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SummaryThe amino acids present in Australian honey from Eucalyptus macrorrhyncha, E. camaldulensis and Trifolium repens were examined by column- and paper-chromatographic methods of separation. All three honeys contained the same 16 amino acids; with a few exceptions, these were the same as the amino acids that have been found in honey in other countries. The use of two solvent systems enabled more amino acids to be identified.

Ether extracts were made of samples of black currant berries (var. Seabrook’s Black) collected at weekly intervals from 18 days prior to fertilization until maturity. The extracts were shown to contain two acid auxins (a1 and a2), one neutral auxin (a3), and one acid growth inhibitor (l1), which could be separated by paper chromatography and assayed in biological tests. The changes in concentration of the three auxins throughout the season were studied in relation to seed and fruit development, fruit growth and fruit drop (“ running off ” and pre-harvest drop). It is suggested that the auxins are produced as by-products of either protein synthesis or hydrolysis taking place in different tissues and organs in a pre-determined order during the growth of the fruit. The rate of fruit growth showed a positive correlation with the concentrations of auxins I and 3, whereas fruit drop was negatively correlated with the concentration of auxin 2.

A procedure is described for growing pollen tubes in such a manner that a large number of clearly analyzed figures can be obtained. The pollen grains are sown on an artificial medium of sugar, agar, gelatin, and water, the proportions of each varying with the species of pollen grain used. The medium is smeared on the slide while still hot to insure a thin covering, and the pollen grains are dusted on when the medium has sufficiently cooled and hardened. The slides are placed in a staining dish provided with slide slots and a cover, the inside of the cover and the bottom of the dish being lined with moist, but not wet, filter paper. Acenapthene crystals are lightly sprinkled on the bottom of the dish. The developing pollen tubes are thus exposed to the fumes given off by these crystals with consequent disturbance to the spindle mechanism. As a result, the chromosomes are not crowded on a metaphase plate but are widely separated in the tube facilitating any observations to be made.

A simple procedure for the biosynthetic preparation of carbon-C11 labelled D-glucose and D-fructose. — C 11-uniformely-labelled D-glucose and D-fructose have been prepared by exposing to C 11 O 2 leaves of Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera and Nicotiana tabacum. From 24 to 36 percent of the radioactivity supplied to the leaves was recovered in the two monosaccharides. The specific activity of D-glucose ranged from 8.7 to 18 microcuries per micromole while values from 8.3 to 20.8 were obtained in the case of D-fructose. The higher specific activities were always obtained when N. tabacum was employed. As compared to the radioactive monosaccharides further purified by two-dimensional paper chromatography, D-glucose and D-fructose prepared according to the proposed procedure showed a radiochemical purity of 98.7 and 99.8 percent, respectively. After exposure to C 14 O 2 (final concentration 0.345 percent, by volume) for 24 hours at room temperature and 700 lux, the leaves were homogenized with quartz a...

(1969). On the Chemical Components of the Stink of «Chrysocoris Stolli» Wolf. (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Insecta) Archives Internationales de Physiologie et de Biochimie: Vol. 77, No. 4, pp. 609-615.

Summary An adhesive for the bonding of particle board has been made from wattle extract and formaldehyde. Particle board has been made from Acacia mollissima with this adhesive, and its properties have been studied and compared with those of other chipboard.

Methods available for the conservation of fungal cultures have been fully described and discussed by Fennell in 1960 (1). Since that time, the only major change has been the development of ultra-low temperature storage in liquid nitrogen. This method has been successfully applied to the storage of mycelial forms of fungi, which hitherto have been difficult to keep viable by the widely used lyophilic method. Unfortunately, storage under liquid nitrogen is expensive and requires constant surveillance. Thus, its wide acceptance for use on local, working collections of fungi is unlikely. The "period transfer" method, using a suitable solid substrate, probably is the major working method for the maintenance of culture collections throughout the world. Normally, such transfers are carried out at time periods determined more by the rate of desiccation of the growth substrate than by willingness on the part of the scientist maintaining the collection. Cotton-plugged glass tubes containing 5-10 ml of a 2% malt-2% agar medium will dry out rapidly at 25 C and will require transfer at 3-month intervals. This routine is practiced at the Forest Products Research Laboratory, Buckinghamshire, England. However, reducing the temperature of storage to 5 C will greatly reduce the rate of water loss from the media, thereby lengthening the period of transfer to once every year such as is done at the Forest Products Laboratory, Vancouver, Canada. Nevertheless, such a system of periodic transfers remains tedious, expensive and time consuming, so the present method was developed to minimize these drawbacks. Presterilized, disposable plastic (polystyrene) tubes ("Falcon Plastics," Los Angeles, California, U. S. A.), with screw caps and liners, 150 mm long and 16 mm O.D., each containing 5 ml of 2% malt-2% agar medium, were used to transfer the fungal collection at the Forest Products Laboratory, Vancouver (4) in 1967. These cultures were maintained at 25 C, with the cap loosely screwed down until normal growth had occurred. Then the caps were tightly screwed down and the cultures transferred to a storage temperature of 5 C.

CO2 FIXATION IN CUSCUTA EPITHYMUM. — Seedlings of Cuscuta epithymum fixe approximately the same amount of C14O2 irrespectively of age, pigmentation, presence or absence of light. Examination by paper chromatography of the extracts of plants exposed to C11O2 revealed that most, or all, of the radioactivity is concentrated in the area of the organic acids and of the acidic amino acids. It is tentatively concluded that C. epithymum fixes carbon dioxide through a mechanism different from that involving ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase and carboxydismutase.

Homogenized and centrifuged mycelial extracts of Arthrobotrys musiformis, suggested the presence of a nematode attraction substance(s) after the fungus had developed predaceous structures. Initial ...

A key to the genera of the Dacrymycetaceae and a taxonomic discussion of the various genera, including Dacrymyces, may be found in the preceding paper (Kennedy, 1958). There the methods employed in the study of these fungi and the terms used in the descriptions were explained. When Nees established the genus, which he spelled Dacryomyces, in 1816, he described the sporocarp as a fleshy or gelatinous substance, round or discoid in form, bright yellow or red in color and composed of interwoven filaments with spores. It included one species, Dacryomyces stillatus. Fries, in 1822, added to the description the characteristics of homogeneous consistency and spores formed on all sides of the sporocarp. Since then the boundaries of the genus have exhibited great flexibility, expanding or contracting according to the number of other genera recognized for the family. For example, in Neuhoff's (1936) treatment Dacrymyces, while not defined, includes at least species belonging to the genera Ditiola, Guepiniopsis and Femsjonia, and one gains the impression that he would place species of nearly all the genera but Calocera there. On the other hand Martin's (1952) concept is much narrower, because of the recognition of ten other genera in the family. The concept of the genus presented in this paper was arrived at by defining eight other genera for the Dacrymycetaceae. Such a procedure leads to a view of the genus Dacrymyces which is somewhat negative in nature, for one thinks of it as a group of species that does not fit the pattern of the other, more easily defined, genera. Thus we find that, except for allowance of considerable variation in external basidiocarp form, the present description differs little from that of Fries. Dacrymyces still includes the largest number of species but seems now to comprise a natural group. 1 Based on Part II of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the State University of Iowa

Since the pioneer studies by Barghoorn and Linder (1944), an increasing number of papers have been published dealing with taxonomy and, to a lesser extent, distribution and abundance of lignicolous marine fungi (Johnson and Meyers, 1957). Few investigations have been concerned specifically with the physiological aspects of these fungi. Barghoorn and Linder reported on physiological studies of selected species of marine fungi, and examined the effects of different media, including cellulose and wood flour, on vegetative growth. The mycelial growth rates and mode and rate of perithecial production on sea-water agar of seven different lignicolous Ascomycetes were studied at this laboratory (Meyers, 1954). Recently, Gustafsson and Fries (1956) investigated the nutritional requirements of various marine species of Ascomycetes and Deuteromycetes and recorded the rate of mycelial development on differential media. To our knowledge, the report from this laboratory (1954) was the first paper noting the development of perithecia in cultural studies of marine lignicolous Ascomycetes. During the past several years, we have been studying the physiology of these fungi, including nutritional studies, as well as tests in which wood and wood constituents are used to elucidate specific metabolic activities, such as reproduction. The latter work is reported here. The results of minimal-nutrition tests will be presented in a subsequent paper.

Aspergillus Fischeri Wehmer is one of three ascosporic species of Aspergillus recently obtained in our laboratory on tea leaves by Mrs. Ruth Ellis Allen. The writer obtained the fungus in culture from Mrs. Allen, whose paper surveying the three abovementioned species is being prepared for publication. Aspergillus Fischeri Wehmer is an ascosporic species occurring in the A. fumigatus group. We are indebted to Dr. Kenneth Raper for the identification of this species. The present paper describes the morphology and cytology of perithecial development in Aspergillus Fischeri, with a detailed account of crozier formation. Professor John N. Couch first discovered the presence of croziers in this fungus and found that he could best demonstrate them by dissecting the young perithecia under the microscope, rather than by preparing microtome sections. With this in mind, the writer has developed, and will later describe, a rather simple method for preparing slides for cytological study of crozier formation in Aspergillus. Apparently, croziers have been overlooked in many Ascomycetes because the investigator has relied too much upon sectioned material. Dangeard (3), in 1907, described perithecial development in a species which he identified as Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius, but did not observe crozier formation here. Since DeLamater (4) found that croziers were formed in Arachniotus, one of the lowest of the Euascomycetes, it is not at all surprising that they are found in Aspergillus. Emmons (5, 6) has already reported

In the previous paper, we reported the result of Paperchromatographic study on some of the products in the mixed culture of Rhodopseudomonas capsulatus and Azotobacter vinelandii,— amino acid and carbohydrate fractions. In the present paper, the results of the paper electrophoretic study on the other fractions given in Fig. 1 the previous paper are presented.

A specimen collected October, 1883, by the late A. P. Morgan was sent to Mr. J. B. Ellis with the following note: "I enclose what I take to be Peziza clypeata Schw. Do you find this species ? The substance is quite thick and firm; it spread out flat upon the wood; it grows on old rotten logs with a damp smooth surface." A note appended to this specimen apparently by Mr. Ellis states, -' probably -N. A. F. 568." This number had already been distributed under, the name of Psilopezia nummularia. From this time the two species seem to have been confused. In the "Discomycetes of the Miami Valley," Mr. Morgan1 in referring to Peziza clypeata Schw. says: "I had always taken this for Psilopezia nummularia until I got Massee's work." In the same paper, referring to Psilopezia nummularia, he says: "Although the type of this species was sent from Cincinnati by Mr. Lea, I do not appear to have collected it, my specimens examined by Mr. Massee being pronounced Peziza adnata B. & C." Mr. Morgan, in the same paper, regarded this as a synonym of Peziza clypeata Schw. which it undoubtedly is, if Massee was correct in his determination of the Ohio specimen. Peziza adnata, a tropical plant described from Cuba, is said to have rough spores. This may be due to faulty observation, for the two species agree perfectly in other characters. At any rate, Peziza clypeata and Peziza adnata have come to be regarded as syno

Synchytrium 1 is a genus of parasitic fungi belonging in the order Chytridiales and family Synchytriaceae. The individual fungus in all species consists of a single cell which lives the greater part of its life in an epidermal cell of a higher plant and in most species causes the formation of a gall or tumor. In the species reported in this paper the infections originate in the epidermal cells. These infected cells increase in size and either become surrounded by host cells which form the galls or become embedded as a result of the growth of the surrounding tissues. The literature indicates that the species in the north temperate zone appear in the cool wet months of the spring and usually become less abundant during the warm months of summer. The Louisiana species described in this paper appear during the cool wet months of fall and disappear during the warm months of spring and summer. After infection the host cell enlarges and the fungus grows and develops a thick wall which in some species is composed of three layers. When the fungus has attained its full growth it undergoes segmentation by the formation of membranes, which arise at the periphery, extend inward and finally form the sporangia. Zoospores are formed in the sporangia, escape and infect the young

In the preceding paper (1) the authors described the effect of some conditions on the growth of rice callus tissue. These included the effects of various kinds of sugars, 2, 4-D and yeast extract. In this paper, the availability of different types of nitrogen sources are discussed.

To develop an auto-sterilising device for the red bollworm Diparopsis castanea (Hmps.) a prototype bait-station was used in the laboratory with virgin females as bait which consistently attracted male moths of various ages. The female moths were attractive for at least 8 days. Males sterilised by overnight contact on filter-paper saturated with 0.2% aq. tepa were as responsive to the virgin females as untreated males. A marker dye technique made it possible to determine whether the males would actively probe on arrival at the bait-station, which was lined with wet filter-paper, and so sterilise themselves, assuming that the water contained a chemosterilant. At 27°C and 70% r.h. and 25°C and 35% r.h. probing did not occur to an appreciable extent until the males were at least 3-4 days old whether or not flight activity had previously occurred. Since both sexes are sexually mature on emergence, it was concluded that the control method tested was unlikely to be effective. The possibilities of altern...

In a recent paper bearing the title "A New Genus of Water Mold Related to Blastocladia " the above genus is described as new by Coker & Grant.' The authors base the genus on a single species, S. dichotoma n. sp., which differs from the members of Blastocladia strikingly in that its thallus is normally and regularly septate. The species is compared with the four species of Blastocladia described by v. Minden in his treatment of the Blastocladiaceae in Kryptogamenflora der Mark Brandenburg,2 and a detailed description and figures are given. Unfortunately, several papers of importance in this connection have been overlooked. Butler 3 and Barrett,4 working independently, published almost simultaneously descriptions of two species which are clearly congeneric with that described by Coker & Grant. Butler called attention to the septate character of the thallus and founded the genus Allomyces to include his species which he named A. arbuscula n. sp. Barrett, approaching the study of his species from the cytological point of view, studied material both in toto and in paraffin section, and was able to demonstrate that the septa are merely perforated pseudo septa comparable to those of the Leptomitaceae. He was content to widen the limits of the genus Blastocladia to include his species which he named B. strangulata n. sp. Four years later v. Minden 5 incorporated the species in the genus

There have been several papers dealing with the difference in chemical composition between callus tissue and normal parent tissue. WEINSTEIN, TULECKE, NICKELL, and LAURENCOT (1–3) revealed, in a series of papers, that the contents of amino acids, sugars, and nucleic acids often differed strikingly between callus and normal tissue of Agave toumeyana Trel. (1), Ginkgo biloba, L. (2), and PAUL's scarlet rose (3). STEWARD, THOMPSON, and POLLARD (4) also reported that the content of some amino acids of rapidly growing and randomly proliferating tissue is outstandingly different from that of normal tissue.

Cintractia axicola (Berk.) Cornu, as the type of the genus, is one of the most widely distributed and best known species. Very little confusion has occurred concerning it in recent literature. However, a related species occurring on Cyperus, Cintractia limitata Clint., has occasioned much confusion. In the present paper, descriptions and synonymy of five species of Cintractia infecting Fimbristylis and Cyperus are presented. Besides the names in? cluded here, two other species, Cintractia tangensis P. Henn. and Cintractia javanica Racib., have been recorded on Cyperus. The former has not been available for study and hence has been excluded. The host of the latter was found to be a Rhynchospora. As in the previous series, the institutions in wrhich the specimens examined are located are indicated by abbreviations. Abbreviations, which were not given in the previous paper, are as follows: BR = Jardin Botanique de l'Etat, Brussels; CMI = Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew; LP = Instituto de Botanica "Spegazzini," Universidad Nacional de La Plata; ND = Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. Wherever the location is not given, the specimen is in the writer's personal collection. The writer is very grateful to those who furnished the material and facilities for study in their institutions; and to Mr. J. A. Stevenson for the review of the manuscript.

Nees von Esenbeck ('23) first separated the then known forms of water molds into two genera, Achlya and Saprolegnia, but, until the time of de Bary's first paper ('52) in I852, this distinction was not recognized by subsequent workers; de Bary revived the classification of the older author. Meanwhile all forms of water molds had been called Saprolengia ferax or Achlya prolifera, without any clear distinction being made between these genera. In I850, Thuret ('50) described the swarm spores of a form that he called S. ferax Kiitz., and he figured, for the first time, the oogonia. Later de Bary ('8I) referred to this figure when he renamed S. ferax, S. Thureti. In 1857 Pringsheim (57) contributed to the literature the description of S. monoica with excellent figures; other forms of Saprolegnia, those without antheridial branches, he considered as belonging to S. ferax. In 1873 he stated that further observation had convinced him that there was no true specific distinction between the forms with an antheridium on every oogonium and those in which the antheridia are almost or quite wanting. They differ, he says, "only in the relative number of antheridia." He therefore grouped all forms of Saprolegnia with round, pitted, many spored oogonia into the "ferax" group. In I88I, there appeared a paper by de Bary ('8I) in which he united S. monoica, S. torulosa, and S. Thureti (S. ferax) into a group which he called the ferax group. He had not yet distinguished S. mixta. In his description of S. monoica, de Bary followed Pringsheim, but added that in some cases the antheridial branches arise from hyphae remote from the oogonium, or, in other words, are not androgynous. 1 Contribution from the Botanical Laboratory of the LTniv. of Mich. No. I47. 307

In a previous paper (22), the writer has described the general region and specific localities in Wyoming from which collections were obtained during the summer of 1940. The same place names are used in this account. That paper also included a general discussion of the conclusions reached from a study of a large series of collections of fungi on the stems of a wide variety of herbaceous hosts, and described the Pyrenomycetes found thereon. The present paper is concerned with the Fungi Imperfecti which were found on these same stems, often intimately intermixed with the ascus stages. In some few cases there was some slight correlation between the ascus and conidial stages occurring on the'same stems, but these were far too few to be considered as substantial proof of any genetic connection, for, as previously pointed out, these stem inhabiting forms do not seemt to be limited in their host range in most cases, and many different species are commonly found growing together on one and the same stem.

In an earlier paper, which includes pollen descriptions for 93 genera and approximately 430 species of the large, tropical family Annonaceae, the author laid the foundation for a generic reclassification and natural phylogeny of the family based largely on comparative palynology. The present paper includes generic pollen descriptions for an additional 18 genera and 21 species of Annonaceae

Two new species of the lichen genus Cetraria are described from western North America. Cetraria weberi is superficially similar to C. fendleri (Nyl.) Tuck., but differs considerably in thallus color and in its production of either olivetoric or physodic acid in the medulla rather than protolichesterinic acid. Cetraria subfendleri, a close relative of C. fendleri, differs primarily in its larger size and in its production of caperatic acid in the medulla. First reports are given on the chemistry of five other western species: C. canadensis (Riis.) Ras., C. coralligera (W. Web.) Hale, C. merrillii Du Rietz, C. pallidula Tuck., and C. platyphylla Tuck. A key to the corticolous members of Cetraria in western North America is provided. The genus Cetraria is a conspicuous component of the corticolous lichen flora in parts of western North America and in some areas it is the dominant foliose genus. Despite the small number of species involved the western taxa are not well known chemically or systematically. The purpose of the present paper is to report the results of investigations on the chemistry of some of these species and to describe two previously unknown species. As an aid to identification, a key to the corticolous western members of the genus is provided. All lichen substances reported in this paper have been identified by thin-layer chromatography. The three-solution method devised by Culberson and Kristinsson (1970) was used. In some cases the microcrystal tests developed by Asahina have been used in confirmatory procedures. An effort was made, where possible, to test specimens from throughout the range of the lichen. Unless otherwise noted, all specimens cited have been tested chemically.

In a previous paper (6) the morphology and cytology of an undescribed Heterobasidiomycete was discussed. It was noted that, although the fungus had a spore stage indistinguishable from Sporobolomyces, it could not be placed in that genus because of the presence of mycelium with numerous clamp connections and with abundant, thick-walled, brown chlamydospores. This paper describes in more detail the characteristics of the fungus and, to accommodate it, a new genus and species, Sporidiobolhs Johnsonii, is proposed. A previously undescribed species of a closely related genus, Itersonilia Derx, is also described.

This paper concludes a monograph of the species of Puccinia known to occur on Salvia. Previously, the North American (1) and South American (2) members of this group of rusts were reviewed. The present paper redescribes and redefines the six known species occurring in Europe, Asia and Africa. Puccinia nevadensis Syd. and Puccinia salviae-interruptae Maire are reduced to synonymy with Puccinia bithynica Magn. Neotypes are selected for Puccinia nigrescens Kirchn. and Puccinia salviae Ung.

This paper presents a taxonomic study of 9 species of Ravenelia occurring on Cassia, Mimosa and Brongniartia in North America. Ravenelia fragrans Long, R. mimosae-sensitivae P. Henn., R. mesillana Ell. & Barth. and R. arthuri Long are redescribed. R. miinosae-albidae Diet., R. mimosae-caeruleae Diet. and R. mimosicola Arth. are reduced to synonymy with R. mimosae-sensitivae, and R. cassiae-covesii Long & Goodd. is reduced to synonymy with R. mesillana. This paper also describes a new species of Ravenelia on Brongniartia sp. from Sinaloa, Mexico and a new variety of R. fragrans. Most of the specimens examined during this study were obtained from the Arthur Herbarium. Purdue University, and included material recently collected by Dr. G. B. Cummins in the southwestern United States and Mexico.

The purpose of the present paper is to present descriptions of two more new species of Myxotrichum, to illustrate their developmental morphology, and to discuss gametangial relationship among species of Myxotrichum, as far as they are known at the present time. In the first paper of this series (Kuehn, 1955) the writer has provided a detailed description of Myxotrichum uncinatum and has presented a de? scription of a new species, Myxotrichum emmonsii. This first paper, however, was concerned only with the developmental morphology of the species discussed. Literature concerning the work previously reported on the develop? mental morphology of species of Myxotrichum has been reviewed in the first of these two papers. The methods employed in the present study are the same as those described in that paper. The organisms were grown on various media in Petri dishes. Minute tufts of hyphae were removed and slides were prepared for examination with the microscope. For later stages, the peridium of the immature ascocarp was removed under a dissecting microscope. By pressure on the cover slip the con? tents of the ascocarp were spread out on a slide making the croziers evident.

While it is customary to think of the entomogenous fungi as members for the most part of the groups Entomophthorales, Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti, there are in literature several records in which such a habit has been attributed to certain Basidiomycetes. Among the latter may be mentioned the various species of Septobasidium and the form called Hirsutella entomophila by Patouillard. The present paper deals with certain fungi that are evidently closely related to the latter. It will be shown, however, that they should not be considered as Basidiomycetes, but rather that they should be looked upon as constituting a rather definite form genus of the Fungi Imperfecti, with which group they must apparently be associated until the perfect stages are found. The paper by Patouillard (I892) in which Hirsutella entomophila is described, although without illustrations, is otherwise quite comprehensive, and there is little doubt in the opinion of the writer that the fungus mentioned is closely allied to members of the group herein considered, and in fact it is looked upon as identical with one of them.

Several years ago, while making a systematic study of the rusts of Colombia, some specimens of Puccinia of evident microcyclic life-history on the genus Solanuni were encountered. Mayor in his excellent monograph, Contribution a l'etude des Uredinees de Colombia (Mem. Soc. Neuch. Sci. Nat. 5: 442-599. 1913.), re? ported two species of this nature, Puccinia huallagensis P. Henn. and P. solanicola Mayor. According to Arthur in the North American Flora (7: 562. 1922.) a more or iess similar species was reported on Solanum from Panama as Puccinia solanita (Schw.) Arth. {Micropuccinia solanita Arth. & Jackson). In a later number of the same work (7: 805. 1927.) Arthur reduced the name M, solanita to synonymy and substituted for it Micropuccinia Solani (Schw.) Arth. & Jackson founded on Puccinia Solani Schw. Whether these three really represented three valid species and if so how to distribute the Colombian specimens at hand became the problem. While preparing the account of the Uredinales for the Myco? logical Explorations of Colombia published by Chardon & Toro in 1930 (Jour. Dept. Agric. Puerto Rico 14: 301-348) in conjunction with Whetzel some hasty decisions were made. No authentic specimens were available for comparison. In that paper 1 Contribution from the Department of Botany, The Pennsylvania State College, no. 88. Publication authorized by the Director of the Pennsyl? vania Agricultural Exp. Station, April 18, 1933, Technical Paper no. 586. [Mycologia for September-October (25: 333-434) was issued September 1, 1933] 435

In a preceding paper (3) the writer has shown that Histoplasma capsulatum Darling and Sepedonium chrysospermumi (Bull.) Link resembled each other in their methods of spore formation and in the morphology of the aleuriospores, but that at the same time they differed in that Sepedoniumn chrysospermulium produced phialospores, whereas Histoplasma capsulatum did not. Because of the fact that they seemed so strikingly alike on a morphological basis, and yet differed in the number of types of reproductive bodies formed, it became desirable to study the biology of these species. Histoplasma capsulatum Darling, which is parasitic on man, Sepedonium chrysospermum (Bull.) Link and Stephanoma tetracocculmt van Zinderen-Bakker, which are parasitic on other fungi, and Sepedonium xylogenumn Sacc., saprophytic on decayed wood were compared and differences in their responses to environment noted. The first series of experiments is intended to determine the effect of temperature on the growth and sporulation of these fungi. In these experiments the fungi were grown on potato maltose agar made up according to the formula given in a previous paper (3). To insure uniformity of the medium, four liters of the potato decoction were made up at one time, and in order to obviate any

one of the two pioneer research papers by the Dutch microbiologist, Iterson (1, 2), in which among a list of fifteen species of fungi the most active one was reported under the name Mycogone puccinioides (Preuss) Sacc. (syn. Blastotrichum puccinioides Preuss). Since Iterson's account was published this name has been quoted liberally in various articles concerned with deterioration of fabrics and other cellulosic materials, notably in the well-known compendium by Thaysen and Bunker (3). In that compendium the brief description of Blastotrichum puccinioides agrees, unfortunately, with the original description of that species by Preuss (4) rather than with Iterson's records. Preuss's Blastotrichum puccinioides was described and illustrated as having septate spores from a mycelium growing on a mushroom and was distinctly different from the amerosporous organism so identified by Iterson (I.c.). A review of the literature of cellulolytic deterioration suggests the likelihood that specific agents variously referred also to species of the form-genera Acremonium, Acremnoniella, Sepedonium, Monotospora, etc., may well be closely related, if not the same, species as that reported by Iterson, but it is convenient to restrict the present discussion to the identity of Iterson's oft-cited fungus. Among the cultures frequently obtained from decaying cotton fabrics is a dark-spored hyphomycete which has features suggesting the likelihood of its identity with Iterson's fungus. I first isolated it in pure culture in 1945 from a cotton fabric which had recently suffered decay through use in military operations in the South Pacific area. It was isolated readily using a modification of Iterson's (l.c.) technique in recovering the organism which grew most rapidly following the placing of a bit of the decayed fabric as inoculum upon sterile filter paper lying on a petri-dish plate of sterile

The present contribution is the third of a series 2 bearing the same title. This number contains a continuation of the records of the rusts on Berberidaceae and on other host families in the order given in Engler and Prantl through the Rosaceae. In order to facilitate indexing each species is given a number and the numbering is consecutive for the three papers. Including those recorded in this paper, a total of 99 species and 220 col? lections are now accounted for. In a few cases reference is made to species not included in the Holway collections. Where such references are of an important character a duplicate number has been given with the sufrix a, b, etc, in order to keep the numbering of the species in the Holway collections consecutive.

Our knowledge of the rust flora of Colombia is based chiefly on the work of Dr. Eugene Mayor, who in 1913 published an excellent paper entitled " Contribution a l'etude des Uredinees de Colombie" (Mem. Soc. Neuch. Sci. Nat. 5: 442-599). In that important contribution 158 species were reported of which 84 were described as new. According to Mayor only six species had been reported from Colombia prior to 1913. His report of that year included only two of the six previously reported. Mayor's paper was based on collections made in 1910. The following notes are based on collections made by the junior author during April, May, and June, 1926. In the data given, the collector's name and the year 1926 are omitted in order to avoid repetition since they are the same in all cases. Here are recorded 33 species. Of this number, 15 are new to the Mayor list and four, Ravenelia Mainsiana Arth. & Holw. on Mimosa albida H. & B., Coleosporium domingense (Berk.) Arth. on Plumiera, Uredo Zeugitis Arth. & Holw. on Zeugites mexicana (Kunth.) Trin., and Puccinia abrepta Kern on Cyperus, are new to South America. A fifth species, Puccinia pallescens Arth. on Zea Mays L., has been reported previously from Trinidad but this is the first record from the mainland of South America.

In this paper Longiunguis van der Goot is considered as ynonym of Melanaphis van der Goot. Description of 7 species of the genus Melanaphis including 2 new species, viz. Melanaphis meghalayensis, Melanaphis vandergooti and a new subspecies, Melanaphis meghalayensis bengalensis occuring in India have also been provided.

Frequency and localization of mitosis in lateral root primordia of Marsilea strigosa. At different stages of development of the root primordium of Marsilea strigosa the apical cell undergoes a strong decline in mitotic activity whilst active divisions occur in the mass of cells sorrounding the apical. In the present paper data on the frequency and localization of mitosis in lateral root primordia are collected.

The « Pedicularis » of the series « Foliosae » Maxim, in the Italian Flora. – The paper deals with the badly known distribution of Pedicularis foliosa L., P. hoermanniana K. Maly and P. hacquetii Graf (ser. Foliosae Maxim.) both in Europe and in Italy. The illyrian P. hoermanniana occurs also in central Italy, being therefore a typical periadriatic entity. It completely substitutes the two others species in the Italian peninsula.

SUMMARY Clitocybe illudens is a tetrapolar fungus. The conditions required for the completion of its life cycle in the laboratory have been determined. It is the only Clitocybe species from which the illudin group of sesquiterpenes has been isolated. Further, it produces compounds of the pulvinic acid group, a type of compound found in species of Xerocomus, Suillus, Paxillus, Gomphidius, Hydnum, and Hydnellum, but not in other Clitocybe species (except in Clitocybe subilludens with which it may be conspecific). Its chemical as well as it morphological distinctiveness support its exclusion from the genus Clitocybe. In the course of an investigation of single-basidiospore cultures of Clitocybe illudens (Schw.) Sacc. a number of biological and chemical properties of the fungus were examined: cultural characteristics, matingtype reactions, fruiting in the laboratory, and production of unusual metabolites. Single-basidiospore cultures (9-30 per sporophore) of C. illudens were isolated from each of 10 sporophores collected from 1965 to 1969, in seven localities in New York and New Jersey. The basidiospores were germinated at 25 C on 2% malt extract agar in Petri dishes. Germination after 10 da was close to 100%. A culture was obtained, with the aid of a dissecting microscope, by cutting out a block of agar containing a single, germinating basidiospore. Subsequently, it was found necessary to purify further the resulting cultures, either by isolating a single, germinating oidium of each, or a single hyphal tip. To determine the mating types of the cultures, these were combined in pairs within each strain, on the same medium at 25 C. Combinations made by placing inocula 3 cm apart on the medium in the center of a Petri dish did not readily form heterokaryons. Therefore, combinations were made on sterile, dry, paper discs (the type used to assay for penicillin). The disc was placed on the medium in the center of a Petri dish. Mycelial suspensions of each culture were prepared by lifting off the aerial mycelium of a culture with a sterile metal spatula, and crushing this on the inside of a test tube in 10 ml of sterile distilled water. One

Critical notes on the flora of Italy. II. The Minuartia verna group. The following paper contains a re-examination of the Minuartia verna–complex in Italy based on a revision of herbarium-specimens and observations in nature. The author proposes to divide this polymorphic species into 4 subspecies. Two of them (subsp. verna and subsp. collina) are largely corresponding to the opinion of earlier authors. The subsp. attica is also represented in the flora of Southern Italy, but Italian populations are slightly different from those of Greece (which must be regarded as typical). The subsp. grandiflora living in a small area in Sicily, which was incompletely known, is described and its relations to the other subspecies are discussed.

In the first paper of this series it was shown that mitosis and cytokinesis in Schizomeris are more like those events in Stigeoclonium rather than Ulva. It was concluded that Schizomeris should be included in the Chaetophorales. The present work shows that the zoospores of Schizomeris are somewhat different from those of both Stigeoclonium and Ulva. It is concluded that Schizomeris should be retained in a separate family of the Chaetophorales. Specifically, quadriflagellate zoospores of Schizomeris lack a two-stranded microtubular root, but rather have four, wide, cruciately arranged microtubular roots which probably contain an equal number of microtubules. Evolution in green algal motile cells is briefly discussed, and it is suggested that a flagellar ring such as occurs in the Oedogoniales may have evolved from quadriflagellate zoospores similar to those of Schizomeris.

The paper reviews much of the literature relating to the major bacterial, viral and fungal diseases of cassava and presents this together with additional information gained by the authors. The importance of these diseases in reducing yields of this important source of carbohydrate is stressed. However, while much information is presented on symptoms and nature of the pathogens, little data is available on control measures. The authors emphasise the need for more active research, in particular into identifying and describing sources of disease resistance and into other simple means of disease control.

Vegetation of the ponds in the zone of Olbia (northeast Sardinia). – The present paper contains a study on the vegetation of the ponds and marshes in the neighbourhood of Olbia. The following well determined associations have been ascertained: Chaetomorpho-Ruppietum, Salicornietum fruticosae, Arthrocnemeto-Limoniastretum monopetali, Juncetum maritimi, Scirpetum maritimi, Caricetum divisae, Schoeneto-Plantaginetum crassifoliae. Furthermore, some other consociations have been observed (with: Pholiurus incurvas and Triglochin bulbosum; Juncus subulatus; Scirpus setaceus and Spergularia rubra; Agropyrum elongatum and Spartina juncea). The authors have also taken into consideration the present distribution of the vegetation in relation to the modifications due to the fact that this area has been reclaimed.

The present paper reports the results of investigations concerning a number of mutually interacting factors that affect the fruiting response of haploid mycelia of S. commune to mechanical injury. ...

The process of photosynthesis is of such importance that most courses of biochemistry and physiology include some reference to it. This paper describes a simple experimental system, which uses radioactive carbon dioxide to study whole leaf photosynthesis under a variety of conditions. An apparatus of very simple construction, in which the experiments can be safely carried out, is described. The experiments basically consist of the exposure of leaves to 14CO2 and the subsequent determination of radioactivity distribution and intensity by counting of leaf discs in a Geiger-Muller system and/or by autoradiography. Experiments to demonstrate photosynthesis in the presence and absence of light, in variegated leaves of different types and to illustrate the importance of stomata are described.

Records of air-borne pollen and spores were made during a six month period in the Stockholm area in 1972. This paper presents phenological data and volumetric measurements obtained by means of a Burkard trap. Attention was paid to both arboreal pollen and non-arboreal pollen and spores, identified to family, genus or species level. Spores of certain common Pteridophytes were also included in the investigation, but not Bryophytes or fungal spores.

Three new species are proposed for inclusion in the genus Phanerochaete (Aphyllophorales, Corticiaceae). Phanerochaete allantospora was found on angiosperms in Arizona; P. arizonica was found on angiosperms in Arizona and California; and P. salmoneolutea was found on angiosperms in Arizona and Florida. Descriptions of the basidiocarps are provided and cultural characters of P. allantospora and P. arizonica are given. All are associated with a white rot of dead branches, fallen trees, and slash. A new combination in the genus Phanerochaete is proposed for Peniophora cacaina. While collecting fungi on woody plants of the Sonoran Desert between Tucson, Arizona, and the Mexican border in August and September of 1971, we encountered three undescribed species of the genus Phanerochaete Karst. emend Donk. Further collecting revealed that one of these also occurs in California while another is found in Florida. In this paper they are proposed as new.

Only one species Afissa pembertoni (Crotch) of the family Coccinellidae was hitherto recorded from Bhutan. In this paper five more species (Scymnus (Pullus) posticalis Sicard; Oenopia luteopustulata Mulsant; Oenopia sauzeti Mulsant; Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius) and Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus) are recorded for the first time from Bhutan.

New researches on the culture « in vitro » of Aucuba japonica Thunb, – Caulinar fragments grown in vitro in nutrient media solidified with agar are compared with fragments grown on a filter paper support on unshaken liquid media. Tissue cultures of Aucuba are established putting down caulinar fragments just taken from the plant with isolated callus; subcultures are obtained more easily in July. We have observed that during the months of March or April, caulinar fragments, taken from the plant at various months of the year, of different ages and cultivated on various media, unexpectedly produce many roots.

Summary Most taxonomists now agree that there are three native birches in Britain but there is disagreement on their correct specific names. Linnaeus' Species Plantarum of 1753 introduced the binomial system to taxonomy and he described two birches that occurred in the cooler parts of Europe. One of these, the dwarf birch, which he called Betula nana has retained its original name but the other, the tree birch B. alba has undergone many changes of name and has been separated into several species by some taxonomists. This paper traces the changes that have occurred in the specific name of the British birch tree since 1753, and shows that if there are two species of birch tree then they should be called B. pendula Roth and B. pubescens Ehrh. The author concludes that until the status of the British birch tree has been satisfactorily examined B. pendula and B. pubescens should be regarded as subspecies of the Linnaean B. alba.

SUMMARY A new heterothallic fungus, Neosartorya fennelliae (asexual state: Aspergillus fennelliae), was isolated from the eyeballs of laboratory rabbits. The conidial and ascosporic states resemble those of Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischeri). The strains occur in two mating types, A and a, of an allelic pair. Although interspecific crossing does not occur with any known members of the N. fischeri group, stimulation of the growth of N. fischeri var. glaber by the new species was observed. The fungus survives in mouse tissue for several weeks without evidence of multiplication. Heterothallism in the genus Aspergillus was first reported by Kwon, Fennell, and Raper (1) in A. heterothallicus. The ascosporic state of this fungus was later transferred to the genus Emericella as E. heterothallica (Kwon, Fennell & Raper) Malloch & Cain (7). A second heterothallic species of Aspergillus was isolated from the eyeballs of laboratory rabbits by one of the authors (K-C) in April, 1972. Morphological characteristics of the asexual and sexual fruiting structures place the new species in the A. fischeri series (11), for which Malloch and Cain have established the new generic name Neosartorya (8). This paper provides a description of the species, observations on ascocarp formation, proof of heterothallism, and a discussion of the relationship of the new species to the other species of Neosartorya.