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A number of simple chromatographic applications are described in which sheet paraffin or other plastic film is used as an adhesive vapor barrier: 1. A funnel attached to a paraffin-enclosed narrow paper wick for spotting large volumes of sample solution as small spots of controlled size. 2. A funnel for the elution of a spot and its reapplication to another paper in a single operation. 3. A method for elution or chromatography which requires no jars or other rigid saturation chambers.

In order to effectively control slime production in paper plants and other major water consuming industries, the efficacy of selected chemical compounds as inhibitors of growth of Sphaerotilus natans was investigated. It was determined that a few products were effective against Sp. natans in paper mill process water (80°F). These are listed in the following order of decreasing effectiveness: chlorine, Busan 90, chlorine dioxide and Slimacide V-10. In vitro studies can suggest those chemicals which may be useful; however, the choice of inhibitors depends largely on the individual plant, i.e., the mill processes' capacity to tolerate the concentration, contact time or cost of the specific chemical.

1.1. Filter paper electrophoretic analysis of the serum and urine proteins in thirty-five cases of multiple myeloma has been carried out. In all thirty-five cases characteristic protein abnormalities were observed; seventeen cases showing homogeneous peaks in both the serum and urine, eleven cases in serum only, seven cases in urine only. 2.2. All urine samples showing a positive Bence-Jones protein reaction also displayed a characteristic electrophoretic abnormality. Eight of the twenty-four electrophoretically positive urine samples were Bence-Jones protein negative by the usual tests. Because of the relative simplicity of urine electrophoresis by the filter paper technic, this test is considered to be a practical clinical procedure. 3.3. Two cases are presented in detail because certain atypical clinicopathologic features of their disease patterns possibly assist in an understanding of the relationship of the plasma cell dyscrasias to chronic lymphatic leukemia and the lymphosarcomas. A third case, which demonstrates the value of serial electrophoretic studies in myeloma, is also presented. 4.4. Consideration is given to some of the physicochemical properties of the myeloma serum and urine proteins, and to the possible nature of their interrelationship.

System Optimization of Industrial Waste Treatment Design is a challenging topic in view of the ever-increasing pollution problems and the rapid development of new processes. An optimization procedure which integrates dynamic programming techniques into existing process design principles is presented. With the objective to identify the optimum combinations of various unit processes in a multistage plant, the most economic decisions are derived while meeting the ultimate design criteria. The analytical procedure utilizes the method of decision inversion in dynamic programming. A numerical example for typical paper and pulp industrial waste treatment design is presented for illustrative purposes. Many practical cost functions have also been developed for the analysis of the pulp and paper industrial wastewater treatment system which consists of different process alternatives.

Attention is drawn to the greater optical uniformity of filter paper by reflected light than by transmitted light. The relative merits of employing reflected light and transmitted light, both on dry and transparent paper, are considered from the standpoints of ease of calculation, instrumental convenience and error. Under the conditions described here, in which an aperture of only 3 mm × 3 mm is used, the reflection method on dry paper is recommended. Measurements may also be taken on transparent paper. This causes an increase in error when transmission is used, but decreases the error when reflection is used.

A theory previously developed by the author to describe the horizontal spreading of liquids in paper has been applied to the case of a liquid rising by capillary action in a vertical strip of filter paper. The phenomenon is complicated by a surface roughness effect which had to be taken into account. The theory leads to simple expressions for the rate of rise and the distribution of liquid which are in agreement with experiment. When gravity can be neglected, the height of rise is proportional to the square root of the time. When gravity is important, the height of rise is a more complex function of time than the simple square root dependence. In addition, the liquid approaches a limiting height.

Filter paper electrophoretic analyses of serum were carried out in a series of eighteen proved cases of multiple myeloma, twenty-three normal controls and 130 patients with non-myelomatous diseases, and compared with the results of classical Tiselius electrophoresis and chemical fractionation. Abnormal electrophoretic patterns were found in all of the cases of multiple myeloma studied, and tall narrow spikes representing abnormal proteins with varying mobilities in the globulin range were demonstrated in 78 per cent. The latter were considered diagnostic of myelomatosis since similar patterns have not been described in any other disease and since none were observed in any of the present controls. In six of the eighteen cases the diagnosis was first established on the basis of these electrophoretic patterns and subsequently confirmed by bone marrow biopsy. In eight others they were merely confirmatory in previously diagnosed cases. Of special interest were the diagnostic patterns found in four patients in whom myelomatosis was not suspected. There were significant quantitative differences between the results obtained by filter paper and classical electrophoresis, and the results of both differed from those of chemical fractionation. However, the diagnostic peaks of myelomatosis were equally well demonstrated by both electrophoretic methods. It is concluded (1) that the electrophoretic patterns of serum obtained by both the filter paper and Tiselius methods exhibit highly characteristic peaks in a high proportion of individuals with multiple myeloma, (2) that such patterns are of great diagnostic value and (3) that the filter paper method offers the advantages of simplicity, low cost and speed, without any loss in sensitivity or specificity, which make it especially valuable for screening large numbers of specimens in patients suspected of having myelomatosis.

This study investigated effects of industrial wastes of a paper mill on fish. Chemical analyses were made of the effluent and of the river water before it entered the mill and at the effluent entry point. Static bioassay techniques were used to determine tolerances to the effluent of ten fish species which were abundant in the paper mill area. Fish were collected from the effluent entry point into the river. An abundant fish fauna was found. Charmin Paper Products Company, Cheboygan, Michigan, treats its waste products thoroughly and is an example of what an industry can do to reduce water pollution. The common shiner, Notropis cornutus , was found to be intolerant to even low concentrations of the effluent. Thus, its presence in an area would indicate a very low level of pollution of this type.

This paper discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of on-line color control that is used successfully on a paper machine at Consolidated Papers, Inc. The control design schemes for digital controllers are given. Simulation and actual process results are also reported.

This paper describes the computer control system used in the paper mill of Oy Nokia Ab in Nokia, Finland. The computer controlled Yankee Paper Machine produces paper with basis weight from 17 to 72 grams/m 2 . The operational principles of this paper machine and its control system are described. The control system software includes data collecting and reporting programs as well as supervisory programs. The most important variables and conditions of the paper machine are measured and reported. Among the control application programs the basis weight and moisture control can be considered as the most important. The target values of both moisture and basis weight are maintained by the computer. Thus the operation of the paper machine enables us to obtain maximum permissible moisture values of the produced paper. The computer also controls the non-continuous or continuous proportioning by the amounts of pulp components. Thus, an economic and exact proportioning is reached. The computer also controls the changes of grade, which are thus made accurately and fast. The computer measures continuously the lengths of the machine reel and the customer rolls on the winding machine, and tells the proper times for changes, and so the lengths are optimized. The conclusion includes the experiences we have gathered when using this computer control system.

Summary Digital simulation and plant tests have demonstrated the feasibility and the economic advantages of coordinated control of paper machines. The design of coordinated control is discussed, with examples and plant test results of paper machine coordination. On-line simulation models are proposed as an aid to coordination during certain state change, and for use in on-line estimation. The digital computer implementation of the new control schemes is described.

By the method of paper electrophoresis a comparative quantitative study was made of the sundanophilic serum lipids of two groups of persons; one group consisted of twenty-one patients who had had previous myocardial infarction, the other of eighteen women with no clinically important arteriosclerosis. The electrolipograms in all cases revealed two zones, the larger probably corresponding to β-lipoproteins, the smaller to α-lipoproteins. In the atherosclerotic group the major lipid band constituted a larger fraction of the total lipid than in the control group. The major lipid band of one-third of the atherosclerotic persons extended farther with respect to the β-globulin.

This paper tells about a computer application in the control and supervision of paper manufacture. The operating system and the control program modules as well as the opportunities of the process operator to interact with the execution of the programs are described in addition to the computer equipment. Control objects are the basis weight, humidity, machine speed and headbox level and pressure. Their essential features are described together with a description of the supervision, which consists of quality and production reports.

The employment of radio-frequencies for chemical analysis was suggested and commenced by the author in 1936. Brief mention is made of the gradual development of the “conductrimetric tube” with references to papers by him and other workers, and a new application of external electrodes and displacement currents to chromatography is presented. A circuit diagram is given in which both rectification and amplification are achieved by the use of a “Transistor”.

The technique described is a sensitive analytical tool developed for the determination of trace elements. It combines paper chromatography, as the separation process with radiometric precipitation for quantitative determination. Procedures are described that are capable of determining submicrogram quantities of elements. Besides illustrating the use of radiosotopes in analytical chemistry, it is accurate, reproducible, inexpensive, and does not require a high degree of skill to perform the analysis.

The electrophoretic patterns of the sera of 25 patients with sarcoidosis were compared with the patterns obtained in 31 persons suffering from other diseases. Only in the cases of sarcoidosis were we able to find a characteristic mean electrophoretic pattern that is a increase in the alpha 2, beta and a marked increase in the gamma globulin while the albumin showed a decrease.

A method is described for the Spectrochemical analysis of samples in solution form, using a rotating filter disc for carrying the solution into the analytical gap. Results are given of a statistical comparison with the coated-electrode method.

A N u M B E R of -decisions are involved in the selection and administration of a pharmacologic agent to a patient: (1) establishing diagnosis, (2) determination of the necessity for treating with a pharmacologic agent, (3) selection of an appropriate agent, (4) selection of the safest and most efficient route of drug administration, (5) determination of the dosage to be administered, and (6) selection of the appropriate time intervals for administration. An additional and occasionaliy overlooked factor is the accuracy of the measuring deyice used for administration of liquid medications. Teaspoons, the most commonly utilized measuring devices in the home, have been shown to vary greatly in capacity? In addition, there can be significant variation in the amount of medication administered by dif ferent individuals using the same teaspoon. 2, Shirkey 3 has commented on the use of medicine glasses and paper and plastic medicine cups. He states that disposable cups are used widely in the hos

A fluoride monitoring program is carried out by 22 stations located within 7 km radius around an alumina reduction plant. The program encompasses regular surveys of the fluoride content in air, water, soil, vegetation, cattle feed and cattle urine, bones and teeth. This paper presents some results from this program on the relationships between atmospheric fluoride levels and the fluoride accumulation in forage plants and dairy cattle under field conditions. Limed paper results provide an estimate of the seasonal average fluoride concentration in forage crops from C grass (ppm) = 11.4 C lime (μg dm −2 day −1 ) with a S.D. σ = ± 4(ppm). The background fluoride content of forage is highly correlated with the fluoride content of the soil according to C grass (ppm) = 0.0085 C soil (ppm). The urinary content of dairy cattle is highly correlated to the fluoride content of the forage consumed. The relation C urine (ppm) = 3.16 + 0.45 C grass (ppm) predicts the average urinary fluoride level with σ = ± 3 (ppm). It can also be predicted from limed-filter-paper measurements by C urine = 4.4 + 5.1 C lime with σ = ± 3 (ppm). The results indicate that ambient air quality standards to protect vegetation and livestock might be developed on the basis of atmospheric fluoride levels as monitored by limed filter papers.

Summary-A novel service is proposed to help authors of scientific papers to select journals to which to submit their manuscripts. The aim of the service is to optimize the common interests of authors, readers/users, and science, by providing the authors with a tool for reaching those readers who can most benefit from the news of their accomplishments. The five basic factors which intervene in the choice of a journal are analyzed: relevance, acceptance rate, circulation, prestige and publication lag. With the help of a mathematical model, we show how these five variables can be used in a plausible decision procedure leading to the selection of journals suitable for the publication of given papers. WHEN a scientist submits an article for publication, the choice of a suitable journal is often guided by self-interest. It helps the scientist's career if the results of his work are published in a journal representative of his discipline. It helps most if the journal is the most prestigious in the subject area, with the largest circulation, and with the shortest publication lag. If an author chooses wisely where to publish, this may also serve the interests of the potential readers of his papers. Their concern is to gain valuable information with the minimum possible delay. There is, therefore, a convergence of interests on the part of authors and readers that the proper audience for the reporting of scientific investigations be reached. The healthy growth of the scientific enterpriseand also of enterprises based on the utilization of knowledge-is dependent on the matching of these complementary interests. Some scientists find it difficult to select wisely the journals to which to submit their papers. Scientists who are just starting their careers, who do not have experienced colleagues to advise them, and who do not yet belong to any "invisible college", may experience difficulties. So may scientists who have just switched from one specialty to another, or people who work in interdisciplinary fields or in fields without a welldeveloped "paradigm". Almost any scientist, even the most experienced, has probably felt, at one time or another, that he had submitted some of his papers to the wrong journal or addressed it to the wrong audience. A good service to advise an author on how to reach the readers who can benefit most from news of his accomplishments would be helpful to him, to his potential readers, and to science. To justify such service, one should be able to show that it would fill a real, important and sizeable need, and that it would do as well or better than the advice offered by experienced professional colleagues. Some scientific foundation is required to design such a service with assurance that it will be helpful. Prior work on the sociology of publishing/I-3], on the psychology of authorship/4-5], and on the patterns of communication in a scientific community [6-12] provides the starting point of this study. The "Bradford law" [13-14] states

It is suggested that the reorganised National Health Service proposed by the Minister of Health in the green-paper should include a centrally financed and coordinated national epidemiological service. This service would be responsible for the epidemiological evaluation of standards of health, and the prevention and control of disease and epidemiological research, and would have statutory responsibilities in food hygiene and in providing medical advice on environmental services to local authorities.

This paper is intended to give some background survey of the “industrial management systems” research in the recent years, and also to give some comments on the six papers in Session 26. Since the industrial management systems is one of the typical large-scale systems with hierarchical structure, the three basic types of hierarchies in industrial management systems, which is systematically proposed by Mesarovic, et al., are presented. Each paper is looked at again from the basic types of hierarchies point of view. Finally, the promising area of future research in industrial management systems is anticipated.

Summary The substance of this paper is derived from a specific inventory method, applied to a particular part of the world. It is, in fact, the technique presently used by the Province of Ontario in Canada. Although the presentation is specific in nature, many of the procedures and methods could be applied or modified to further the development of the forest resources of those countries having similar conditions or forest management requirements. The type of information required from the aerial photographs is specified by the inventory method , but the value of the information or the quality of photo interpretation depends upon the specific photography and the ability of the photo interpreter . Since these last three factors represent the major problems, they will be emphasized in this paper. And only the highlights of the inventory method will be covered.

Women having their babies at the Busselton District Hospital during the past two years have been able to attend a course of instruction based on the psychoprophylactic method of painless childbirth. Approximately half the patients delivered at the hospital have attended these classes. The results obtained suggest that this method is superior to other methods adopted in this area previously, probably because of more complete cooperation by all the staff concerned and the simplicity of the method. Although our training is based mainly on that of Fernand Lamaze, we have varied the positioning used throughout labour, and altered the rates of respiration used during the first stage.

A description is given of the system of instrumentation which has been installed at Tilbury Power Station to record continuously: 1. (a) surface sulphur dioxide concentration at distances from 1 km to 13 km downwind of a 360 MW power station with two 100 m stacks 2. (b) The rise of the plume 3. (c) Lapse rate, humidity, turbulence, wind speed and wind direction up to 187 m above ground level. The paper is intended as a common introduction to a number of papers which will present the experimental results.

The structural properties of paper as low-cost building material are investigated in a pilot study which gives the results of a limited number of tension, creep, and flexure tests. Certain problems encountered in all-paper construction are discussed, the significance of creep is considered, and a mode of failure peculiar to all-paper construction is observed. The structural integrity and flexibility of form available with paper are illustrated by the fabrication and testing of a cylindrical shell.

Photo-stabilisation paper is normally intended to be used in the printing of photographs. It can be used, however, in conjunction with fuorescent salt intensifying screen for radiography where the optimum standard of image quality given by radiographic film is not essential. In these circumstances it offers considerable economic advantages over the use of film. The image quality characteristics of radiographs produced on photo-stabilisation paper have been investigated and quantified. The uses and limitations of this type of radiograph are discussed. Typical examples are reproduced that indicate that this method of radiography may have a wider application than might be generally supposed.

This paper describes a novel function generator and multiplier using digital-to-analog conversion techniques. The device has been designed and built to supplement the existing analog computer facilities at the University of British Columbia. The function generator and multiplier, basically a digital-to-analog converter, is controlled by one ore two punched paper tapes. The device is capable of generating two independent functions specified by the input tapes, their product, and the product of an external variable and one of the tape inputs. All outputs are in analog form with a maximum range of +/- 100 volts and 0.5 % accuracy. Principle of operation, error analysis, circuit diagrams, photographs and test results are included in the paper to illustrate the operation and application of the device.

Summary The study of various forms of mellituria has been neglected by the clinician for technical reasons. One-dimensional paper chromatography is a suitable new technique for extending our knowledge of this subject, as it is both sensitive and specific and can be performed in any clinical laboratory. The method we have used for the last 8 years is described in some detail. The sugar excretion in 170 twenty-four-hoururine collections of 104 full-term and premature infants has been examined and a physiologic mellituria has been observed with a moderate increase of glucose, galactose, fructose, and lactose, which lasts for the first 10 to 14 days. The pattern of the mellituria points to immature functions of the renal tubule, the liver, and the intestinal tract. There is no close time relation to the physiologic aminoaciduria of infancy. In 125 healthy children and adults, urinary excretion of sugar was minimal or absent. To obtain a general idea of the urinarysugar pattern in various diseases 1,000 selected patients were investigated, 130 of whom showed mellituria. In 114 instances the mellituria was due to the increase of a single sugar, namely to glucose in 77 cases, lactose in 13, fructose in 12, galactose in 11, and xyloketose in 1, respectively. In 16 cases the mellituria was due to an increase of more than one sugar. The diseases associated with these melliturias are discussed and some tentative figures are given as to the frequency of this association. Isolated and constant melliturias are characteristic of inborn errors of sugar metabolism while symptomatic melliturias are more variable in pattern and occurrence, though different sugar patterns can be distinguished in hepatic, renal, and intestinal disorders. The sugar excretion in the urine is affected by the sugar intake. To establish standard test conditions a sugar loading test was devised by mixing 40 Gm. glucose, 8 Gm. galactose, 30 Gm. fructose, 8 Gm. lactose, and 20 Gm. sucrose into a sugar “cocktail.” This amount was given to adults and two-thirds or one-half of it to children. Urine was collected in the fasting state and at 1, 2, and 3 hours after the sugar load. Although mild mellituria occurred after the load in every one of 45 healthy controls, the sugar increase was more pronounced in diseases of the liver, kidney, and intestine. The diagnostic possibilities of such a loading test are underlined by the fact that the fasting urine repeatedly failed to show mellituria. There was a poor correlation between the chromatographic results and Benedict's reduction test. Sugar concentrations up to 150 mg. per 100 ml. were associated with blue or blue-green Benedict reactions, and green reactions repeatedly occurred in urines free from sugar. Definite and diagnostically important melliturias such as idiopathic galactosuria may be missed if clinical investigations are limited to reduction tests, even as a screening procedure. For the accurate diagnosis of mellituria, paper chromatography is recommended as a routine procedure.

Summary As converting operations increase in speed, the need for greater uniformity in reel performance increases, leading to stricter and more objective specifications of reel properties. This paper reviews efforts to define and control them. Reel properties depend on paper properties, winding tension, reel size, and core properties. The cross directional variations of paper properties and tension cause the main problems in producing satisfactory reels. It has been shown by experiment and by theory that the sheet tension within a reel is lower than its wound-on value; it is usually necessary to increase the wound-on tension steadily to maintain a tight reel. Complications to the calculation of the stress distribution arise from several features: the non-Hookean compressive characteristics of paper, its viscoelastic nature, the spiral form of a reel, friction between layers, and the increase in wound-on tension caused by a drum winder. Assessment of reel quality is based on various tests: visible defects, moisture content, average density, hardness (level and variability), diameter variability, and roundness. The uniformity within one reel is particularly troublesome and many studies have been made attempting to relate reel hardness and diameter variations with, on the one hand variations in web characteristics and, on the other, reel performance. Several useful correlations have been found but their interpretation, it is considered, is confused by the local interactions of web properties (thickness, compressibility, tension) and by the difficulty in understanding how hardness depends on them. It is concluded that the theoretical and experimental study of these interactions is required, with cross directional variations in mind, before the type of instrumental control could be suggested with confidence. Subjective control of reeling might then be replaced by instrumental control, since the need for instrumentation, once establ ished, can only lead to a rapid development of their technology.