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This article focuses on political developments in the United States. In sustaining the U.S. President's veto of the Wright Patman, bill the Senate did not remove the bonus issue from politics either for this session or the next election. The nine votes needed to support the President's veto may not be so easy to muster against the Thomas Clark, a U.S. representative resolution, which gives the President three alternative ways of paying the outstanding certificates with greenbacks, bonds, or cash from the work-relief appropriation.

The article presents information on the Chicago newspaper "The Sun." It was the most violently belligerent paper in the U.S. during its early stages. Chicago was led to expect a great paper. Chicagoans disagreed as to what constituted a great paper, but they agreed on certain factors. It would be well written and well edited. It would be mechanically excellent. It would be complete. It would be independent. It would be original. And-this went without saying in Chicago it would be a lighting paper. The bourgeoisie was sure it would fight the Kelly machine. The progressives were sure it would fight the "Tribune."

The current industrialization of Christianity has now reached another milestone with publication of a new Methodist magazine— "Together." With a pre-publication order upped from 600,000 to 700,000 by the clamor of anxious voices who wanted to get "Together," and the confident expectation of a cool 1,000,000 circulation early this year, the Methodists have the hottest thing in the publishing world since "Playboy" began its rise. "Together" rose from the ashes of the 130-year-old "Christian Advocate" and is aimed at the popular market.

The article presents information on various publications. From John P. Kennedy, State Librarian of Virginia, there is a bulky Calendar of Transcripts, including the Annual Report of the Department at Archives and History. The preparation of a manual of theoretical biology for the general scientific public is really a far more difficult enterprise than in days of Herbert Spencer's "Principles of Biology," when protoplasm could be regarded as simple homogeneous fluid. The latest issue of the Harvard University Bibliographical Contributions deserves wide advertisement and circulation.

This article presents information about politics and finance. There is no doubt that the plan of having the U.S. Government assume the duties of a bank of issue, by supplying greenbacks enough to take the place of the bank-bills now in circulation, is cherished by a great many people who are not repudiationists. They find that for eighteen years the Government notes have performed the functions of money throughout the whole country with an efficiency which the old banknotes never displayed. Nothing can be more dangerous in its tendency towards extravagant and revolutionary measures, in place of fair economic means, than to magnify beyond the reality the gap which represents the difference in material prosperity between capitalists and the wage-receiving classes. If this be the true way of putting the inequality, then American society is uneven to an alarming degree.

The article focuses on the laws and legislation related to the issuance of passport to citizens in the U.S. An act of the U.S. Congress originally passed in 1866 merely provides that the Secretary of State may issue passports under rules and regulations made by the President. The Secretary, through the Passport Division, handles these matters under an Executive Order from the President which empowers him to deny passports or restrict their scope and use in accordance with the "best interests" of the U.S. Thus, the Passport Division has the power except in the rare instance when, owing to the political pull of the applicant or other reason, a higher official overrules it.

The article presents a bibliography of books that were published in 1969 by writers who have appeared in the 1969 issues of the journal "The Nation." Some of the books are, "The Hurricane Lamp," by Jack Anderson, "The Invention of New Jersey," by Jack Anderson, "A Probable Volume of Dreams," by Marvin Bell, "Seesaw: Cultural Life in Eastern Europe," by F. Yorick Blumenfled, "The Role of the Congressman," by Roger H. Davidson, "Industrialization of Sao Paulo," by Warren Dean, "The Secret Meaning of Things," by Lawrence Ferlinghettl, "The History of Britain in Africa," by John Hatch.

Freedom of the press was guaranteed in Italy by the constitution of 1848. However, on July 15, 1923, dictator Benito Mussolini of Italy passed a decree under which the prefect of a province may wane a newspaper to change its attitude. The paper says that by means of false or tendentious news may hamper the diplomatic action of the Italian government in its foreign relations, or damage the national credit at home or abroad, or arouse baseless alarm among the people, or incite to any breach of the peace. If the paper is warned twice in one year the prefect may forbid the editor to continue in office, even if there has never been a conviction against him and may refuse to authorize any new editor.

The article reports on the cold war between the forces of dictatorship and the independent free press in Argentina. All branches of President Juan Domingo Peron's administration have joined in preparing the necessary popular and legal affirmation of La Prensa's suppression. The newspaper owner, Alberto Gainza Paz, has been charged with personally carrying on activities against the state. The paper has been ordered expropriated by the government and appointed a Peronista intervener to take over the complete management and editorial control of the paper.

This article focuses on the use of dirty words in the U.S. college newspaper work since the advent of journalism schools. As the novelty and sense of outrage wear off, it can't be seen that the excitement over a few specks of dirt on the pages of college papers merely emphasizes the bland homogeneity of campus journalism in general. If people raise hell over the language in a paper, the new breed of editors argue, at least they are reading and responding to the paper which is a refreshing change from the nonreading habits of most student newspaper subscribers.

This article focuses on the influence of the newspaper "Manchester Union Leader," on the New Hampshire presidential primary elections. Presidential primaries, however, are the only continuing event in New Hampshire that attracts more than passing attention from out-of-state media. It follows, then, that the Union Leader's influence is strongest in state politics, where it encounters no effective competition. Any candidate for major office in New Hampshire, regardless of race, religion, creed or party, will receive Union Leader support if he reflects the political philosophy of the paper.

The article presents information on the underground press. The underground press has become a kind of suburban press all its own-- a suburban press for the hippie and dropout set. The three basic commodities in today's underground newspaper-- the advertising, the calendar of events and the artistic and political commentary-- all have a parallel in the suburban press. Because the mores of the two audiences are different, the content of the advertisements, the calendars and the commentaries is different too; in the underground papers, the ads are vulgar, the calendars refer to love-ins rather than Little League and the commentaries are critical and left wing rather than laudatory and conservative.

Americans are supposed to be the greatest newspaper readers in the world. In England there are the well-known morning dailies, dull and decorous, taken in by everybody, as much a matter of course as the daily supply of bread and milk; and there are the political and literary weeklies, several ably edited, with a very limited subscription list, however. Many cater to the hobby of a special class, whether it be a particular branch of sport or society gossip and scandal; for while the Englishman lavishes abuse upon the gossiping tone of Americans papers, he carefully reserves separate organs for his own society news, so that he may always know exactly where to find it, and he able to take it in large doses all at once.

Reports on the numerous small newspapers and newsletters that were launched from California to Massachusetts under the U.S. Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), some of which found their own economic base while the others closed down. Region covered by the "East Boston Community News"; Correspondents and staff members of the East Boston paper; Editorial planning and policy decisions on the paper; Newsletter sponsored by the Cambridge, Massachusetts-based private agency, Urban Planning Aid; Reasons cited for the closure of the newspaper "The Grapevine."

This article presents brief descriptions of various recent socio-political issues and developments in the U.S. It first focuses on Senator John Sherman's latest banking bill. It provides that upon a deposit of bonds any national banking association shall be entitled to receive circulating notes equal in amount to the par value of their bonds bearing interest at the rate of not less than 3 per cent, and redeemable at the pleasure of the U.S. at the date of such deposit; and if bonds deposited are not so redeemable, and bear a rate of interest higher than 3 per cent, then the issue of circulating notes may be to an amount equal to 95 per cent. The article further reports that among the amendments to the Lowell Bankruptcy Bill suggested by the Convention recently held in Washington D.C., is one making dealings in futures on the part of the bankrupt a ground for objecting to his discharge.

It was long ago remarked that when men are collected in crowds they are willing to laugh at ancient and feeble jokes, that for a few minutes they are considerably affected by oratory, and, to speak briefly, show in many ways that they are intellectually inferior to themselves when alone. As regards morals, on the other hand, it is universally admitted, that a crowd of men is rather better than the average individuals composing it. The orator, for example, is certain to assume in his audience collectively greater moral worth and mote stupidity than he would venture to attribute to its constituent individuals and this assumption is not merely a fiction of the platform but, is founded upon a fact of human nature.

This article presents information on the reissue of greenbacks in the U.S. during the year 1872. Republican newspapers purported to discuss a rumor which they announced to the public, to the effect that the Secretary of the Treasury intended to reissue some four or five millions greenbacks which had been retired from circulation. They mentioned the advantages of the plan, and its disadvantages, on the one hand, the effect which it would have in easing the money market, in facilitating the transportation of the crops to deep water; on the other, the objections to it which would arise from the danger of increasing the supply of the protested notes of the Government, the danger to its own credit, and the doubt as to the legality of expansion attained by the reissue of notes once withdrawn from circulation, under the provisions of an act framed with the express intention of contracting the currency.

The Senate of the U.S. provided a financial scheme consisting of four different measures. One of the measure proposed is withdrawal of three per cent certificates. One of the means of raising money, adopted during war pressure, is the issue of a large amount of compound-interest notes, or legal-tender greenbacks bearing interest. The withdrawal of these compound-interest notes is contraction of the worst kind, and yet is necessary for the healthy reorganization of the finances. Another measure is an incoherent attempt to crowd the essential measure of specie-payment resumption.

The article presents a list of books published in 1967 by writers who contributed to the journal "The Nation" during the past year. This compilation, a regular year-end feature, includes books published in England. Some of them are "Capitulation," by Carl Amery, "The Theatre of Commitment," by Eric Bentley, "A Fortunate Man," by John Berger, "Disarmament Inspection Under Soviet Law," by Harold J. Berman and "A Place on Earth," by Wendell Berry, "Reap the Whirlwind," by Geoffrey Bing and "Making the Rounds," by Lennart Bruce.

The article presents information on political developments in the U.S. The bill passed in the House by a large majority, forbidding the Secretary of the Treasury to cancel any greenbacks hereafter, repeals the section of the Resumption Act which directs greenbacks to be withdrawn to the amount of 80% of all fresh national-bank bills issued, until the amount of Government notes afloat is reduced to 300,000,000 dollars. In the so-called Florida confessions, the chief confessor is Judge Samuel B. McLin, chairman of the late Board of State Canvassers. A sense of duty impelled him to let it be known that when the canvass was made he labored under the conviction that it was his privilege and duty, in a political sense, to give the benefit of every doubt in favor of the Republican party.

This article presents information about socio-political developments around the world. When a craze like the greenback movement or the silver movement of the U.S. begins, the consequences of which are just as well known to financiers as the results of certain combinations to chemists, the first impulse of the ordinary politician is to go into it with all his might, and flout the experience of the civilized world. The trouble into which France is once more plunged is probably due more directly to the state of mind of the Catholic clergy than to anything else, though, of course, when one says this one must bear in mind the peculiar condition of French society and the antecedents of French politicians.

In preparing to decorate a room more expensively, the choice of paper will lie some what more easy. That is to say, the buyer who is determined to have what lie wants and nothing else, will not have to wait so long or go so far to find it. Flat patterns are numerous and prettily designed, although they are too seldom of one color or two colors on a full colored ground, and too exclusively in gold on a pale tint or on white. These are pretty, but they are akin to a fancy which is too general and too implicitly obeyed, that drawing-rooms ought to be finished in white and gold, or some very pale tint and gold. People have seen a very beautiful pattern of leaves a little too much shaded by means of gold lines, which give them a slight projection, but redeemed by the lively color, pure blue, lighter than ultramarine, just kept by the gold from being too uniform a tint.

Presents several letters to the editor referencing articles and topics discussed in previous issues related to U.S. Views on prohibitory tax on State issue of paper money; Focuses on tariff on tobacco; Comments on university education in journalism.

This article focuses on the book "The Rise and Fall of the House of Ullstein," by Herman Ullstein. It began in the year 1877. In that summer Leopold Ullstein, a successful Jewish paper merchant, bought a small half-bankrupt newspaper in Berlin. It ended in the year 1934. In that fall the founder's five Sons were obliged to "sell" the firm to a purchaser, presumably German dictator Adolf Hitler, whose name was not revealed then or later. In the fifty-seven years between these dates the enterprise had grown to mammoth size. Four Berlin newspapers of various types belonged to it, and countless magazines, the most popular sold more than two million copies. The firm had its own worldwide news service and a gigantic transportation system, including a sizable air fleet.

At times when prices were rising with particular violence on the stock exchange, this past week, the word began to be passed through Wall Street that this was an inflation market. Wall Street itself was not very clear as to what it meant by that expression. It is true that in the United States of 1863, and at least in the Russia of 1916 and 1917, war led to such excessive issues of paper money, under Government auspices, that not only were all prices affected, but paper wealth and reckless personal extravagance prevailed. But no possibility is more remote than paper money issues of that sort, in the present instance.

Presents several letters to the editor in response to various articles that appeared in different issues of the journal "The Nation." Appreciation of an editorial that analyses the political situation in Cambodia, China, and the United States; Discussion on two international unions related to paper industry; Criticism of the periodical "The Nation" on publishing an article related to press agentry.

The article presents information on propaganda and politics in the U.S. More than half the stories about U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the U.S. papers were pro-Roosevelt; almost half of those in the Dewey papers favored the Republicans. In each group the content of about one in every five stories was favorable to the opposition. Three of every ten campaign stories on the front pages of the Roosevelt papers were neutral in content; between three and four of every ten were neutral in the Thomas E. Dewey papers. Both groups were even more partisan in terms of space than in terms of number of stories. Thus 56 per cent of the 2089 column Inches given to the campaign in the Roosevelt papers was pro-Roosevelt or anti-Dewey material; 51 per cent of the 2289 campaign inches in papers for Dewey favored him.

The daily press, the business with the most privileges of any in the U.S., is about to get one more after nearly two years of Congressional hearings and lobbying notable for both their newsworthiness and scarcity of mention in the news media. The new privilege will be special immunity from antitrust prosecution for separately owned newspapers that have joint operating arrangements, a sort of halfway house between competition and monopoly of local papers. Such immunity would be granted by a bill entitled "The Newspaper Preservation Act."

The article presents information about various periodicals published during November 1867. "Hours at Home" for this month is also a very good number and as one have more than once said before, of a magazine that is improving constantly. A scholar discourses of the "Moral Uses of Things Unsightly and Disgusting," and justifies their existence by some good and some ingenious reasons. This is the ninth paper of the series and none of the nine has been unprofitable. Author U.M. Towle writes, better than one has known him to write before, of "The French Corps Législatif and its Leaders."

The article presents information on the book "Romantic Professions, and Other Papers," by W.P. James. James' books assures that speculation on unconsidered trifles is not a wholly idle exercise and that it is even a source of pleasure and profit, if they are properly selected. His occasional thrusts at anatomy and physiology in fiction are also creditable to his feeling for art and his common sense. On the unimportance of accuracy in historical novels when compared with interesting story and dramatic passion, he speaks with a courage that nowadays is quite. foolhardy.

Presents several letters to the editor. Comment on the paper money in Italy; Professorships of law and medicine; Art exhibitions in Rome.

The article discusses the book "A History of American Currency," by W.G. Sumner. Mr. Sumner's book is in the main, a record of experience of the U.S. people of what paper-money is. It is said that the paper money disease is hereditary with the U.S. people. From the very landing of the Pilgrims to 1857, the history of the U.S. currency is in the main the history of attempts to do without gold and silver coin, or, in other Words, to carry on business with a purely currency of their own, which, could not be carried away. Mr. Sumner has undertaken the history of this disease. But he doesn't provide much detail about experience of particular states.

The article discusses consequences of the Inflation Bill in the U.S. Most of the Congress members know evils of paper money. They also know that large issues of irredeemable paper would make it easier for debtors to pay off their creditors, so they came to the conclusion that as the number of debtors in the country was greater than the number of creditors, it was wise policy for a politician to curry favor with the former by helping them to cheat the persons who had lent them money or sold them goods. The great reason for not returning to specie payments hitherto has been the fear that contraction would press hard on the debtor class and indeed, no matter what proposal is made in the direction of financial reform, they are met by pictures of the frightful effects which will be produced by it on the debtor class.

This article searches for the merit in the denunciation of irredeemable paper money. The only objection to paper money for which experience offers any warrant is the uncertainty which, in the absence of redeemability in coin, will always exist as to the relation of its quality to the wants of the community. Apart from this, it is the best currency possible, in as much as it costs little, and is easy of carriage, and it plays a large and daily increasing, part in the business of all civilized societies.

This article focuses on Aaron L. Chapin's book "First Principles of Political Economy." The concluding chapter of the book, on international trade, embracing the scientific grounds of free-trade and exposing the fallacies of protection, is as cogent and pungent a summing-up as can found anywhere. It is erroneous to say that the excessive issue of paper money is the source or one of the sources of these phenomena. There is an extensive literature of commercial crises, and the best authorities on the subject are agreed that the excessive issue of paper money is one of the effects of that abnormal condition of trade and industry which precedes a crash, and is not itself a cause.

A recent number of the journal gave the substance of the report of Italian ministers on the Forced Paper Circulation of Italy, and the proper measures for its extinction. The law of April, 1874, which called forth that report, made it also the duty of ministers to report upon the banking and paper-money systems of other countries now under a suspension of specie payments. The report lately published, relates to the United States and Russia, another relating to Austria and France will shortly appear, and will complete the series. Aside from the signal ability with which these reports have been prepared, they will have great value from their contemporaneous character. It will be found that while the financial history of each country has characteristics of its own, and peculiar local influences producing certain local results, the great underlying and controlling principles are everywhere the same, and that there is a growing tendency to give them the same treatment in all countries.

The article focuses on the activities and work done in Great Britain House of Lords. Between 1832 and 1867 the House of Lords performed many foolish and some dangerous experiments upon the temper and forbearance of the people, of which perhaps the most notable was the rejection of the Paper-duties bill in 1860. But during these years the House of Commons was, upon the whole, a sober-minded, independent body of English gentlemen, sent to Parliament to do the bidding of a sober-minded and intelligent body of electors. The measures favorably received by such a body of English gentlemen were prima facie reasonable measures, calculated to enhance the welfare of the people at large, and in no sense violent or revolutionary.

The article author believes that human beings are a little more ephemeral than they are prepared to be. For if there is one thing we are sure of, it is that we are leaving a full and permanent record of all our doings, experiments and conclusions. However, a recent analysis of modern paper shows that the whole record of the past fifty years will have turned to indecipherable powder and tatters by the year 2000 A.D. The carefully ordered mountains of books and pictures will by then be useless moraines of saw-dust. In the present way, our civilization's slide into oblivion will be more rapid and complete than that of the first jongleurs.

American newspapers and magazines are great capitalist institutions, operated under the capitalist system, and in the interest of that system, serving private and not public interests. Not merely in the advertisements and the editorials, but in the news columns, American newspapers give false accounts of current history: first, by the broad and general method of elimination, the suppression of vast masses of current news unfavorable to the interests which control the papers; second, by distortion of such news as is actually published, and frequently by the invention of deliberate falsehoods; and third, by the refusal to publish corrections of such falsehoods, or to give to those misrepresented any opportunity to defend themselves.

In mid-September 1958, the Los Angeles Times sniffed disaster in the air. In a lead editorial, the paper warned: "Threatening liberty in California seems as irrational as denying the existence of the Sierra Madre, California. This is the appearance. Nevertheless, there is the threat." Among other frights, the Times predicted that "the two-party system would collapse," if the disaster struck. Moreover, the editorial continued, "It is hard to believe that Republicans and Democrats, will let their liberty go by default. While the Times covers major news stories in detail, the paper devotes increasing attention to interpretation, and has no plans to compete with The New York Times as a journal of record. The paper, Los Angeles Times perhaps too self-conscious of its past nibbles at its targets but rarely bites.

This article presents information about several meetings related to academic societies. The American Political Science Association held its eleventh annual meeting in the Congress Hotel, Chicago, Illinois during December 29- 31. In many respects this was the best meeting which the Association has ever held. The attendance was large, the program were all of unusual interest anti timeliness and a successful effort had been made to give an opportunity in connection with each session for an enlivening discussion from the floor. The thirtieth annual meeting of the American Historical Association, held at Chicago on December 28-31, and attended by nearly three hundred members, was an unusually satisfactory one, due in part to the high general level of excellence and interest of the forty papers presented, and in part to the comfortable arrangements of the entertainment committee, by which most of the members were housed in the sane hotel in which most of the papers were read.

The article presents information about the book "The Personal Papers of Anton Chekhov," edited by Mathew Josephson. This collection of Russian dramatist Anton Chekhov's notebooks and literary letters will probably not receive the attention it deserves, which is something of a pity. In two or three sentence entries scattered through these unpretentious notebooks the authentic Chekhov atmosphere is created. Put together with seeming carelessness and artlessness, the notes yet form a uniquely personal signature.

This article presents a table that shows the ratio of gold to currency notes in the principal countries of the world. It may be noted in this connection that since 1914 world paper currency has increased 600 percent, and the gold reserve only 40 percent, while the world national debts have grown from 40 billion to 260 billion since 1914. The face value of the paper currency of thirty leading countries was 7,250 million in 1914, 40,000 million in November 1918 and 50,000 million in December 1919. The Gold Reserve in the U.S. was 1,023 million in 1914 and 2,107 million in December 1919.

The article presents information on the book "United States Notes," by John Jay Knox. This book is not, as its short title might lead one to suppose, a mere history of the greenback. It is rather a sketch of the financial history of the U.S., in which various issues of circulating notes make, so to say, the basis of the narrative. Two short chapters are devoted to the disastrous paper money of various " tenors" issued by the thirteen colonies, and the equally disastrous Continental currency of the Revolutionary period. The book will be found highly serviceable by students of financial history.

Presents several letters to the editor regarding various previously published articles concerning current socio-political developments and issues. "The West and Greenbacks," which focuses on the currency question and matter of paper money in the U.S.; "Supreme Court Decisions," which appreciates an article exploring the use of the Supreme Court against the validity of U.S. statutes; ""The Nation's" Conservatism," which focuses on the intellect of political parties of the U.S.

The article discusses some of the political and economic updates related to the U.S. The U.S. black slave Dred Scott's decision touched a point, which the majority felt to be vital. If the Supreme Court had the power of interpreting the Constitution under all circumstances and in all cases, the judges would govern the country as a small oligarchy, and reform would be hopeless inside half a century. Benjamin Franklin Butler has won a good deal of reputation as a lawyer and administrator, but nobody gave him credit for much ability as an ethical philosopher. He lay down that, as the U.S. five-twenty bonds are not on their face payable in gold, but only in "dollars," the Government ought only to pay them in paper currency, as it pays its other creditors.

The article presents information about democratic victories in Ohio and Indiana. Elections results in Ohio and Indiana shows the growing disgust of the people with Republican rule generally. It means a rebuke of poor republican nominations and the division of the party on temperance and other local issues. It also shows the demand of majority in these States for more paper-money. The probable consequences of the democratic victories are, however, of more importance than their causes, and are likely enough to be serious. They are likely to produce other successes of a similar character in November. A great many indifferent, hesitating people will vote the Democratic as the winning ticket and this result is likely to be very marked in this State in governor's election.

About 25 years ago, the white residents of Philadelphia, Mississippi were always complaining because the federal government gave financial and other aid to those stinking Indians, who were then considered as inferior as African Americans. But since 1930 or thereabouts, thanks to a smooth-talking gentleman named Odie Moore, the Indians are most welcome in the community. It is common knowledge that the mother of the last generation of Burnsides was once a mulatto slave. But the white people chose to ignore that fact, for the Burnsides owned a sawmill which gave employment to many whites. The author supposes that when a man sees the flicker of a greenback all other colors disappear.

This article focuses on the political developments published in the foreign press. At the session of press representatives at the Ministry of Trade and Commerce, Germany, Comrade Marut read a plan for the socialization of the press, whose most important points are all papers circulate in the city where they appear by authority of this decree. The city reserves no right of tutelage over the newspapers. The city has no right to exercise disciplinary powers over any newspaper employee. But the city insures every newspaper employee his stipulated income.

The article presents the author's views on several political and social developments. The most important event in the history of the present French Republic since its foundation may be said to have taken place on Sunday last, when the Municipal Councils met to elect delegates to the Electoral College, which is to fill on the 5th of January next the seventy-five vacancies which will then occur by the retirement of one-third of the 225 elected members, who sit for nine years. The Republican party has, after much struggling and screaming and many attempts to change the subject and look in some other direction, been brought to face the paper-money question fairly and squarely, and take its stand for the redemption of Government obligations in "coin."