Search

Offers a look at the work of the Crown Agents for Colonies, an office in London, England responsible for the business affairs of British overseas territories in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Reorganization made to the office in 1858; Advantages and commissions given to Crown Agents; Number of loans issued since 1858; Other business interests.

The article features George Gordon, a retired navy lieutenant, who opposed the proposals for Catholic Emancipation in London, England on July 2, 1780. Gordon led the crowd of about 50,000 people to the House of Commons to present the petition for the repeal of the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1778. It states that the demonstration turned into a riot where many Catholic chapels and private houses are destroyed and some rioters killed.

The article presents a historical background and a critical analysis of the works of Frederick Mott, neuropathologist and founder of Maudsley Laboratories in Great Britain. It explores his contributions to neuropathology and to the pathology of mental disorders. His influence to his successor professor Frederic Lucien Golla is also discussed. According to the author, Mott's publications from 1880 onwards were focused on the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the nervous system. He states that these interests of Mott were influenced by his mentor E. A. Schäfer. He accounts that Mott and Schäfer have collaborated on two papers, including one which investigates the extent of the head and the eye area in the frontal cortex of the monkey.

The article presents the first of three papers on the scientific bases of theories in psychiatry, based on material that was developed into a lecture given at the Institute of Psychiatry, University of London in London, England in 1970. It reflects on the decline of the prestige of scientific knowledge at the present, and looks at what science means for the early psychiatrists. It explains that science calls for attitudes, such as dedication, reverence for truth and humility, which are now almost obsolete in the scientific working communities. It also examined the address given by psychiatrists Edward Mapother and Frederick Golla, which answered questions of whether psychiatry can aspire to be a science.

The article presents the paper, the first of a series of reporting a five to fifteen year follow-up study of children with infantile psychoses, which attempts to provide a fairly detailed description of the children and their disorders in England. The group consisted of the 69 children who were all those who attended the Maudsley Hosspital between 1950 and 1958. The group is compared with a group of non-psychotic children who attended the same hospital at the same time, and who were individually matched for age, sex and intelligence levels.

The article presents the paper that discusses about Hollymoor Hospital, an urban mental hospital located at the southwest of Birmingham, England. An analysis was done on the data related to the build-up of the long-stay patients resident for two years or more in the hospital, the reception area, the staff, as well as the total patient population. The patients who stayed long in the hospital starting December 31, 1964, and details of the patients admitted during the period 1953-62 were examined. There was a prediction in the hospital's future long-stay bed need. The causes of prolonged institutionalization were emphasized. The remedies and the provision of specialized facilities for treatment and research were suggested as the proper function of this urban mental hospital in the future.

The article cites a study that examines the genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of schizophrenia through twin and family studies. One development being tackled in the paper is the study of a large sample of schizophrenic twins in a non-Western culture. A register of all twins seen at the Medical Research Council's Psychiatric Genetics Unit of the Maudsley and Bethlehem Royal Joint Hospital in London, England has been kept from 1948 onwards. Based on 16 years' consecutive admissions to out-patient facilities, the need to make better provision for cases with a good prognosis than previous schizophrenic twin samples is concluded.

Information about several papers discussed at the "Sixth International Congress of Psychotherapy," held in London, England in August 1964 is presented. The Royal Medico-Psychological Association (RMPA) officially sponsored and organized the congress. The event explores the advantage of an international meeting ground. The president of RMPA gave a short welcome that seemed to set the tone for the whole event.

The method of decomposition is applied to evaluate the role played by fertility and age composition of women at risk in annual fluctuations in the number of legitimate live births in England and Wales during the period 1956–70. The analysis shows that the upward trend in the numbers of births during the period 1956–64 was mainly due to a rise in the level of period fertility and that the downward trend thereafter has been due to a declining trend in fertility alone. The analysis also shows that the size and age distribution of women at risk have strongly affected the size of birth cohorts born since 1964. Such effects have been in the direction of increasing the numbers of births to women under 25 years of age in a period of falling fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A controlled comparison study was completed using interview data from 80 women each experiencing their first pregnancy whilst single. Half of the women continued their pregnancy, in some cases marrying the father. The other half obtained an abortion. Two interviewers, one male and the other female, each completed an equal number of interviews with both groups of women.The women selected for the study had the following traits: (1) never married before this, their first conception; (2) aged 17–30 years; (3) white ethnic status; (4) had not delivered or terminated the pregnancy at the time of the interview. The sample consisted of volunteers from the ante-natal and gynaecology clinics at St Mary's Hospital Medical School and Samaritan Hospital for Women, London, W.2, and Kingston and Richmond Hospitals, Surrey.Almost all topics examined in the pre-conception period turned out to be characteristic of women experiencing their first illegitimate conception, whether or not they continued the pregnancy. A detailed examination of contraceptive background revealed no significant differences between the two groups of women, with two exceptions. Women having abortions were more likely, at the time before they conceived, to have accepted the idea of using contraception. A small number of these women were also more likely to have made an effort to obtain a clinical contraceptive device.The only other pre-conception factor found to be associated with abortion involved the relationship with the father up to the time of conception. If that relationship was uncertain, less meaningful than previous ones, or a social rather than a romantic one, the woman was more likely to terminate the pregnancy.In contrast to the pre-conception period, almost all analyses of events subsequent to conception revealed differences between the two groups of women. Both concern over being discredited by other people and concealing information about the pregnancy were traits associated with having an abortion, but in a qualitative rather than an absolute sense. These aspects of social stigma were common to all women before the first pregnancy test, but became more evident amongst women having abortions once the pregnancy had been clinically confirmed. Both concern over being discredited and concealing the pregnancy were experienced in relation to particular persons. For women terminating their pregnancies these were usually their parents.The degree of acceptability of abortion and unmarried motherhood differed between the groups, but they were similar in their views on the acceptability of marriage with pregnancy and adoption. These four alternatives were further examined in terms of the women's preferences and here the two groups differed.Finally, there were differences between the groups in the effect of the pregnancy on the relationship with the putative father. Women having abortions were more likely to find themselves in a relationship that had either finished or was likely to finish after the father knew of the pregnancy. Some were pregnant by a social acquaintance which precluded either marriage or joint parenthood.The findings are discussed in terms of the relationship between contraception and abortion for the single woman and consideration is given to the implications for fertility research and contraceptive and pregnancy services. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on the rise of the legal profession in India. The history of the legal profession in India begins with the establishment of the first British court in Bombay in 1672 by Governor Gerald Aungier. The "East India Company" tried to discourage the growth of the profession because the directors believed that more lawyers would bring an increase in lawsuits and foments more disputes in the colonies. The Company's attitude of contempt for the legal profession reflected the disreputable state of the bench and bar in England during the years of the Restoration. The first barristers appear in India after the opening of the Supreme Court in Calcutta, India in 1774. The establishment of the Supreme Court brought recognition, wealth, and prestige to the legal profession and brought a steady flow of well-trained barristers and solicitors into Calcutta, India. The expense of living as a gentleman attorney was often greater than the lucrative income of legal practice. From 1772, the British undertook to administer justice to the occupants of their territories outside the presidency towns. To regulate the profession a number of rules were laid down.

The article discusses attributes of the Supreme Court judges in India. Technically, appointments to the Supreme Court are made by the President of India "after consultation with judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts in the States as the President may deem necessary. It is most unlikely that any judge reached the nation's highest tribunal from essentially humble social or economic origins. Currently, the maximum strength of the Court is fourteen judges, Including the Chief. Thirty-one are Hindu, four are Muslim, and one Vivian Bose is a Christian. Half of these men received some part of their higher education in England, and the others were educated entirely in India. Several in the former category received a baccalaureate degree first in India, and then a second one in England. Before being inducted into the Supreme Court, these men had very similar professional socialization experiences. From 1861 to 1935, at least one-third of the judges of each High Court had to be members of the elite Indian Civil Service.

Studies the expansion of the English trade between 1550 and 1650. Opinion of economic historian Henri Pirenne on the role of capitalists on economic developments; Factors affecting the expansion of trade.

Presents an overview of bread prices in London, England and Glasgow, Scotland from 1788 to 1815. Applicability of London's experience during Napoleonic Wars to a regional center with different supply patterns, consumer preferences and social customs; Differences in the price history and set of price relationships of the two regions.

Focuses on how Mark Blaug interpreted the Old Poor Law in England which reflects the public welfare system. Social implications of the law; Discussion on agricultural labor and productivity.

Examines the economic growth of England before the industrial revolution. Type of economy and economic system which existed in England between Norman conquest and the industrial revolution; Details of the economic changes that occurred in England.

Examines the rise in agricultural productivity and economic growth in England in the period 1700-1760. Benefits of cheap bread; Consequence of lower grain prices; Factors which limited the effects of the tendency on high leisure preference.

Examines the transformation of the agricultural sector in England in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Problems posed by the changes; Explanations of the agricultural achievements; How the husbandry changes were introduced into the agriculture of preindustrial England.

The article discusses the considerable role played by antiquaries and men of learning in stimulating a consciousness of nationalism in England during the period of 1540 to 1640. These antiquaries supplied the learning for the defense of the Anglican Church, pioneered the study of old languages and preserved and collected stores of documents on learning during the Tudor-Stuart period.

Data from a representative sample of 736 women aged 45–54 living in or near London in 1965 were analysed with respect to menopausal status and median and mean age at menopause (final menses). The median age at the natural menopause was 50·78 years. The validity of the measures used and the reliability of the data in this and previous studies are discussed. The conclusions are reached that median age of menopause is a more valid measurement than mean age and that there is no conclusive evidence of an increase in the age at menopause over the last century. The data also indicate understatement of the age at the last menstrual period (LMP) by women, with increasing lapse of time.The menopause was found to occur markedly later in currently married women than in unmarried or previously married women. When marital status was controlled by considering currently married women only, increased parity was shown to be related to a late menopause among women of higher socio-economic status, but not among those of lower socio-economic status. There was no notable association between the menopause and early or late menarche and socio-economic status. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Focuses on the impact of industrial revolution on factor returns and output growth in England. Information on the revolution; Economic significance of the revolution.

Provides information on the Bank Act of 1844, which mandates the banking industry in England. Provisions of the act; Implications of the act to the Bank of England; Rules on bank reserves under the act.