Sources of Human Sexuality," by J.H. Gagnon and W. Simon; "Applied Volunteerism in Community Development," by R.E. Hardy and J.G. Cull; "Urbanisation and the Government of Migration: The Inter-Relation of Urban and Rural Life in Zambia," by H. Heisler; and "African Women in Towns: An Aspect of Africa's Social Revolution," by K. Little;

The problem of correlating the specialisms of social science is, as most serious students agree, central in the field of general sociology. It seems hardly too much to say that the question of a general science of sociology stands or falls with this matter of contriving a working correlation between the more specialized studies. The opening meeting of the Society in 1904 was followed by two papers jointly printed by the author, outlining their views "On the Relation of Sociology to the Social Sciences and to Philosophy."

This article presents information about various books on sociology. Some of the books include: "The Sociology of Art & Literature," edited by M.C. Albrecht, J.H. Barnett, and G. Mason, "People, Planning and Development Studies," edited by R. Apthorpe, "A New Approach to the Measurements of Urbanization," by E. Arriaga, "Embattled Reason: Essays on Social Knowledge," by R. Bendix, "American Bureaucracy," edited by W.G. Bennis, "Approaching Sociology," by M.A. Coulson and D.S. Riddell, "Mental Illness and Civil Liberty," by C. Greenland, "The Blood of a Britishman," by A. Glyn, "Blacks in the United States," edited by N.D. Glenn and C.M. Bonjean, "The Turning Point of Socialism," by M.R. Garaudy, and "The Leaves of Spring," by A. Esterson. Some other books include: "The Psychology of Superstition," by G. Jahoda, "Key Issues in Criminology," by R. Hood and R. Sparks, "Approaches to the Study of Organizational Behaviour," edited by G. Heald, and "Man and Men: Social Psychology As Social Science," by M. Grossack and H. Gardner.

An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Department of Sociology, The university of Rochester, October, 1966. The paper was written while the author was on leave of absence from the Department of Sociology, Syracuse University, as a visiting scholar at the Laboratory for Social Research, Stanford University. This investigation was supported in part by a Public Health Service fellowship MH 23,804-01 from the National Institute of Mental health. Much of the background for this paper was obtained while the author was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences, Stanford University (1964-1966) and the Laboratory for Social Research, Stanford University (1966-1967). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most comprehensive review of modern Polish sociology written in English is probably Eileen Markley Znaniecki's paper, published in Twentieth Century Sociology. The present note adds to the meager knowledge of Polish sociology by summarizing and discussing briefly the 1957 and 1958 volumes of the Polish Sociological Review. On the whole, the 1957 volume is historical and discursive rather than sociological. The discussion articles mostly interpret ideas of other authors, quoting them frequently. Three of the ten articles are concerned with problems of education. The 1958 volume, containing nine papers plus reviews and news, is predominantly sociological, although several articles may be regarded as more historical than sociological. These papers give little information about the methodology used, and in none is there any indication that statistical analysis was employed. Finally, this paper also describes the careers of students who attended special preparatory courses and later pursued technical college curricula.

The article presents the report of The Sociological Society for the year 1913 presented to the annual general meeting of members on March 31, 1914. The report tells the details of the meetings held by the society for discussion of different papers. Some of the meetings and their topics are "The Position of Women in Burma" on January 28, 1913; "Federalism" on February 11, 1913; "Economic and Social Conditions in the Southern Balkans" on February 24, 1913; "The Foundation of International Polity" on March 11, 1913; "The Unconscious Reason in Social Evolution" on April 22, 1913; "The Untouchables of an Indian City" on May 7. It was reported that the objective of the Society to make itself self-supporting could not be realized. The expenses of "The Sociological Review" have not been met since its foundation. The increasing interest in the present position of women led to a discussion among some of the members of the Society. The Social Psychology Group, formed in 1912, has continued successfully with 48 members, of whom 16 are members and 30 non-members of the Sociological Society.

The Consultant Committee was appointed by the Council to expedite program planning. Five sections of contributed papers were organized by the committee. The names of these sections are not presented here, because of the Council's policy of not singling out any section or paper as being contributed. The Committee believes it has served a useful function in the organization of the current program. A Consultation Committee might well be appointed another year, if the Council plans a program organized along the lines of this year's meeting.

The article presents several official reports and proceedings of various societies of the U.S., published in the December 1940 issue of the journal "American Sociological Review." The report of the "American Sociological Society," provides a very good answer to the question of what is possible in the way of making a living by taking sociology. The census of membership has revealed that sociologists who are members of the Society are employed in nearly 250 different types of occupations. Alfred McClung Lee, chairman of "Committee on Public Relations," is anxious that all papers to be given at the annual meetings should be in his hands. The Committee needs these papers early in order to aid newsmen in the proper selection and presentation of material and thus lessen the danger that the society and persons on the program may be presented to the public in a bad light because of hasty, ill-considered or out-of-context reporting. The press is only too happy to cooperate in this matter, but it cannot be done to the best advantage unless the Committee can get copies of the papers early. Every paper read at annual meetings becomes the property of the society, chairmen of divisions and sections should so inform the participants on their programs and collect and turn over to the secretary or editor all papers presented.

The article presents information regarding proceedings of the Sociological Society. Dr. William Brown gave a lecture on "Psycho-Analysis and the Problem of Personality" on February 10, 1914. Dr. C.W. Saleeby read a paper on "The First Decade of Modern Eugenics, 1904-1914" on February 24, 1914. Frank R. Cana read a paper on "The Future of the Kaffir" on March 10, 1914. S.K. Ratcliffe read a paper on "Changing America" on March 31, 1914. Edward A. Filene will speak on "coming Business and Social Changes" on May 5, 1914. Gustav Spiller will read a paper on "Darwinism and Sociology" on May 19, 1914.

The article presents a speech by the president of the Sociological Society Edward Brabrook, during its annual meeting in London, England. The president addressed few words on the occasion of the annual meeting of the society. He paid tribute to physician J.H. Bridges, one of the most efficient member of the society. The production of three volumes of sociological papers, and of the first volume of quarterly "Sociological Review" were further discussed. In the first volume, published in 1904, V.V. Branford, honorary secretary and founder of the society traced the origin and the use of the word sociology. The twofold method by which the study is to be pursued was broadly defined. In the second volume its relation to the philosophy of history and its relation to ethics were stated, while the third volume fitly closes with the paradox of H.G. Wells, that sociology is not a science. The other sections discussed in the speech were progress report of the "Sociological Review," various meetings of the society in the past, finance, eugenics, civics, education and social economy.

Four recent collections of essays lend credence to the impression of progress in sociological scholarship. Sociology Today presents revisions of papers originally prepared for the 1957 annual meeting of the American Sociological Society, under the presidency of Robert K. Merton. With fair consistency the authors have presented an appraisal of its current state with reference to the more or less standard specialties encompassed by contemporary sociology, and with somewhat less consistency the authors have essayed the task of identifying current problems of theory and method. The Symposium on Sociological Theory consists of nineteen longish chapters and an extended introduction by the editor. Review of Sociology and Sociology in the United States of America are comparable in topical coverage to Sociology Today. In a paper of major importance Reinhard Bendix and Bennett Berger have suggested renewed attention to the many "dual tendencies," simultaneously present, which sociologists conventionally recognize but conveniently forget in their preoccupation with self-regulating systems.

The article presents news updates from the field of sociology. Raymond E. Bassett, professor and chairman of the Department of Sociology at the University of New Hampshire, died on December 5, 1956. Charles Spurgeon Johnson was born in Bristol, Virginia, on July 24, 1893 and died in Louisville, Kentucky, on October 27, 1956. After receiving his bachelor's degree from the University of Chicago in 1918, he pursued graduate studies in sociology under Robert E. Park, Albion W. Small, W.I. Thomas, and later Ellsworth Fans. M.W. Hodges, of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in Great Britain, has been appointed for two years to Great Britain's Scientific Mission in Washington for liaison duties in the field of industrial management and social science research. The Fourth Interamerican Congress of Psychology by the Interarnerican Society of Psychology was held at the University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, from December 26-30, 1956. Luigi Sturzo Institute is holding a contest and offering a prize for a paper on sociology which the judges consider an effective contribution to this field of study both from the point of view of serious research and maturity of thought.

Population study and sociology have shown a tendency toward convergence. From separate origins the fields have moved towards an increasing interdependence. All too seldom, however, has the relevance of sociological theory for demographic analysis been verified. Probably one of the more crucial questions in this connection is the relation between population characteristics and processes on the one hand and social values on the other. It is the task of this paper to indicate such a relationship and to reach this goal through an explanation of some observed demographic differentials by means of a particular sociological theory. This paper attempts to show by empirical and theoretical demonstration that the hypothesis is tenable for at least one city. Racial differentials constitute an important focus of this paper, but explaining an entire pattern of race relations represents a broader and more complex approach than that employed here. The data for the study are taken from an extensive demographic investigation of the Negroes of New Orleans.

This article presents correspondence between two sociologists. One of the sociologists says to the other that the "Sociologie von Heute" came to hand the other day and he was delighted to see it and to note its neat and attractive appearance. Print and paper leave nothing to be desired and the translation seems smooth. It is certainly a great thing to have such generous praise of the article "Social Control" appearing in German. The sociologist says he was much interested in the other sociologist's standing. He was much interested in what the other sociologist said in his last letter regarding the possibility of a German translation of pure sociology. He says with the book in French and in German, the other sociologist's ideas would make their way to all the eminent intellects among the civilized peoples and his high position in sociology would be universally acknowledged. He says that he will not get anything published in the March issue of the "American Sociological Review." He says in February, he worked out a 2500 word article on population for the "Encyclopedia Americana."

This article presents information on the activities of various sociological organizations and departments of sociology in universities in the U.S. "Rural Sociology," a new journal to be published quarterly, is being established this year by the Section on Rural Sociology of the American Sociological Society. The managing editor of this journal, which is to be published by The Louisiana State University Press, is T. Lynn Smith of Louisiana State University. The annual meeting of the Eastern Sociological Conference will be held on April 18 and 19 in New Haven, Connecticut. The central topic of the Conference will be Social Theory and the Social Order. The annual Spring meeting of the Ohio Sociological Society will be held in Columbus, Ohio, April 24 and 25, 1936. The Pacific Sociological Society held its Seventh Conference, together with Coast Economists, at Mills College in Oakland, California, December 27-28. In September 1935, E. D. Tetreau, formerly analyst with the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Associate Professor of Rural Sociology at Ohio State University, accepted a position at the University of Arizona as rural sociologist on The Experiment Station staff.

The Sociological Society may fairly claim to have arisen and developed with the endeavour to appreciate the varied viewpoints, methods and results, of the many preceding and contemporary social thinkers and their schools, and so has welcomed contributions from all sides as far as obtainable, and these by turns of special interest and of harmonising and synthetic aims. Similarly, too, for applied sociology, since social science, as it advances, turns increasingly towards socially serviceable applications. Hence a relatively large number of its research papers have been concerned with social surveys and these concretely regional and civic, yet also increasingly generalised and interpretative of contemporary social evolution. The explanation here offered turns on the serious outrunning, by the mechanico-physical sciences and arts, of those directly concerned with life and society, mind and morals. Hence mechanistic advances, with pecuniary developments, out of all proportion to the social advances needed for controlling these, or even utilising them at their best.

An unusual type of paper is under the title "The Need for Asylum Reform." That title expresses the purpose that moved sociologist H.S. Liveing to write the paper and seek publicity for it. But the proper channels for such publicity were found to be closed. In printing here the larger part of Mrs. Liveing's paper, authors may possibly hope for some slight effect on the movement towards Asylum Reform. But for the sociologist, experiences, such as are here offered, have a theoretical value, as "pointer facts." These mental observations bear significantly on those problems of inner disharmonies, or "endo-psychic conflicts," which have been brought to the front, and are being pressed home by the psychoanalytic school. The suggestion is that the sociologist should read Liveing's paper as evidence of certain environmental factors apt to be minimized, or even overlooked, in a purely psychological analysis of mental disintegration. Accepting the psychoanalysis' account of inner conflict as failure of the mind to integrate its own experience of life, the sociologist pleads for a fuller social analysis of the milieu, which makes up and constitutes the external half of the inner process. In particular he demands a fuller investigation, and heavier weighting, of the part played by the distracting urban milieu in maintaining, aggravating, and even originating, the mental conflicts which psychological abstraction is perhaps too much disposed to trace backwards into infantile impressions within the family circle.

The concept of role differentiation has been used by sociologists to explain a wide variety of social phenomena. Most who have used the concept have assumed that task and social roles are incompatible. The present paper clarifies the conceit of role differentiation and re-evaluates some of the basic evidence. Neither the data originally published by Bales nor data from a number of more recent studies strongly support the proposition that task and social roles are incompatible. The paper also comments on some recently proposed methods for measuring role differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a path model emphasizing social psychological as well as social structural antecedents of educational and occupational attainment. A causal sequence is proposed which commences with the parents' stratification position and the individual's mental ability. From there it moves to performance in school, then to the influence of significant others, then to levels of educational and occupational aspiration, and, finally, to educational and occupational attainments. The model roves its utility when applied to longitudinal data for a large sample of Wisconsin farm-reared males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a study of the political consequences of upward mobility. Beginning with a brief review of major findings and a formal statement coordinating some explanations of those findings, the paper proceeds to examine the "European aspect" of the theory, namely, the relevance of "status discrepancies" to an explanation of political orientation among the upwardly mobile in one European country, Italy. Viewing status discrepancies in terms of consumption patterns and feelings of discrimination, it is found that this factor accounts for the political orientation of the upwardly mobile when it is conceptualized in terms of the latter, but not when conceived in terms of the former. The paper concludes with a few remarks regarding the possible causes of the hereto/ore unexplained ultra-conservatism of American achievers and with an attempt to state a more general theory of upward mobility and political orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existential phenomenology is the synthesis of existential philosophy and Husserl's phenomeno-logical method. This paper discusses how this perspective is related to the phenomenological school of sociology and more broadly to the main sociological tradition of subjective realism. The complementarity of existential phenomenology and sociology opens up the possibility of a future general theory of social existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a report of the Representative to the Council of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). The American Sociological Association cooperated in the 129th annual meeting of A.A.A.S. through the participation of its members in the general sessions, the programs of the various sections, the invited sessions, and the contributed papers sessions. An Interdisciplinary Symposium in the Social Sciences, sponsored by Sections. Of the many committee activities of A.A.A.S. on which council members receive reports, the one which touched on problems most directly of interest to sociologists was a one-day conference sponsored by the Board of Directors in which ten past presidents participated. The topic under consideration was the directions in which the activities of A.A.A.S. might most usefully be extended. It was agreed that considerably more attention should be given to the way science is taught in high schools and colleges, the problems of training students from less well-developed countries, the flow of talent through the educational system, the public understanding of science, international exchange of scientists and scientific information, the proper use of grants from Federal agencies, relationships between universities and Federal agencies, and the role of scientific academies.

The annual meeting of the American Sociological Society will be held in Denver, Colorado, from September 7-9, 1950. The program will be planned with an emphasis on the applications of social-psychological history and method to a variety of substantive fields in sociology. This means that a considerable number of traditional sections will be recognized in the program and the chairmen asked to assemble papers with the emphasis indicated. Sections to be included in the program are: Theory, Methods, The Family, Criminology, Population. Rural Sociology, Industrial Sociology. Community, Sociology and Psychiatry, Race and Culture. Educational Sociology, Communication and Public Opinion, Sociology and Social Work, and two section meetings of contributed papers.

This article presents information on meetings and workshops related to sociological societies, that already took place, and those which will be held in near future. The meetings of the Session 1913-14 on sociology, began on October 14 with a lecture by Professor Cloudesley Brereton on " National Secondary Education: The Lesson from France." The chair was taken by Professor J. Adams. The paper was published in the October number of the Sociological Review. The first afternoon meeting was on October 28, when Jane Harrison lectured to a large audience on "Woman and Knowledge," Professor Gilbert Murray being in the chair. On November 11, 1914 also in the afternoon, Professor Edward Cadbury read a paper on "Some Principles of Industrial Organisation," J.A. Hobson being in the chair. It is hoped that this paper will appear in a subsequent number of the Sociological Review, with a discussion to which various authorities on the subject will contribute. On January 21, 1915, meeting will be held on the topics related to women and society. A work by Victor Branford, M.A., the first Honorary Secretary of the Sociological Society, will be issued in February by Duckworth and Co.

It is widely assumed that the sociology of religion is methodologically underdeveloped in relation to the rest of sociology. This paper reports on research undertaken to account for this underdevelopment. The theoretical model used to interpret this relationship is borrowed from the works of Ben-David, and Parsons and Platt. It is a role differentiation model. Essentially, it is contended that the specialty did not fully develop in the United States because a very large proportion of those working in the area have been torn between their scientific and religious commitments. Data are based on a content analysis of articles dealing with religion in nine journals of sociology from 1895 to 1970 and show a general decline in the participation of religionists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper suggests the fruitfulness, for studies of verbal participation in discussions, of shifting from studying participation per se to studying the interpersonal control of participation. Focusing first on the nature of the data to be analyzed, the paper then analyzes the data and reconciles it with ocher findings in the literature to develop the concept of a hierarchical structure of communication. In this concept, leadership roles and levels of participation are seen as coincidental, arising out of interpersonal interchanges ultimately directed toward achieving coordination and consensus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marx and Weber devoted little space to the discussion of class, but the importance of that theme in their work is well known, The present paper contrasts the Marxian argument concerning the foundation of class in the organization of production with Weber's greater emphasis upon status-differences and organized collective action. The discussion distinguishes as Marx and Weber did between modern and pre-modern types of inequality and society. The paper does not attempt to go beyond a comparison between two classic writers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the sociological investigation. On the one hand the investigator feels required to present as much detail about his workshop or community as possible so that his research can be subjected to the critical scrutiny of his colleagues; at the same time the presentation of such detail can only make it more likely that the precise location of the community under investigation can be discovered and named by an enterprising journalist. The role of the participant observer in the research situation has already received considerable attention. Yet, while the pursuit of sociological research has the exploitative element in it and involves the definition of the research 'others' as the 'objects' of research, this does not mean that these 'others' will necessarily respond in an undifferentiated way. The "British Association Scandal" was a social drama which enabled the actors to define or redefine themselves in relation to the department as a whole and in relation to each other.

The sociology of knowledge suffers from a discrepancy between profound theoretical significance and inadequate empirical exploration. An understanding of the development of British management thought demands reference to the theoretical perspective of the sociology of knowledge. At the same time, despite the problems of handling historical data, the progress of this system of thought provides a useful empirical case-study in the light of which certain theoretical questions might be reviewed. These considerations determine the broad purpose and framework of this paper. Its first main section briefly reviews the overall developmental cycle of British management thought. The second analyzed the social functions of the content of management thought, and examines factors influencing that content at different points in time. The final section considers the acceptance enjoyed by management thought among those it was intended to assist and represent. Throughout the paper, emphasis is on the social context of British management thought rather than on its epistemological status, although these two facets are not entirely separable.

The "sign rule" for drawing implications from static theories is not always valid if the theory contains loops of reciprocal causation between variables. However, if the theory is the stable equilibrium of an underlying dynamic model and if it contains only positive or only negative loops, then the sign rule can freely be used to predict the relation between any pair of independent and dependent variables. The sign rule is not in general valid when a theory contains interesting positive (potentially explosive) and negative (dampening) causal loops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since much of the frequently cited work in the sociological study of religion has been more generally theoretical (and often only illustrative in the use of data) than empirical in character, one might expect that the task of surveying the empirical studies in this field could be relatively quickly accomplished. A careful second look at the contents of the publications in this field in the past ten years, however, suggests otherwise. What this paper proposes to do is to try to identify several of the kinds of problems on which empirical research has been done and pointing out by examples some of the directions in which there seems to have been fruitful development. The socioescientific study of religion is not religion or religious experience itself but rather the social and cultural manifestations of religion—the precipitates or the distillates of religious experience. Turning now to the central task out lined for this paper, the great bulk of empirical sociological investigations of religious phenomena seems to fall into three or four broad categories.

Individualism, asceticism, and work as a calling productive of rational economic behavior are all elements of the value system Max Weber called the "Protestant Ethic." The investigation described in this paper is concerned with the extent to which this system of values is still operative, though altered, among a population of Midwestern farmers, and its influence in matters of health, work behavior, and leisure. High-work orientation was found to be related to individualism and asceticism but no longer necessarily productive of systematic, rational, economic behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an earlier paper, a theory of coalition formation was presented and applied to existing experimental results. This paper describes an experiment designed to test the theory more directly. Twenty-four five-man groups played a series of political convention "games" in which the principal action consisted of a series of bargaining sessions aimed at forming winning coalitions. The theory was generally supported with two important exceptions. First, variable risks involved in following particular strategies affected the outcome where constant risks had been assumed. Second, those individuals who were not in the final predicted coalition did not conform to the model. Both of these exceptions can be incorporated into the theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to examine critically the scheme of sociological analysis which seeks to reduce human group life to variables and their relations. The paper shall refer to this scheme, henceforth, as "variable analysis." This scheme is widespread and is growing in acceptance. It seems to be becoming the norm of proper sociological analysis. Its sophisticated forms are becoming the model of correct research procedure. Because of the influence which it is exercising in our discipline, it is desirable to note the more serious of its shortcomings in actual use and to consider certain limits to its effective application. The first part of the paper will deal with the current shortcomings and the second part with the more serious question of the limits to its adequacy. The study of human group life calls for a wide range of variables. However, there is a conspicuous absence of rules, guides, limitations and prohibitions to govern the choice of variables. Relevant rules are not provided even in the thoughtful regulations that accompany sophisticated schemes of variable analysis.