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This paper is a summary of several working papers prepared for the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) Working Group on Content Designators. The first working paper, January 1973, discussed the obstacles confronting the Working Group, stated the scope of responsibility for the Working Group, and gave definitions of the terms, tags, indicator and data element identifiers, as well as a statement of the function of each. The first paper was submitted to the Working Group for comments and was subsequently modified (revised April 1973) to reflect those comments that were applicable to the scope of the Working Group and to the definition and function of content designators. The present paper makes the basic assumption that there will be a SUPERMARC and discusses principles of format design. This series of papers is being published in the interest of aerting the library community to intemational activities. All individual working papers are submitted to the MARBI interdivisional committee of ALA by the chairman of the IFLA Working Group for comments by that committee.

COLLEGE & RESEARCH LIBRARIES - INDEX TO VOL. XXIX

significance of modern Africa can be easily assessed by the frequent appearance of scholarly as well as popular books on some aspect of African life. While a goodly number of American universities and colleges have a concentration of courses dealing with Africa, no university library would be complete without acquiring some material in this field. College librarians perform the crucial role of making available the necessary written data to insure the development of competent scholarship in a given field. To achieve scholarship in the field of African affairs, whether we like it or not, one must work with considerable speed and urgency. The librarian, therefore, should have some frame of reference for necessary guidance in developing a useful collection. Considering the size of Africa as a continent, the infinite diversity of its people, the complexity of its problems, and the all too real difficulty of securing books and reports, the suggestions made here do not presume to be final or complete in scope. It is merely claimed that they are noteworthy contributions toward the development of scholarship in this field. Perhaps the easiest to secure but the costliest to own are the so-called traditional or classical books on Africa. These books, historical in treatment, form the background or core of any good African collection: Stanley's Travels, Du Chaillu's tales, Bruce's Travels, Baker's Explorations, and so forth, to mention only a few. It is an open secret, I guess, that much of the interest in Africa could have

HIS ARTICLE attempts to assess the point to which management of libraries has progressed, to draw parallels with related fields, and to point out avenues which ap-. pear most promising for furthering development of management theory and practice in the library field. One distinct limitation of present-day thinking about management or administratio n is that there has not yet been developed a standard or universally accepted terminology covering managerial activity. To avoid confusion over semantics, the terms administration and management will be used interchangeably; what is meant here is that group of executive functions commonly associated with the management or administratio n of any organizational enterprise. In 1900, libraries were small compared to their modern counterparts, librarianship was fundamentally a custodial function,' and the techniques of management were relatively simple. Public library clienteles were small and highly literate, and consequent demands upon librarians were modest. College libraries were designed primarily to serve the faculty and only incidentally the students, and the duties of the librarian were frequently absorbed by any available professor. As libraries grew in size, methods were devised locally to organize and preserve the collections, and these techniques were passed on to apprentices or other library workers through individual or class instruction. Early in the century the principal attributes necessary for the library administrator were scholarly attainment and local library experience.