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Čebyšev centers have been studied extensively. In this paper an alternate concept of center for infinite bounded point sets is introduced. Some of the results in this paper for this new type of center are similar to previous results for Čebyšev centers.

In 1949 I published in the Acta Mathematica (vol. 81) a rather long paper: “L'intégrale de Riemann-Liouville et le problème de Cauchy.” This work will be quoted in the sequel as Acta paper. Only minor local references to this paper will be made here, and knowledge of it is not required for the reading of the present article. The notations used here are slightly different from those used in my former paper.In the Acta paper I introduce multiple integrals and of the Riemann- Liouville type depending on a parameter α and converging for sufficiently large values of α. I give the solution of the Cauchy problem for the wave equation in a unique formula, the same for space-time of odd or even dimensions, implying an analytic continuation with respect to the parameter α.

The purpose of this paper is to consider a representation for the elements of a linear topological space in the form of a σ-integral over a linearly ordered subset of V; this ordered subset is what will be called an L basis. The formal definition of an L basis is essentially an abstraction from ideas used, often tacitly, in proofs of many of the theorems concerning integral representations for continuous linear functionals on function spaces.The L basis constructed in this paper differs in several basic ways from the integral basis considered by Edwards in [5]. Since the integrals used here are of Hellinger type rather than Radon type one has in the approximating sums for the integral an immediate and natural analogue to the partial sum operators of summation basis theory.

In this paper we deal with the number of zeros of a solution of the nth order linear differential equation1.1where the functions pj(z) (j = 0, 1, …, n – 2) are assumed to be regular in a given domain D of the complex plane. The differential equation (1.1) is called disconjugate in D, if no (non-trivial) solution of (1.1) has more than (n – 1) zeros in D. (The zeros are counted by their multiplicity.)The ideas of this paper are related to those of Nehari (7; 9) on second order differential equations. In (7), he pointed out the following basic relationship. The function1.2where y1(z) and y2(z) are two linearly independent solutions of1.3is univalent in D, if and only if no solution of equation(1.3) has more than one zero in D, i.e., if and only if(1.3) is disconjugate in D.

In this paper various concepts intrinsically defined by the differential equation1.1are interpreted geometrically by concepts analogous to those in the Minkowski plane. This is carried out in § 2. The point of such a development is that one may apply the techniques or transfer known results in the theory of curves (in particular, convex curves) to (1.1), thereby gaining an additional tool in the investigation of this equation. For an application of a result obtained in this way, namely (3.12), see (4).Throughout this paper,R(t)is a real-valued, continuous function ofton the real line (— ∞ < t < + ∞) and only the real solutions of (1.1) are considered.

The definition and some of the properties of what may be called a Perron second integral (P2-integral) were given in a previous paper [4]. This integral starts with a function f(x) defined in an interval (a, c) and goes directly to a second primitive F(x) with the property that the generalized second derivative D2F is equal to f(x) for almost all x in (a, c). In the present paper the definition is changed slightly and further properties are deduced.

This paper continues the study, begun in [7], of the spectral theory of non-self-ad joint second order ordinary differential operators on a half-line. The case of a ‘Very small” potential was studied in [4; 5; 6]. The case considered in [7], and in the present paper, is that where the potential is not so small.

The purpose of this paper is to record some progress on the problem of determining which (bounded, linear) operators A on a separable Hilbert space H are commutators, in the sense that there exist bounded operators B and C on H satisfying A = BC — CB. It is thus natural to consider this paper as a continuation of the sequence (2; 3; 5). In §2 we show that many infinite diagonal matrices (with scalar entries) are commutators and that every weighted unilateral and bilateral shift is a commutator.

This paper is concerned with some of the properties of arcs in the real affine plane which are met by every parabola at not more than four points. Many of the properties of arcs of parabolic order four which we consider here are analogous to the corresponding properties of arcs of cyclic order three in the conformai plane which are described in (1). The paper (2), on parabolic differentiation, provides the background for the present discussion.In Section 2, general tangent, osculating, and superosculating parabolas are introduced. The concept of strong differentiability is introduced in Section 3; cf. Theorem 1. Section 4 deals with arcs of finite parabolic order, and it is proved (Theorem 2) that an end point p of an arc A of finite parabolic order is twice parabolically differentiable.

Letbe an ordinary differential operator of order h whose coefficients are (η, η) matrices defined on the interval 0 ≤ x < ∞, hη = n = 2v. Let the operator L0 be formally self adjoint and let v boundary conditions be given at x = 0 such that the eigenvalue problem(1.1)has no non-trivial square integrable solution. This paper deals with the perturbed operator L∈ = L0 + ∈q where ∈ is a real parameter and q(x) is a bounded positive (η, η) matrix operator with piecewise continuous elements 0 ≤ x < ∞. Sufficient conditions involving L0, q are given such that L∈ determines a selfadjoint operator H∈ and such that the spectral measure E∈(Δ′) corresponding to H∈ is an analytic function of ∈, where Δ′ is a subset of a fixed bounded interval Δ = [α, β]. The results include and improve results obtained for scalar differential operators in an earlier paper (3).

Suppose X is a Banach space and T a continuous linear operator on X. The significance of the asymptotic convergence of T for the approximate solution of the equation (I - T)x = f by means of the Picard iterations was clearly shown in Browder's and Petryshyn's paper [1], The results of [1] have stimulated further investigation of the Picard, and more generally, averaging iterations for the solution of linear and nonlinear functional equations [2; 3; 4; 8; 9]. Kwon and Redheffer [8] analyzed the Picard iteration under the mildest possible condition on T, namely that T be continuous and linear on a normed (not necessarily complete) space X. The results of [8] (still waiting to be extended for the averaging iterations) seem to give the most complete story of the Picard iterations for the linear case. Only when T is subject to some further restrictions, such as asymptotic 4-boundedness and asymptotic A -regularity, one can agree with Dotson [4] that the iterative solution of linear functional equations is a special case of mean ergodic theory for affine operators. This thesis is rather convincingly demonstrated by results of De Figueiredo and Karlovitz [2], and Dotson [3], and most of all by Dotson's recent paper [4], in which the results of [1; 2; 3] are elegantly subsumed under the afrine mean ergodic theorem of Eberlein-Dotson.

We name a functional equation with restricted argument one in which at least one of the variables is restricted to a certain discrete subset of the domain of the other variable(s). In particular, the subset may consist of a single element.The purpose of this paper is to present a functional equation satisfied only by cosine functions.

SynopsisThis paper establishes the existence of an infinite set of zeros for the solution of a certain functional differential equation. The primary condition assuring this oscillatory behavior is expressed in terms of the magnitude of the delay.

Several authors have recently considered the problem of establishing sufficient criteria to guarantee the oscillation or non-oscillation of all solutions of a second order elliptic equation or system. We mention in particular the papers of C. A. Swanson, [15; 16], K. Kreith [9], Kreith and Travis [10], Noussair and Swanson [13], Allegretto and Swanson [3], Allegretto and Erbe [2] and the references therein.

In this paper we study the oscillatory behavior of the even order nonlinear delay differential equation(1)where(i)denotes the order of differentiation with respect tot. The delay termsτiσiare assumed to be real-valued, continuous, non-negative, non-decreasing and bounded by a common constantMon the half line (t0, + ∞ ) for somet0≧ 0.

The notion of almost convergence introduced by Lorentz [15] has been generalized in several directions (see, for example [1; 8; 11 ; 14; 17]). I t is the purpose of this paper to give a generalization based on the original definition in terms of invariant means. This is effected by replacing the shift transformation by an "ergodic" semigroupof positive regular matrices in the definition of invariant mean. The resulting "- invariant means" give rise to a summability method which we dub-almost convergence.

Meier [8, Hauptsatz] proved a remarkable theorem concerning the boundary behavior of functions meromorphic in the upper half plane; but his techniques are very complicated. So Noshiro [10, p. 72-73] proved an analogous (but somewhat weaker) result to Meier's by a simple method using the theorem of Gross and Iversen.In this paper, we sharpen and generalize Noshiro's theorem in some directions by making use of the notion “porosity”, and we state some applications.

It has been proved [3, p. 630] that the martingale convergence theorem obtained by Andersen and Jessen [1, p. 5] follows from the classical theory developed by Doob. By using some results of Yosida and Hewitt [9] on finitely additive set functions, Johansen and Karush [7] proved that the identification of the limit function as a derivative in the approach of Andersen and Jessen can be obtained in the general case. In this paper we sharpen the methods of Andersen and Jessen to obtain a ratio limit theorem for “approximate martingales”.

It is well known that a real valued continuous function f on a closed interval S assumes every value between its maximum and minimum on S, i.e. if ξ is such that f(α) ≦ ξ ≦ f(β) then there exists γ between α and β such that f(γ) = ξ. The purpose of this paper is to develop the existence theory associated with differential and integral inequalities in the context of an intermediate value property for operators on partially ordered spaces. This has the advantage of allowing rather simple proofs of known results while in most cases giving slight improvements, and in some cases substantial improvements, in these results. Classical and recent results from different areas are unified under one principle.

1. Introduction. In this paper we study the asymptotic behavior in λ of the solutions about the origin in the z-plane of the differential equation.Both the variable z and the parameter λ are complex. The coefficient P(z, λ) is assumed to be analytic and single-valued in λ at infinity and in z throughout a bounded, closed, simply connected domain D containing z = 0.

In this paper we shall give necessary and sufficient conditions for three lines, passing respectively through the vertices of a proper triangle PQR in the real Euclidean plane, to be concurrent. Of course, the theorem of Ceva deals with this problem, but it is useful to have a criterion which involves only vectors localized at a point O of the plane, and the exterior products of these vectors. Applications are made to theorems which are not easily proved by other methods.

In this paper I establish the following bounding formula for the integral of a function of n variables:(1.1)

In this paper we consider measures determined by arbitrary functions G(x) for which finite right and left limits exist everywhere and indicate how some of these measures permit the definition of generalized integrals of constructive or Denjoy type. These definitions are related to corresponding descriptive definitions based on the Perron approach as given by Ward (6) and Henstock (2). An exposition of the introductory theory is given in (1).

Singular perturbations of linear elliptic and parabolic boundary-value problems have been studied extensively by Visik and Lyusternik (7), Huet (5), and others. It is the purpose of this paper to extend the results of (5) to the non-linear elliptic and parabolic variational boundary-value problems considered during the last few years by Browder (2, 4).In §1, we give the notations and state the main assumptions on the nonlinearity of the elliptic operators. In §2 we study the singular perturbations of non-linear elliptic variational boundary problems. In §3, we consider the case of non-linear parabolic variational boundary problems with a small parameter.

It is the purpose of this paper to establish oscillation criteria for second order nonlinear differential equations with retarded argument. Specifically, we consider the equation1.1where f ∊ C[0, + ∞) x R2, g ∊ C[0, + ∞), and1.2We shall restrict attention to solutions of (1.1) which exist on some ray [T, + ∞). A solution of (1.1) is called oscillatory if it has no largest zero.

Examining certain problems in physics M. Hosszu [l] obtained the functional equation(1)where x, y, f are real.In another paper M. Hosszu [2] proved that the equation (1) is equivalent to the functional equation of Cauchy; i. e., to the equation(1)under the assumption that x is real and f is real and continuous.

Representations of harmonic functions by means of integrals taken over the harmonic boundary ΔR of a Riemann surface R enable one to study the classification theory of Riemann surfaces in terms of topological properties of ΔR (cf. [6; 4; 1; 7]). In deducing such integral representations, essential use is made of the fact that the functions in question attain their maxima and minima on ΔR.The corresponding maximum principle in higher dimensions was discussed for bounded harmonic functions in [3]. In the present paper we consider Dirichlet-finite harmonic functions. We shall show that every such function on a subregion G of a Riemannian N-space R attains its maximum and minimum on the set , where ∂G is the relative boundary of G in R and the closures are taken in Royden's compactification R*. As an application we obtain the harmonic decomposition theorem relative to a compact subset K of R* with a smooth ∂(K ∩ R).

A well-known theorem asserts that if K is a field, a prime ideal in the polynomial ring S = K[X1, … Xn] and d the transcendence degree of S / over K n = rank + d. In the first half of this paper we extend this result to the case of arbitrary commutative noetherian K, as well as giving a purely homological proof of the classical theorem. In the second half we use our first result to compute the analogue of the dimension of the product and intersection of two affine varieties when K is a Dedekind ring.

In this paper we shall investigate the singular behaviour of the solutions to the elliptic equation(1.1)where A (r2), C(r2) are entire functions of the complex variable

Almost tangent structures have been studied by Eliopoulos [1] and certain Riemannian structures subordinate to almost tangent structures have been studied by Closs [2]. In this paper we investigate those subordinate Riemannian structures for which the underlying almost tangent structure is without torsion and those for which the fundamental form is closed.Similar studies have been carried out with respect to Riemannian structures subordinate to almost complex structures by Lichnerowicz [4] and with respect to Riemannian structures subordinate to almost product structures by Legrand [5].

This is the continuation of our paper [1] and includes the results promised there. As in [1], we consider a homogeneous elliptic equation in two variables. In [1] we showed that all solutions of such equations can be written in a specific form, viz. in the form of an infinite series in certain specific polynomials. Here we first establish that a common solution of any two positive powers of any two linearly independent, linear elliptic polynomials can be expressed as a polynomial (Lemma 2).

In an earlier paper [3] we considered an inversion formula for the Gauss transformation G defined by1.1We noted there that formally G is inverted by,1.2and we showed that if e-D2 is interpreted via the power series for the exponential function, that is if1.3then under certain conditions on φ,1.4

Let be a Hilbert space with inner product (•, •) and let E(•) and E0(•) be spectral measures in corresponding to self-adjoint operators and . In this paper we consider the set function ƒ(I × J) = E(I)E0(J) defined on the semiring of bounded rectangles, and obtain an integral representation for this set function for disjoint I, J under the hypotheses that H — H0 is a type of Carleman operator.

This paper continues the work begun in [l] and examines the loss of power when using tests based on the assumption that the variable being sampled has a “complete” normal distribution, when in fact, sampling is from a symmetrically truncated distribution. The hypothesis considered here is the one - sided test for the variance of a normal distribution. Some tables have been computed and they show that appreciable losses in size occur. Some loss occurs in the power too, but this decreases with the alternative value of the variance and the degree of truncation.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss conjugate points in symmetric spaces. Although the results are neither surprising nor altogether unknown, the author does not know of their explicit occurrence in the literature.Briefly, conjugate points in the tangent bundle to the tangent space at a point of a symmetric space are characterized in terms of the algebraic structure of the symmetric space. It is then shown that in the simply connected case the first conjugate locus coincides with the minimum (cut) locus. The interest in this last fact lies in its identification of a more or less locally and analytically defined set with one which includes all the topological interest of the space.

In a recent paper [2], the author, with F. M. Cholewinski, derived criteria for the series expansions of solutions u(x, t) of the Laguerre differential heat equation xuxx + (α + 1 - x)ux = ut in terms of the Laguerre heat polynomials and of their temperature transforms. Our present goal is the characterization of those solutions which are representable in a Maclaurin double series in xe-t and in 1 — e-t Some of the results are analogous to those derived by D. V. Widder in [4] for the classical heat equation and by the author in [1] for the generalized heat equation.

In this paper we consider the Cauchy problem for the equation(1) h(x, y) K(y) vxx − vyy + a(x, y) vx + b(x, y) vy + c(x, y) v + f(x, y) = 0with initial values prescribed on a segment of the x-axis. The coefficients in (1) are assumed to possess two continuous derivatives with respect to x and one continuous derivative with respect to y in the closure of the domain under consideration.

1. Introduction and summary. In her papers (12) and (13) R. Moufang discusses projective plane geometries which satisfy the axiom of the uniqueness of the fourth harmonic point. Her main result is that in such geometries non-homogeneous co-ordinates may be assigned to the points of the plane (except for the “line at infinity”) in such a way that straight lines have equations of the forms aαx + y + β = 0, or x + γ − 0.

In this paper we are dealing with differential equations of the forms:Eiwhere the functions pi are positive.By a solution of an equation of the above forms, we mean a function x(t) ∈ C2 [c, + ∞) where c is a non-negative constant, which satisfies the corresponding equation on the whole interval [c, +∞). By an oscillatory solution of (Ei), we mean a solution with arbitrarily large zeros.

Let f(z) be a function meromorphic in the unit disc D = (|z| < 1). We consider the maximum modulusand the minimum modulusWhen no confusion is likely, we shall write M(r) and m(r) in place of M(r,f) and m(r,f).Since every normal holomorphic function belongs to an invariant normal family, a theorem of Hayman [6, Theorem 6.8] yields the following result.THEOREM 1. If f(z) is a normal holomorphic function in the unit disc D, then(1)This means that for normal holomorphic functions, M(r) cannot grow too rapidly. The main result of this paper (Theorem 5, also due to Hayman, but unpublished) is that a similar situation holds for normal meromorphic functions.

1. Introduction. The potential theory of real harmonic tensors, which was first studied by Hodge (5), offers a variety of problems by no means all of which have yet been examined. In the present paper there are formulated the solutions of some boundary value problems for the Poisson equations associated with coclosed harmonic forms. These problems include as special cases a number of previous results on coclosed harmonic forms and harmonic fields.

We shall present in this paper a certain theorem concerning complex manifolds provided with an Hermitian metric satisfying the Kaehler restriction. The variables z1, z2, …, zn denote local complex coordinates in the manifold and their conjugates. The subscripts a, b, c, … run from 1 to n and by .

Let H0m(Ω) denote the so-called Sobolev space consisting of functions denned on a region Ω in n-dimensional Euclidean space, which together with their generalized derivatives of all orders ⩽m belong to , and which vanish in a certain sense on the boundary ∂Ω. (Precise definitions are given in the next section.) For each pair m, k of non-negative integers the inclusion H0m+k(Ω) ⊂ H0m(Ω) defines a natural “embedding” map. For the case of a bounded region Ω it is well known that these maps are completely continuous, and even, for sufficiently large k, of Hilbert-Schmidt type. We have discussed complete continuity in the case of unbounded regions in an earlier paper; here we consider conditions on Ω which imply the Hilbert-Schmidt property for embeddings.

A special case of the theorem of Marcinkiewicz states that if T is a linear operator which satisfies the weak-type conditions (p, p) and (q,q), then T maps Lr continuously into itself for any r with p < r < q. In a recent paper (5), as part of a more general theorem, Calderόn has characterized the spaces X which can replace Lr in the conclusion of this theorem, independent of the operator T. The conditions which X must satisfy are phrased in terms of an operator S(σ) which acts on the rearrangements of the functions in X.One of Calderόn's results implies that if X is a function space in the sense of Luxemburg (9), then X must be a rearrangement-invariant space.

It is known that under special conditions, Fourier sine transforms and Fourier cosine transforms behave asymptotically like a power of x, either as x → 0 or as x → ∞ or both. For example (3),where f(x) = x–αϕ(x), 0 < α < 1, and ϕ(x) is of bounded variation in (0, ∞) and Fc(x) is the Fourier cosine transform of f(x). This suggests that other results connecting the behaviour of a function at infinity with the behaviour of its Fourier or Watson transform near the origin might exist. In this paper wre derive various such results. For example, a special case of these results iswhere f(x) is the Fourier sine transform of g(x). It should be noted that the Fourier inversion formula fails to give f(+0) directly in this case. Some applications of these results to show the relationships between various forms of known summation formulae are given.

The boundary value problems considered in this paper relate to harmonic p-tensors on Riemannian manifolds with boundary. We study the equation of Beltrami-Laplace

Our aim in this paper is to extend a known theorem about the convergence of subsequences of the partial sums of the Fourier series in one variable of class L 2 to Fourier series in two variables of the same class, (1, p. 396). The theorem asserts that for each function ƒ in L 2, there is a sequence {m V } of positive integers of upper density one such that Smv(X;ƒ) converges to ƒ almost everywhere where sm(x;f) denotes the mth partial sum of the Fourier series of ƒ.

Introduction. This paper concerns the problem of extending a given measure defined on a Boolean ring to a measure on the generated σ-ring. Two general methods are familiar to the literature, that of Lebesgue (outer measure) and a method proposed by Borel using transfinite induction (4, 49-134; 2, 228-238).

An nth order homogeneous linear differential equation is said to be disconjugate on the interval I of the real line in case no non-trivial solution of the equation has more than n - 1 zeros (counting multiplicity) on I. It is the purpose of this paper to establish several necessary and sufficient conditions for disconjugacy of the third order linear differential equation(1.1)where pi(t) is continuous on the compact interval [a, b], i = 0, 1, 2.

The theorems in this paper are all concerned with either pointwise or uniform approximation by functions which have unit modulus or by convex combinations of such functions. The results are related to, and are outgrowths of, the theorems in [4; 5; 10].In § 1, we show that a function bounded by 1, which is analytic in the open unit disc Δ and continuous on may be approximated uniformly on the set where it has modulus 1 (subject to certain restrictions; see Theorem 1) by a finite Blaschke product; that is, by a function of the form*where |λ| = 1 and |αi| < 1, i = 1, …, N. In § 1 we also discuss pointwise approximation by Blaschke products with restricted zeros.