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Late in the summer of 1967 Southland Paper Mills, Inc. placed in operation a 52,000-kw combined cycle power plant. The plant utilizes two 13,550-kw gas turbines and one 25,000-kw single automatic extraction condensing steam turbine. The power plant furnishes the total power requirements for their new Sheldon mill. This paper presents background data on the mill and describes the power plant in some detail. Flow diagrams are presented and reviewed. Features of the generating equipment and the steam generators are described. Switchgear and load coordination is discussed. The operation and reliability of the plant to date are summarized and the combined cycle in terms of paper mill requirements is evaluated.Copyright © 1969 by ASME

The use of pulp wash as an aid in the production of citrus juice has gained acceptance since 1957. Earlier use is known, but real recognition seemed to await a certain period in the development of frozen orange juice concentrate, and a freeze. The history of this product could be divided into three time periods each approximately equal. The first period of time was certainly formative in which the product enjoyed all of the advantages of novelty. The second period of time was characterized by increasing competition and need for lowering costs. This required that the plants measure the fruit in terms of pounds of soluble solids and that they recover as product all that could be had without an unquestionable damage to quality. The demand for more recovery of the soluble solids exceeded the capability of any mechanical finishing equipment to distinguish between the juice left on a quite dry pulp and the pulp, which still had good juice on it. This brought about fresh thinking and new processing ideas, including one of gently rinsing the juice from a wet pulp. This became known as “Pulp Wash” and was developed during the third period of time. Paper published with permission.

The Citrus Processing industry has come a long way in the last twenty years. In some respects the handling of plant wastes may be said to have kept pace with this growth. Two decades ago, the only by-product was peel oil. Peelings and pulp were hauled away to groves or other suitable locations by crude forerunners of modern dump trucks. The more remote this location was the better since the odor could be terrific. Any suitable lake or city sewer or underground well was used for liquid wastes. Paper published with permission.

The importance of this development to the citrus industry need not be further discussed as all of you are well aware of financial advantage possible through pulp washing. Paper published with permission.

Pelleting of complete formula feeds in this country started in the early 1930’s. Today, it is estimated that over thirty million tons are pelleted annually. Pelleting of single ingredients, such as citrus fines, alfalfa meal, wheat by-products, and sugar beet pulp, received their impetus in the early 1950’s. Today, it appears that large quantities of citrus pulp will be pelleted for the domestic and foreign markets. Paper published with permission.

Processors of citrus fruit are faced with disposal of the pulp left over after juice is extracted from the fruit. Generally, the pulp is dried in steam or oil fired dryers and then sold as cattle feed. If disposal of the pulp is the prime factor of interest to the operator; shredding and hot air drying is sufficient. For more efficient removal of water from the pulp and the obtainment of other by-products, mainly citrus molasses and stripper oil, consideration should be given to the installation of presses and a molasses evaporator. Most authorities will agree that water can be evaporated more efficiently in a multiple effect evaporator than in a hot air dryer. Presses and an evaporator represent considerable investment, therefore the decision to install a Molasses Plant must be weighed carefully, balancing potential savings against the installed cost. Paper published with permission.

Automated control is an old story in the concentrate industry and is typified by the normal evaporator control systems, brix blenders, etc. that are installed in all of the concentrate plants. The phase of automation to be discussed here concerns the control of the rate of oranges being conveyed from the storage bins to and through the juicing operation. The purpose of this control system is to allow the extraction, finishing and pulp wash processes to take place at continuous uniform rates in direct and continued relationship to evaporator requirements. Paper published with permission.

Bulk storage of dried citrus pulp at Plymouth was first considered because our customers, many of whom have been buying our pulp for 15 years, were adopting feeding systems which fitted bulk feeds, and because bag and bag dumping costs seemed to provide a source for sizeable savings. Paper published with permission.

One of the most perplexing problems that confronts the designer of citrus processing machinery and equipment is that of corrosion resistance. Citrus waste product, pulp, and juice have a citric acid content of around 2.7% by weight which will quickly destroy paint or lacquer finishes and will rapidly corrode carbon or low alloy steels. Only the highly alloyed chromium nickel steels, monel, inconel, pure nickel, some of the bronzes, tin and copper can withstand the corrosive attack of citrus juice and pulp. Paper published with permission.

Dried citrus pulp is an important by-product of the citrus processing industry. It is a bulky, granular, carbohydrate concentrate livestock feed produced by drying the peel, seed, and rag refuse of citrus fruit. Approximately 324,159 tons of citrus pulp were produced in 1964–65 (2). This amount will probably increase by more than 60 percent during the next 10 years, since the orange crop is expected to increase from the 1964–65 estimate of 83,000,000 boxes to 183,000,000 by 1975 with 80 percent of the oranges being processed (7). The 1975 grapefruit crop is expected to be 30,000,000 boxes with over one-half being processed. These increases in citrus production could mean that by 1975 over 650,000 tons of dried pulp would be produced in the State. Paper published with permission.

The annual production of dried citrus pulp within the Florida Citrus Industry has risen during the past twenty five years from a modest beginning to a total of over 330,000 tons per year. To this must be added another 52,000 tons of citrus meal and citrus molasses produced last year so that the combined total by-products production for cattle feed purposes during the 1958–59 season was approximately 380,000 tons. This was estimated to be worth over 14 million dollars. Paper published with permission.

Most of you have probably noticed the new addition to the Kraft Citrus Products Division Plant here in Lakeland. This is their new sectionizing plant for the preparation of fruit salad, which has only been in operation for a few weeks. Paper published with permission.

Almost four million tons of citrus fruit were used by the Florida processing plants last year. Juice obtained from citrus represents only approximately half of the weight of the fruit. Two million tons of peel, pulp and seeds, accumulated yearly at processing plants, presents a challenge and an opportunity. This is a large amount of raw material, readily available, concentrated in a relatively small number of locations, and produced over a period of time which makes possible economical handling and processing. Paper published with permission.

The horsepower size of the engines that are being used by the highway hauler trucking industry has been steadily increasing. The most obvious advantage for using a gas turbine engine for this application is the significant savings in weight and size over other types of prime movers. The mechanical transmission, for use in the heavy duty highway hauler tractor application, has been the standard of the industry because of its advantages in reliability, cost, efficiency, weight, size, and ease of maintenance. This paper describes some of the developments and improvements which have been made to the mechanical transmission that practically eliminates all the skills and effort required to operate the new generation of gas turbine highway hauler tractors. The purpose of this paper is to present some of the approaches which have been taken to optimize the mechanical transmission for the heavy duty gas turbine tractor application by proper selection of gear ratios to improve vehicle performance, and by the utilization of newly developed controls and drivetrain components that produces a more versatile mechanical transmission.Copyright © 1974 by ASME

The recent upsurge in the utilization of turbomachinery in the various industries has created a great interest in various educational programs in this area. The scope of engineering education in turbomachines is very broad. The undergraduate student and his initial relationship with this subject is only the first phase of this education. Extension coruses at various levels to the practicing engineer is another important phase. Graduate courses in this area with their inherent research projects rounds out the entire picture. The paper outlines the various courses of study for the different phases and also interrelates these phases to show how by an exchange of information the various groups might benefit from each other. The paper also deals with various basic research and educational test rigs which may be setup to benefit both graduate and undergraduate students.Copyright © 1974 by ASME

This paper describes the design and development of the compressor and turbines of the British Leyland 2S/350/R truck engine. The design of these components has to meet the cycle requirements for efficiency and operating range on the one hand and have the ability to withstand the steady and vibratory stresses on the other. In addition the design has been influenced both by manufacturing methods and by the fact that the engine has to operate in an automotive environment. The paper discusses how these often conflicting requirements have been satisfied in the latest version of the engine.Copyright © 1974 by ASME

This paper presents information on the NREC core engine development program. The subject engine is a 100-hp, two-shaft gas turbine that is the low-power end of a family of engines up to 500 hp, both nonregenerative and regenerative. The major goal of the program has been the development of a low-cost small gas turbine engine (less than $5/hp to produce in quantities of 15,000/yr). Other objectives include low emissions (meeting the anticipated EPA standards for the markets of interest), relatively high performance (design point SFC = 0.7 for the simple-cycle engine and 0.4 for the regenerative version), and relatively long life (10,000-hr life at design power and a minimum service period of 500 hr). Items specifically covered in this paper include the following: (a) A description of the core engine concept. Frame size, regenerative, recuperative, and air compressor versions are discussed. (b) A technical description of the core engine concept. The salient low-cost features are identified. (c) The development program results. Some of the engine performance and manufacturing cost analysis results are given.Copyright © 1974 by ASME

In this paper, the authors describe construction and initial operating experience on two prototype gas turbine power plants located thousands of miles apart: Isefjordvaerket’s 140-MW plant at Kyndby, Denmark, built by Brown Boveri-Sulzer Turbomachinery (BST) and Northern States Power’s 200-MW plant at Blue Lake, Minnesota, built by Turbodyne Corporation (TBD). The paper provides a unique opportunity of comparing two approaches to a similar plant construction concept.Copyright © 1974 by ASME

This paper discusses the development of a 125-Mw combined cycle generating unit from the original developmental concepts to the initial operation. The initial justification, the evolution of the plant through design, and the actual construction are discussed. The actual construction site and the equipment utilized are described. A discussion of the cooling system and the licensing efforts that were required are also discussed. This paper also shows how this type of plant will provide a versatile, economical, mid-range peaking plant.Copyright © 1974 by ASME

This paper describes the construction and initial operation fo a 260-MW combined cycle power generating plant consisting of two gas turbines, each with its own heat recovery steam generator. The steam, which is generated at 1200 lb 950 deg in each of the boilers, is combined to feed a single cylinder axial exhaust steam turbine. The paper describes the major components and operating cycle, the control system and some of the initial startup problems.Copyright © 1974 by ASME

This paper considers the major interfaces between the main propulsion gas turbine and its environment in the ship. Both hardware and software interfaces are recognized and accent is placed on the designer’s approach to them. The importance of proper appreciation of design restraints and requirements is underlined. The various problems are general, and have been listed and discussed in summary form. Their solution can be sought with vigor only when applied to the particular case of a given gas turbine in a firmly projected ship. Thus the paper discusses problems and asks questions; it does not offer any general solutions.Copyright © 1974 by ASME

This paper, one of a series (see Appendix), deals with preparation by the manufacturer of the gas turbine, components, and accessories for domestic or overseas shipment. Further, it endeavors to point out some critical areas requiring serious attention prior to installation and operation of gas-turbine systems.Copyright © 1971 by ASME

In May of 1960 La Fleur Enterprises, later to become The La Fleur Corporation, undertook the design of a closed-cycle gas turbine utilizing helium as a working fluid. The useful output of this machine was to be in the form of a stream of helium bled from the last stage of the compressor. This stream was to be used in a low-temperature refrigeration cycle (not described in this paper) and would be returned to the compressor inlet at approximately ambient temperature and at compressor-inlet pressure. The design of this machine was completed by the end of 1960 and construction was initiated immediately. The unit was completed and initial tests were made in the Spring of 1962. This paper covers the design philosophy as it affected the conceptual and preliminary design phases of the project and describes briefly the design of the various components. Photographs of these components and a flow schematic are included.Copyright © 1963 by ASME

This paper is concerned with the propulsion control system, the philosophy behind its design, and the studies carried out during the design phase for the U.S. Coast Guard WAGB-10 Class Icebreaker. The initial portion of this paper is devoted to the control system-prime mover interface. The authors discuss the main features of the control system including the physical arrangement and operational characteristics as they relate to ship propulsion requirements. As background for discussing the control system requirements, the physical characteristics of the power plants (both diesel and gas turbine) and the propulsion power train are cursorily reviewed. Operation sequence considerations as well as loss of remote control are examined. Other system aspects such as the alarm, logging, and monitoring features are discussed in terms of their relation to performance and/or maintenance capabilities. The results of a transient simulation are reviewed with special emphasis given to their influence on the control system design. Speed and pitch control is described from the five indpendent control stations. Prime mover operation in free route and ice breaking is described with special attention focused on transfer between modes and between prime movers during increased power demand. In conclusion, the authors note that follow up operational and in-service testing and evaluation studies remain to be completed and that the results of such studies, when available, will be compared against the computer study.

This paper presents a closed cycle gas turbine power plant to utilize low temperature and low quality geothermal steam and water, that cannot be utilized in a steam turbine type of power plant. Fluids which have critical temperatures below 300 F, the usual geothermal water temperatures, can be utilized. This paper compares performances of power cycles using various fluids and establishes that carbon dioxide is the most suitable fluid for this application. The paper then compares performances of carbon dioxide cycles and establishes the best thermodynamic region for cycle operation. The generalized characteristics approach was used to analyze cycle performances and is briefly presented. It enables quick comparisons to be made for selection of an optimum cycle. The paper then considers a 2000-kw power plant operating on a closed CO2 cycle, establishes the geothermal water requirements and the system design. System control, and start-up problems are also discussed.Copyright © 1970 by ASME

The specification of permitted usable lives, or as they are frequently called “life limits,” is an F.A.A. requirement for critical aviation gas turbine rotating components in commercial use (1). To establish these life limits in a consistent conservative manner, a statistical analysis is necessary to assimilate the many variables involved. The most important parameters are the expected component deterioration with use, the characteristics of this use and the chosen overhaul times and maintenance procedures. Considerable effort has been expended in the aircraft engine industry to obtain better recordings of actual engine operation and environment. A paper by Hohenburg (2) which was principally concerned with such monitoring devices did, however, state “Users of engines must make decisions on when to perform maintenance, to overhaul, or to retire engines from service …. There is a substantial requirement for rational determination of maintenance and retirement intervals.” This paper demonstrates such a rational approach in the form of computer program SMILE (Statistical, Maintenance, Inspection and Life Evaluation). It compares, on the basis of estimated risk, alternative choices of life limits by including all the principal parameters involved. An example makes a comparison of a component with early crack initiation and substantial propagation before failure with an alternative design having late crack initiation but virtually infinitely fast propagation. It shows how a life limit may be considered redundant but necessary in the first case and essential in the second. The alternative risks with specified permitted usable lives will be estimated for each design.Copyright © 1970 by ASME

This paper is a continuation of a previously presented paper, which described the over-all design of the major components of a mobile power unit. The present paper is concerned with the main power equipment only and offers a detailed description of the design features which were developed for this project and also provide the flexibility necessary to make this gas turbine suitable for other applications.Copyright © 1956 by ASME

This paper describes the general requirements and past design practices on airborne gas-turbine-driven auxiliary power units, and in addition describes a new solution to the problem — installation of an APU in a streamlined pod. The unit was designed and developed by Solar Aircraft Company for use on the Convair C-131B airplane. Normally two complete pod units are used per airplane, one mounted beneath the wing on each side of the fuselage. Each is attached by means of a standard bomb shackle. Provisions have been made for jettisoning the unit in case of emergency. The paper describes the advantages of a gas turbine as the prime mover in airborne APU applications, the nature of the gas-turbine engine chosen, and its control system.Copyright © 1956 by ASME

The S.S.S. (Synchro-Self-Shifting) overrunning clutch with its pawl actuated helical sliding motion is well known, particularly in the gas turbine field. This paper reviews briefly the clutch operating principle, then outlines some of the service experience since 1958 in naval main propulsion drives in COSOS, COSAG, CODOG, CODAG and COGOG plant. Extra features are then described such as a lock-out control as is usually necessary for turbine applications to permit turbine testing, e.g., when in harbor; also a lock-in control as is essential when the clutch has to transmit power in both directions of rotation. Various clutch mounting respective advantages. The paper concludes with information regarding reliability during many years of service experience.Copyright © 1972 by ASME

Although there is tremendous interest in the gas turbine and it has become a fully recognized prime mover, there have been relatively little data collected in one paper which would aid in evaluating various gas turbine cycles. This paper presents estimating cost data which can be used for preliminary evaluations and discusses factors, unique with the gas turbine, which should be considered. Although well known, two of the common methods of evaluating power plants are discussed with particular reference to gas turbines.Copyright © 1958 by ASME

A more flexible approach is needed to accommodate rapidly changing require requirements of the fuel market toward the gas-turbine manufacturer. The impact of new fuels on performance of the gas turbine is both long and short range. The short-range effects influence the design of the fuel-handling, combustion, and control systems. Long-range effects on the gas turbine include potential corrosion of the blades and vanes, as some of the new fuels contain small but varying amounts of sodium, potassium, vanadium, and lead. These metallic trace elements, in causing corrosion, are independent of the type of fuel in which they are contained; therefore, safe trace element levels can be established under controlled laboratory conditions, using small specimens of the structural material. This paper deals mainly with the crude oil.Copyright © 1971 by ASME

The transporting of liquids and gases is a basic need of civilization. Many methods have been and are used, ranging from the Egyptian water jar to the modern pipe line. The method used in today’s economy depends on the kind and amount of fluid to be transported. Martinis are delivered in 2 ounce glasses by a waiter, whereas oil is transported by 6 to 16 inch pipe lines. For purposes of discussion in this paper we will assume that the requirements are such that the fluid must be delivered to a particular location at a uniform rate. Thus, with this assumption, the most economical method of transporting would be by pipe. If the pipe and valve circuit is to be designed for most economical installation and operation, there are several things that should be known at the outset. Paper published with permission.

The person confronted with the selection of a gas-turbine air cleaner is faced with a dilemma because the data available to guide his selection are inconsistent and not complete. The need for air cleaners has been established. The level of air-cleaner efficiency required to protect the gas turbine from the effects of dust ingestion has not. This paper reviews the data available and relates it to Donaldson Company experience. Air-cleaner specifications and how they are influenced by gas-turbine needs and experience are discussed. Today’s gas-turbine air cleaners and what they will do are reviewed. The paper concludes that it is essential to determine the level of air-cleaner protection required by the various gas turbines and suggests programs to determine it through laboratory and field tests. Further work in air-cleaner and gas-turbine design is suggested to obtain an optimum gas-turbine air cleaner and to obtain long-life gas turbines.

This paper describes the specific procurement information required from the purchaser and corresponding information required from the gas turbine manufacturer in the various phases of procurement. Through the guidelines presented the preparation of procurement specifications and manufacturer’s response will be facilitated and mutual understanding promoted. In sequence, the paper deals with: (a) the purchaser’s inquiry, (b) the manufacturer’s proposal or bid tendering and (c) required after order information: Specimen data sheets are included to illustrate in detail the material presented. This paper is one of a series of ASME papers which present a Proposed Gas Turbine Procurement Standard.Copyright © 1972 by ASME

The Columbian Carbon Company Petrochemical Plant, formerly known as PCI or Petroleum Chemicals, Inc., has now operated three 13,000-hp class gas turbines for ten years. This paper reviews the overall plant arrangement and application of the units. The paper then discusses operating experience and points out on-stream innovations developed over this operating period. Parts life and reliability are touched upon. A critical path maintenance program is discussed. The required high degree of process reliability of the three gas turbines has been established as set forth in this paper.Copyright © 1969 by ASME

After giving a brief survey of some of the salient design features of the Mark TA 750/1000-kw gas turbine, an account is given of some of the different categories of application found for this machine on all six Continents of the World, indicating the economic factors which have led to the selection of gas turbines rather than alternative types of prime mover. The main portion of the paper deals with the operating experience which has been obtained on turbines burning natural gas, distillate, and crude oil fuels. The operation of twenty-nine Mark TA turbines which are now in service has been noteworthy for its complete freedom from blade breakages or other major failures. The few service troubles which have arisen, in nearly all cases, have been concerned with the operation of auxiliary equipment, and further development work is actively in progress on these items, in conjunction with the specialist manufacturers concerned, where necessary. The paper ends with an assessment of likely future trends in the application of medium-power gas turbines. Attention is given to the integration of the turbine with packaged assisted circulation boilers in order to provide compactness and flexibility of output.Copyright © 1958 by ASME

At the 1962 ASME meeting in Houston, Allison submitted a paper describing the possibilities of industrializing the T56 aircraft engine. Since that time, Allison has modified the engine for gas burning and is operating one as a prime mover for a 2000-kw generator at the Indianapolis Plant. In addition, two additional units are to be installed in the gas-transmisson field driving centrifugal gas compressors. This paper gives a description of the units and a status report on the installation and operation. Photographs of the installation and performance data, as necessary to complete the report, are included.Copyright © 1964 by ASME

This paper is a summary of the federal legislation through October 1971 pertaining to environmental controls for air, water, and noise. Only that legislation having an impact on gas turbine, steam turbine, and combined gas turbine–steam turbine power generating equipment is considered. Environmental regulations are changing rapidly and must be followed closely for the next few years. This paper is intended to be the first of a series of papers on the subject.Copyright © 1972 by ASME

This paper is a follow-up to ASME Paper 70-GT-9, “Development of a 3000-HP Industrial Gas Turbine Engine,” and covers further development accomplished during the past two years to adapt the engine to generator drive applications. Specific areas which are covered in detail include: (a) mechanical features of the single-shaft rotor and output drive system as distinct from the two-shaft design; (b) combustor and fuel injections system development for liquid (diesel) fuel and dual fuel capability; (c) fuel control system development; and (d) hydroelectric starting system.Copyright © 1972 by ASME

On May 3, 1955, Hugh Schwarz of Minute Maid delivered a paper at the first Citrus Engineering Conference. In this presentation, Mr. Schwarz outlined some of the problems that faced the citrus industry. He referred to frozen orange concentrate as the “Cinderella” of the industry. Certainly he was correct as a quick look at the growth of production volume will show — from 226,000 gallons in 1946 to 67,000,000 gallons in 1954, with a peak of 116,000,000 gallons in 1962. The industry has expanded indeed in the decade since the first conference. Paper published with permission.

ASME Paper 48-A-109 described combustion liners and fuel nozzles which were originally used in General Electric gas turbines. Operating experience has shown certain shortcomings of these, particularly in regard to liner life and frequency of changing required by the fuel nozzles. This paper describes a new type of liner and fuel nozzle which, on the basis of limited field experience, have shown considerable improvement in these respects. It also gives a brief review of test data and operating experience on combustion liners and fuel nozzles.Copyright © 1956 by ASME

Commencing with a review of the relationship between the manufacturers of the gas turbine machinery, the paper goes on to describe the arrangement of the main propulsion machinery of the Finnish gunboat ‘Turunmaa’. The paper discusses the control arrangement and operation of the boat, and finally discusses the operating experience with the machinery.Copyright © 1969 by ASME

Since fuel comprises a fairly large percent of total gas-turbine operating costs, it is an extremely important subject to the user. This paper, one of a series (see Appendix), describes allowable specifications for gaseous and liquid fuels suitable for burning in gas turbines.Copyright © 1971 by ASME

One of the most interesting recent developments in equipment for food products processing is the new APV Plate Evaporator. The purpose of this paper will be to briefly describe the development, design, operation and application of this Plate Evaporator, particularly with reference to the citrus processing industry. Paper published with permission.

A test was conducted to explore the dynamic mechanical characteristics of a gas turbine-reciprocating compressor system, to define its optimum running conditions, and to verify the analytical results presented in ASME Paper 68-WA/GT-4. This paper summarizes the results of that test.Copyright © 1970 by ASME

This paper is based mainly on theoretical and experimental work done as part of the research program on turbine blade cooling at the National Gas Turbine Establishment. After describing the effects of increased trailing edge thickness on turbine efficiency, the bulk of the paper is concerned with the losses caused by the cooling air. A simple theoretical method for calculating the pressure losses caused by discharging the spent coolant into the main gas stream is described and the available experimental results used for comparison. Reasonable agreement for the loss of efficiency is obtained. The results of some cascade tests on transportation cooled blades are also included.Copyright © 1969 by ASME

This paper will endeavor to acquaint you with the mechanics of moving citrus fruits hydraulically with pumps, as well as lay the ground work for further supplemental technology to be developed through the industry and participation. Paper published with permission.

With increasing international competition and the formation of the common market, a large chemical company producing chlorine and soda decided that it was imperative to reduce to a minimum the costs of its electricity and steam requirements without loss of reliability of supplies. After several schemes had been carefully costed it was concluded that a total energy scheme using packaged ags turbines, burning an economic oil fuel particularly suitable for high temperature machines should be adopted. The gas turbines exhaust through natural circulation heat recovery boilers to produce sufficient steam to meet all the process requirements. This paper reviews the uses of gas turbines in total energy systems, describes the actual fuel adopted, and gives a comprehensive description of the particular plant installed. Some notes on the plant performance up to the time of the submission of the paper are also included.Copyright © 1971 by ASME

This paper describes the high speed cascade program underway at the von Karman Institute Turbomachinery Laboratory in Belgium. The primary purpose of the program is to contribute to the understanding of turbomachinery flow problems at transonic and supersonic speeds. Supersonic axial flow rotor blade sections and subsonic stator blade sections are investigated in a high speed cascade facility. The paper describes the cascade facility, instrumentation, and blade sections investigated. The aerodynamic flow through high subsonic and supersonic cascade blades is discussed, and some data obtained in the cascade tunnel are compared with those obtained in a rotating machine. Several major problems of high speed cascade testing are discussed, although a final solution is not always presented.Copyright © 1968 by ASME

The subject of this paper is the design and operational characteristics of a 43,000-shp combined gas turbine and steam turbine marine powerplant, known as COGAS. Based upon the “second generation technology” FT4C-2 marine gas turbine, the combined cycle fuel rate is 0.363 lb/shp-hr which represents a thermal efficiency of 41 percent. It is the intent of this paper to show that this low fuel rate design can be achieved with simplicity, operational flexibility, and minimum environmental effect.