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In today's world, non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) are recognized as substitutes for sugar or other high-calorie sweeteners, and their consumption is increasing dramatically. However, there is ongoing debate regarding the impact of NNSs on anthropometric indices. To fill this gap in knowledge, the current GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to evaluate the effects of artificial- and stevia-based sweeteners consumption on anthropometric indices and serum leptin level which is known as an appetite-regulating hormone. A comprehensive search was conducted on the Scopus, PubMed, and Embase databases up to November 2022 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of NNSs on anthropometric indices and serum leptin levels. Data extraction from qualified studies was performed independently by two researchers. A random- or fixed-effects model was used to estimate weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for anthropometric indices such as body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), waist circumference (WC) and serum leptin level. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using Cochran's Q test and quantified using the I2 statistic. From a pool of 3212 studies initially identified, 20 studies with a total sample size of 2158 subjects were included in the analysis. Results of the pooled analysis showed that NNSs consumption had a significant reducing effect on BW (WMD: −1.02, 95% CI: −1.57, −0.46 Kg), FM (WMD: −1.09, 95% CI: −1.90, −0.29), and FFM (WMD: −0.83, 95% CI: −1.42, −0.23), but did not have any significant effect on BMI (WMD: −0.16, 95% CI: −0.35, 0.02), WC (WMD: −1.03, 95% CI: −2.77, 0.72), or serum leptin level (WMD: −2.17, 95% CI: −4.98, 0.65). The findings of this study indicate that the consumption of artificial- and stevia-based sweeteners may lead to a reduction in body weight, fat mass, and free fat mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveObesity has emerged as a worldwide problem. In recent years, it has been verified that there is an association between sleep duration and obesity indicators. This provides a new approach to control obesity. In this study, the relationship between duration of sleep and body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) among Americans ≥45 years old was investigated.MethodsData was collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2005 and 2014. The link between sleep duration and obesity indicators was analysed using multiple regression models and weighted smoothed curve fitting. Subgroup analysis was conducted to assess the consistency of the connection between sleep duration and obesity indicators across various groups.ResultsThis study involved 7,118 males and 7,265 females, with an average age of 62.09. After total adjustment, sleep duration was negatively correlated with BMI (β = −0.19, 95%CI: −0.26, −0.12), WC (β = −0.36, 95%CI: −0.53, −0.19) and WHtR (β = −0.27, 95%CI: −0.38, −0.17). Subgroup analyses revealed more significant negative associations between sleep duration and BMI, WC, and WHtR among non-Hispanic White participants, and those without diabetes and hypertension.ConclusionSleep duration was significantly negatively associated with BMI, WC, and WHtR, suggesting that longer sleep duration may contribute to lower obesity indicators in middle-aged and elderly Americans. Subgroup analysis showed that their negative correlation differed between races, diabetes, or hypertension status. However, additional prospective studies are required to validate these findings and investigate potential causal relationships.

Background: Depression has become a multifaceted global health issue, with complex connections to obesity. Weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI) can effectively evaluate central obesity, but the relationship between WWI and depression has not been well studied. The study aims to investigate the potential correlation between these two health parameters. Methods: According to the data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, this cross-sectional study used multiple regression analysis, subgroup analysis, and smooth curve fitting to explore the relationship between WWI and depression. The assessment ability of WWI was evaluated and compared to other obesity indicators using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: This study analyzed 38,154 participants. Higher WWI is associated with higher depression scores (β = 0.41; 95% CI, 0.36–0.47). After adjusting for various confounding factors, the positive correlation between WWI and depression remained significant (P for trend < 0.0001). Nonlinear positive correlation was detected with a breakpoint of 11.14. ROC analysis shows that compared to other obesity indicators (ROCWWI = 0.593; ROCBMI = 0.584; and ROCWC = 0.581), the correlation between WWI and depression has better discrimination and accuracy. DII mediated 4.93%, SII mediated 5.08%, and sedentary mediated 0.35% of the total association between WWI and depression. Conclusion: WWI levels were related to an increased likelihood of depression and showed a stronger relationship than BMI and waist circumference. Our findings indicated that WWI may serve as a simple anthropometric index to evaluate depression.

There is currently no available information on the correlation between abdominal obesity indices and the risk of liver fibrosis progression. We aimed to investigate the relationship between the body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and the visceral adiposity index (VAI) with the progression of liver fibrosis. The study also evaluated the association between these indices and the prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and liver fibrosis. A total of 1403 subjects participated in the cross-sectional and longitudinal population-based study. Liver stiffness was assessed via transient elastography, at baseline and follow-up (median: 4.2 years). The subgroup with dysglycemia was also analyzed. In the cross-sectional study, the highest quartile of VAI, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, and abdominal obesity showed significant associations with the prevalence of MASLD and liver fibrosis, as well as with fibrosis progression. However, VAI showed no association with MASLD incidence. Among the dysglycemic subjects, there was no observed association between VAI and the incidence of MASLD or the progression of fibrosis. In conclusion, the BMI, WC, and the VAI are associated with an increased risk of progression to moderate-to-advanced liver fibrosis in the general population. However, the VAI does not perform better than the BMI and WC measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: A single measurement of adiposity indices could predict the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD); nonetheless their long-term pattern and its association with incident CVD are rarely studied. This study aimed to determine distinct trajectories of adiposity indices among participants of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) and their association with incident CVD. Furthermore, this study aimed to investigate whether this association differed among individuals according to their menopausal status. Method: A total of 6840 women participated in TLGS, aged 20 years and older were included in this study; they were followed for a median of 16 years. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), conicity index (CI) and body roundness index (BRI) were included in the analysis as adiposity indices. The cohort outcome panel of medical specialists identified the CVD outcomes. Trajectory analyses were used to identify homogeneous distinct clusters of adiposity indices trajectories. The association between the trajectory group membership and incident CVD were explored by Cox proportional hazard models, with unadjusted and adjusted model for baseline age, physical activity, smoking status, menopause and family history of CVD. Results: Three BMI trajectory groups of low, medium, and high and two trajectories for WC, BRI and CI were identified. Adjusted cox proportional hazard models revealed significant associations between the hazard of CVD experience and the high trajectory group of the BMI (HR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.38-3.07), WC (HR: 2.71, 95% CI: 1.98-3.70), CI (HR: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.26-2.77) and BRI (HR: 1.55-95% CI: 1.12-2.15), compared to the low trajectory group. Subgroup analysis based on the menopausal status of participants showed that the HR of CVD incidences for all of trajectories adiposity indices, except BMI, was statistically significant. Adjusted cox proportional hazard models, in those women not reached menopause during study, revealed that the HR (95% CI) of CVD incidences for high trajectory of BMI, WC, CI and BRI were 2.80 (1.86-7.05); 2.09 (1.40-6.16); 1.72 (1.42-5.61), and 3.09 (1.06-9.01), respectively. These values for those were menopause at the initiation of the study were 1.40 (1.11, 2.53); 1.65 (1.04-2.75); 1.69 (1.01-2.87), and 1.61 (0.98-2.65), respectively. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that adiposity trajectories, particularly central adiposity index of CI, could precisely predict the CVD risk. Consequently, preventive strategies should be tailored accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing body of evidence consistently link obesity and inflammation, Although the direction of the association is still unclear. We aimed to investigate longitudinal associations of body anthropometric, composition and fat distribution parameters with inflammatory markers and vice versa. We used data from 2464 individuals of the SHIP-TREND cohort with a median follow-up of 7 years. Linear regression models adjusted for confounders were used to analyze associations of standardized body composition markers derived from classic anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at baseline with changes in inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell (WBC), fibrinogen) and vice versa. Higher level of anthropometric markers at baseline were associated with an increase in the change of inflammatory markers. A 13.5 cm higher waist circumference (WC), 16.0 kg body weight and 7.76 % relative fat mass (FM) at baseline was associated with a change in CRP of 0.52 mg/L (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.29 to 0.74), 0.51 mg/L (95 % CI: 0.29; 0.74) and 0.58 mg/L (95 % CI: 0.34; 0.82) respectively. Absolute FM showed the strongest association with changes in serum fibrinogen levels (β for 8.69 kg higher FM: 0.07 g/L; 95 % CI: 0.05; 0.09). Baseline inflammatory markers were only associated with changes in hip circumference. Our study indicates the importance of anthropometric, body composition and fat distribution markers as a risk factor for the development of inflammation. To prevent inflammatory-related complications, important is to take measures against the development of obesity. • Evaluated longitudinal associations of body composition with inflammatory markers and vice versa. • Body weight, WC and relative body fat at baseline were most strongly associated with changes in CRP. • Absolute body fat showed the strongest association with changes in serum fibrinogen levels. • Baseline inflammatory markers were not consistently associated with changes in body composition. • The result indicates the importance of body composition markers as a risk for the development of inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While obesity has been shown to elevate the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS), there is a lack of strong evidence regarding its role in the disability progression and status of MS patients. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide comparative estimates of WC and BMI in patients with MS (PwMS) and to investigate potential associations between the waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) and demographic and specific MS characteristics. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, a detailed search of the MEDLINE PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases was conducted. Results: A total of 16 studies were included. The pooled mean WC and BMI among PwMS was estimated to be 87.27 cm (95%CI [84.07; 90.47]) and 25.73 (95%CI [25.15; 26.31]), respectively. Meta-regression models established a significant bidirectional relationship between WC and the Expanded Disability Scale (EDSS) (p < 0.001) but not between BMI and EDSS (p = 0.45). Sensitivity analyses showed no association between WC and age (p = 0.48) and a tendency between WC and disease duration (p = 0.08). Conclusions: Although WC measurements classify PwMS as normal weight, BMI measurements classify them as overweight. Therefore, WC should complement BMI evaluations in clinical practice. Additionally, our findings highlight the significant association between abdominal fat, as indicated by WC, and disease progression. Considering the heightened risk of cardiovascular comorbidity and mortality among PwMS, we recommend integrating both WC and BMI as standard anthropometric measurements in routine clinical examinations and targeted prevention strategies for PwMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesA single measurement of adiposity indices could predict the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD); nonetheless their long-term pattern and its association with incident CVD are rarely studied. This study aimed to determine distinct trajectories of adiposity indices among participants of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) and their association with incident CVD. Furthermore, this study aimed to investigate whether this association differed among individuals according to their menopausal status.MethodA total of 6840 women participated in TLGS, aged 20 years and older were included in this study; they were followed for a median of 16 years. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), conicity index (CI) and body roundness index (BRI) were included in the analysis as adiposity indices. The cohort outcome panel of medical specialists identified the CVD outcomes. Trajectory analyses were used to identify homogeneous distinct clusters of adiposity indices trajectories. The association between the trajectory group membership and incident CVD were explored by Cox proportional hazard models, with unadjusted and adjusted model for baseline age, physical activity, smoking status, menopause and family history of CVD.ResultsThree BMI trajectory groups of low, medium, and high and two trajectories for WC, BRI and CI were identified. Adjusted cox proportional hazard models revealed significant associations between the hazard of CVD experience and the high trajectory group of the BMI (HR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.38-3.07), WC (HR: 2.71, 95% CI: 1.98-3.70), CI (HR: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.26-2.77) and BRI (HR: 1.55-95% CI: 1.12-2.15), compared to the low trajectory group. Subgroup analysis based on the menopausal status of participants showed that the HR of CVD incidences for all of trajectories adiposity indices, except BMI, was statistically significant. Adjusted cox proportional hazard models, in those women not reached menopause during study, revealed that the HR (95% CI) of CVD incidences for high trajectory of BMI, WC, CI and BRI were 2.80 (1.86-7.05); 2.09 (1.40-6.16); 1.72 (1.42-5.61), and 3.09 (1.06-9.01), respectively. These values for those were menopause at the initiation of the study were 1.40 (1.11, 2.53); 1.65 (1.04-2.75); 1.69 (1.01-2.87), and 1.61 (0.98-2.65), respectively.ConclusionOur findings suggest that adiposity trajectories, particularly central adiposity index of CI, could precisely predict the CVD risk. Consequently, preventive strategies should be tailored accordingly.

Introduction: Obesity is a chronic, relapsing, and progressive disease. The issue of obesity affects 50 to 80% of patients who have been diagnosed with breast cancer. The aim of this study is to assess the scale of the problem of obesity among breast cancer survivors (BCS) older than 60 years, evaluate their physical fitness, and study the relationship between the occurrence of obesity and levels of fitness among breast cancer survivors. The relationship between fitness and sociodemographic factors has also been analyzed. Materials and Methods: This original epidemiological clinical study included a cohort of 88 female breast cancer survivors treated in 2022 in Holycross Cancer Center, Kielce, Poland. A questionnaire involving demographic information and medical data was utilized. The Senior Fitness Test (SFT) battery has been used to assess the physical fitness of the patients. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were also analyzed. Results: More than 70% of the studied breast cancer survivors were classified as overweight or obese, according to BMI and WC indices. Depending on the SFT trial, the regression coefficients indicated worse results in participants who were older, lived in urban areas, were professionally active, less educated, and had higher obesity indices. The analysis of the relationship between obesity indices and fitness components revealed that all obesity indices were significantly associated with lower body flexibility (BMI p = 0.0118, WC p = 0.0092, WHR p = 0.0364, WHtR p = 0.0095). Upper body flexibility was significantly correlated with BMI indices (p = 0.0091, p = 0.0193) and WHtR (p = 0.0095). Agility and balance were significantly associated with WC (p = 0.0193), WHR (p = 0.098), and WHtR (p = 0.0095). Lower body strength was significantly correlated with the WHR index (p = 0.0487). Significant differences were found in upper body strength depending on the WHtR category. Conclusions: In the studied group of breast cancer survivors, there is a high prevalence of overweight and obesity. With increasing obesity rates, older age, and lower education levels, physical activity measured by the SFT decreases. Living in urban areas and being professionally active also predispose to lower physical activity levels. As obesity indices increase, physical fitness decreases in trials assessing upper and lower body strength, upper and lower body flexibility, as well as agility and dynamic balance.

The associations of body composition markers derived from different modalities with inflammatory markers are unclear. The aim of this study was to determine associations of the body composition markers from different modalities with inflammatory markers in a population-based study. We analyzed data from 4048 participants (2081 women, 51.4%) aged 20–84 years. Linear regression models adjusted for confounding were used to analyze the association of classic anthropometry markers, absolute and relative fat mass, absolute fat-free mass (FFM), and body cell mass (BCM) assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis, subcutaneous, visceral, and liver fat from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with markers of inflammation. We found positive associations of classic anthropometry markers, total body fat, subcutaneous, visceral, and liver fat, with all inflammatory markers. Waist circumference (WC) showed the strongest association with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (β: 1.39; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22 to 1.56) and white blood cell (WBC) (0.39; 0.29 to 0.48), whereas visceral fat showed the strongest association with ferritin (41.9; 34.7 to 49.0). Relative body fat was strongly associated with hsCRP (1.39; 1.20 to 1.58), fibrinogen (0.29; 0.27 to 0.32), and WBC (0.35; 0.25 to 0.46). Conversely, we found inverse associations of body height, FFM, and BCM with hsCRP, fibrinogen, and WBC. Our study indicates the importance of WC as an easily measured marker for early inflammation. MRI-assessed markers of central obesity seem to be most strongly related to ferritin. • Body composition markers including classic anthropometry markers, total body fat, subcutaneous, visceral, and liver fat were positively associated with all inflammatory markers. • Waist circumference and relative body fat mass showed the strongest associations with hsCRP, fibrinogen, and WBC, whereas visceral fat and liver fat content were most strongly associated with ferritin. • Our study indicates the importance of WC as an easily measured marker for early inflammation. MRI-assessed markers of central obesity seem to be most strongly related to ferritin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Studies focusing on the relationships of adiposity and body shape indices with reproductive factors have reported conflicting results. This study aimed to investigate the influence of reproductive factors on adiposity and body shape indices changes overtime. Materials and methods In this community-based prospective study, 1636 postmenopausal women were selected from Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). The unadjusted and adjusted Generalized Estimating Equation models (GEE) were applied to investigate secular longitudinal trends of adiposity and body shape indices. Results According to the adjusted GEE models, mean changes in body mass index (BMI) in women with early menarche was 1.18 kg/m2 higher than those with normal menarche age (P = 0.030). Moreover, the mean changes in BMI overtime were 0.11 kg/m2 higher in women with premature/early menopausal age than those with normal menopausal age (P = 0.012). Mean changes of waist circumference (WC) in women with late menopause were 2.27 cm higher than those with normal menopausal age (P = 0.036). We also observed higher mean changes in a body shape index (ABSI) in women with late menopause (P = 0.037), compared to those with normal menopausal age. We found a marginal effect of parity on BMI and WC as well. Conclusions This study demonstrated higher BMI in females with earlier menarche age. We also showed higher values of BMI overtime in women with premature/ early menopause, whereas women with late menopausal age had higher WC and ABSI values. However, more longitudinal studies investigating body composition indices by adjusting all potential confounders are still required to confirm our study findings.

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic, immune mediated inflammatory condition of the skin and imbalance in inflammatory mediators could result in insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and facilitate the occurrence and progression of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Objectives: Primary objectives: To study the frequency of NAFLD in cases of chronic plaque psoriasis and controlsTo study the interleukin levels in cases of chronic plaque psoriasis and controls. Secondary objectives: To study the BMI, lipid profile, waist circumference, FBS (fasting blood sugar), PPBS (post prandial blood sugar) and serum insulin in cases and controlsTo study the association of age, duration of psoriasis, PASI (psoriasis area severity index), BSA (body surface area) involved, BMI (body mass index), lipid profile, obesity, waist circumference, FBS (fasting blood sugar), PPBS (post prandial blood sugar) and serum insulin levels with NAFLD in patients of chronic plaque psoriasisTo correlate serum levels of IL1-β, IL6 and TNF-α with NAFLD in patients of chronic plaque psoriasis. Methods: 50 clinically diagnosed cases of chronic plaque psoriasis with age ≥ 18years, diseases duration ≥ 6 months and 30 age and sex matched controls were recruited. PASI, BSA of cases was calculated and BMI, BP, WC of all subjects was measured. Serum lipid profile, FBS, PPBS, insulin level, IL1- β, IL6, TNF- α, high frequency B-mode ultrasound, LFT and fibroscan were done in all subjects. Results: 28(56.0%) cases and 2(6.6%) controls had NAFLD with statistically significant difference. Significantly elevated WC, serum insulin, deranged lipid profile, fatty liver, transaminitis, fibroscan score, liver fibrosis, NAFLD and interleukins were found in cases vs controls. There was a significant association of NAFLD in psoriatic patients with increasing duration of psoriasis, BMI ≥23 Kg/m2, high WC, increasing BSA involved, deranged lipid profile, raised total cholesterol levels and increasing number of risk factors. Nonsignificant but positive association of NAFLD in cases was found with high levels of IL1 – β, IL – 6, TNF-α, FBS and increasing PASI. Conclusion: Significantly increased interleukin levels and their weak positive correlation with the severity of psoriasis (PASI, BSA) in patients of chronic plaque psoriasis explains the possible role of inflammation in the causation of psoriasis. Screening may be considered in psoriatic patients with increasing duration of psoriasis, high WC, high BSA involved, high BMI, obesity, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Limitations: Small sample size. Conflict of Intrest: NONE.

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic, immune mediated inflammatory condition of the skin and imbalance in inflammatory mediators could result in insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and facilitate the occurrence and progression of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Objectives: Primary objectives: To study the frequency of NAFLD in cases of chronic plaque psoriasis and controls To study the interleukin levels in cases of chronic plaque psoriasis and controls. Secondary objectives: To study the BMI, lipid profile, waist circumference, FBS (fasting blood sugar), PPBS (post prandial blood sugar) and serum insulin in cases and controls To study the association of age, duration of psoriasis, PASI (psoriasis area severity index), BSA (body surface area) involved, BMI (body mass index), lipid profile, obesity, waist circumference, FBS (fasting blood sugar), PPBS (post prandial blood sugar) and serum insulin levels with NAFLD in patients of chronic plaque psoriasis To correlate serum levels of IL1-β, IL6 and TNF-α with NAFLD in patients of chronic plaque psoriasis. Methods: 50 clinically diagnosed cases of chronic plaque psoriasis with age ≥ 18years, diseases duration ≥ 6 months and 30 age and sex matched controls were recruited. PASI, BSA of cases was calculated and BMI, BP, WC of all subjects was measured. Serum lipid profile, FBS, PPBS, insulin level, IL1- β, IL6, TNF- α, high frequency B-mode ultrasound, LFT and fibroscan were done in all subjects. Results: 28(56.0%) cases and 2(6.6%) controls had NAFLD with statistically significant difference. Significantly elevated WC, serum insulin, deranged lipid profile, fatty liver, transaminitis, fibroscan score, liver fibrosis, NAFLD and interleukins were found in cases vs controls. There was a significant association of NAFLD in psoriatic patients with increasing duration of psoriasis, BMI ≥23 Kg/m2, high WC, increasing BSA involved, deranged lipid profile, raised total cholesterol levels and increasing number of risk factors. Nonsignificant but positive association of NAFLD in cases was found with high levels of IL1 – β, IL – 6, TNF-α, FBS and increasing PASI. Conclusion: Significantly increased interleukin levels and their weak positive correlation with the severity of psoriasis (PASI, BSA) in patients of chronic plaque psoriasis explains the possible role of inflammation in the causation of psoriasis. Screening may be considered in psoriatic patients with increasing duration of psoriasis, high WC, high BSA involved, high BMI, obesity, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Limitations: Small sample size. Conflict of Intrest: NONE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies focusing on the relationships of adiposity and body shape indices with reproductive factors have reported conflicting results. This study aimed to investigate the influence of reproductive factors on adiposity and body shape indices changes overtime. Materials and methods: In this community-based prospective study, 1636 postmenopausal women were selected from Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). The unadjusted and adjusted Generalized Estimating Equation models (GEE) were applied to investigate secular longitudinal trends of adiposity and body shape indices. Results: According to the adjusted GEE models, mean changes in body mass index (BMI) in women with early menarche was 1.18 kg/m2 higher than those with normal menarche age (P = 0.030). Moreover, the mean changes in BMI overtime were 0.11 kg/m2 higher in women with premature/early menopausal age than those with normal menopausal age (P = 0.012). Mean changes of waist circumference (WC) in women with late menopause were 2.27 cm higher than those with normal menopausal age (P = 0.036). We also observed higher mean changes in a body shape index (ABSI) in women with late menopause (P = 0.037), compared to those with normal menopausal age. We found a marginal effect of parity on BMI and WC as well. Conclusions: This study demonstrated higher BMI in females with earlier menarche age. We also showed higher values of BMI overtime in women with premature/ early menopause, whereas women with late menopausal age had higher WC and ABSI values. However, more longitudinal studies investigating body composition indices by adjusting all potential confounders are still required to confirm our study findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND and objective: Obesity is a major health issue and there is steady trend of increasing obesity over the past several decades. Obesity can alter the respiratory function and may impair the health of an individual. Although several factors such as respiratory muscle strength, lung compliance, resistance to airflow and even obesity affect the lung functions, the nature of relationship with markers of adiposity, the role of body fat distribution has received limited attention. So the objective of this study was to correlate PEFR and WC in overweight women. Methods: 100 overweight women whose BMI was 25-29.9 kg/m2, who fulfill the inclusion and exclusion criteria, aged between 20-50 years were selected for the study. Waist circumference (WC) and Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) of all the subjects were measured. Results: Data were analyzed using Spearman's correlation coefficient. The result showed non-significant correlation (p=0.057) (r = -0.057) between PEFR and WC in overweight women. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that obesity, measured as WC did not significantly affect the PEFR in young overweight females in the age group of 20 to 50 years. A central pattern of fat distribution, as measured by WC alone was not associated with lower values for PEFR in young female overweight adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Sodium intake is associated with anthropometric measurement including weight, waist circumference (WC), and body mass index (BMI). Higher intake of sodium is usually linked to higher risk of obesity among adults globally, especially in developing countries. This study aims to explore the probable relationship between sodium intake by 24-h urine excretion assessment and anthropometric measurement of adults in Malaysia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2017 to March 2018 using a multi-stage stratified sampling method among Malaysian adults aged 18 years old and above. Sodium intake was determined by 24-h urinary sodium excretion, estimated from the respondents’ 24-h urinary sample. Height was obtained based on standard protocol. Weight and WC were measured twice using validated anthropometric equipment and BMI was calculated according to World Health Organization (WHO) 1998 classification. Descriptive analysis was done to describe socio-demographic characteristics. A simple linear regression and multiple linear regression tests were done to assess the relationship of 24-h urinary excretion and anthropometric measurement. All statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 22.0. Results Of 1047 interviewed respondents, 798 respondents had done the 24-h urine collection (76.0% response rate). Majority was between 40 and 59 years old (43.5%) and married (77.7%). Simple linear regression showed a significant positive linear association between 24-h urinary excretion and household income, WC, and obese group. In the multivariate analysis, it was indicated that, an increase of 1 unit of BMI will significantly increase the sodium intake by 129.20 mg/dl and an increase of 1 cm of WC will significantly increase the sodium intake by 376.45 mg/dl. Conclusion Our study showed a positive significant relationship between sodium intake estimated by 24-h urinary sodium excretion and BMI of Malaysian adults. More research is suggested on how sodium control can potentially contribute to obesity prevention.

Background: As cardio-vascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, establishing measures to improve cardiovascular health is of crucial importance. Exercise plays an essential role in cardiac rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), in whom an evaluation of the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is necessary. CRF of CAD patients could be assessed using 6-min walk test (6MWT), and the results interpreted by using Enright-Sherill prediction equation which has mainly been designed and evaluated for a healthy population. Hypothesizing that the Enright-Sherill prediction equation might not be best suited for CAD patients, our aim was to reevaluate this equation in CAD patients, and potentially establish a more accurate 6MWD prediction equation to be applied in these patients. Methods: 6MWD was measured in a cross-sectional study in 67 CAD patients (44 women) who were members of the Coronary club Ljubljana, Slovenia. In addition, the predicted 6MWD was calculated for men and women using Enright-Sherill gender specific regression equation. Multivariate regression analysis was used to obtain a new prediction equation, and the agreement between the measured and the predicted 6MWD analyzed using the repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Men achieved 451 ± 122 m and women 485 ± 69 m without significant differences between sexes (F = 0.022, p = 0.882) when adjusted for age, height, body mass, and waist circumference. When comparing the measured (473 ± 91 m) and the predicted (422 ± 57 m) values of 6MWD in CAD patients we found that the Enright-Sherill prediction equation significantly (F = 27.734, p < 0.001) underestimated the 6MWD by 52 ± 81 m. A significant regression equation was established [F (3,63) = 44.663, p < 0.001], with a R 2 of 0.680 where 6MWD equals 1,057 m—4.966 x age (years)—0.614 x WC (cm)–68.629 x NYHA class. Conclusion: The results of this study stress the importance of regular and actual walking ability testing in patients with stable CAD to obtain their CRF, rather than simply predicting it from regression equations obtained from non-representative or non-comparable samples. Our developed prediction equation warrants additional validation and may represent a good substitute for currently used predictions obtained from a healthy population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Increasing evidence has supported that serum uric acid (SUA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and waist circumference (WC) are associated with the occurrence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the combined role of these factors in early screening of NAFLD has not been investigated. We aimed to de lineate this role in a community-based population. Methods: Binary logistic regression was used to explore the correlations of SUA, ALT and WC with NAFLD risk. The goodness of fit and discriminative ability of the model were evaluated by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), respectively. Results: Logistic regression analysis indicated that elevated SUA (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 2.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.76-3.38]), ALT (adjusted OR = 4.98, 95% CI [3.41-7.27]) and WC (adjusted OR = 3.22, 95% CI [2.01-5.16]) were facilitating factors for incident NAFLD after fully adjusted for related confounders. In addition, the risk of NAFLD followed linear trend s with increasing levels of these three indicators (all Ptrend < 0.001). The risk assessment model consisting of SUA, ALT, WC and demographics showed useful discrimination by AUROC being 0.825 (95% CI [0.811-0.838]) and good performance of calibration (P = 0.561). Conclusions: SUA, ALT and WC were all associated with NAFLD, independent of known risk factors. The simple model composed of these indicators showed good performance in the Chinese population, which may be applicable for appraisal of NAFLD risk in primary healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background There is metabolic heterogeneity in normal-weight individuals, however, there has been limited research in the Chinese population. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, distribution and epidemiological determinants of metabolically obese but normal-weight (MONW) in a Chinese population. Methods A total of 17,876 normal-weight individuals were recruited from 37,815 individuals in Zhejiang province in southeastern China. Normal-weight was defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 18.5–23.9 kg/m2. Metabolically abnormal traits were assessed by metabolic syndrome criteria from the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) in 2015. MONW was defined as individuals who had at least two metabolically abnormal trait but normal weight. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate MONW risk factors, adjusting for potential confounders. Results The prevalence of metabolic abnormality was 34.1% in normal-weight individuals, and the overall prevalence of MONW was 16.1% in the general population. Different MONW distributions were found between men and women depending on age. Compared with women, men had a significantly higher MONW prevalence among those aged

Smoking is one of the modifiable cardiovascular risk factors which can alter normal levels of blood lipid parameters, in addition to body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). This study evaluates the effect of smoking on serum lipid profile and its correlation with some obesity indexes including WC and BMI among young males. The study Targets different groups that consist of 46 smoker group and 20 non-smokersas control group that are age and weight matched. Fasting serum level of lipid profile was estimated in both groups. The results showed significant elevation only in fasting blood triglyceride TG and very low density lipoprotein VLDL-C among smokers in compare with non-smokers group. In addition, it shows non-significant change in the levels of fasting blood total cholesterol TC, HDL-C and LDL-C as compared with the concentrations in the non-smoker group. However, a significant positive correlation is found between TG with each of BMI, WC and Duration of smoking (yrs.), there was a significant positive correlation between TC with each of BMI and WC, This study concludes that the mostly altered lipid parameters in the smokers is TG Whereas the less one is TC that could be worsened by increasing in some obesity indexes.

Abstract Background We evaluated the association between parental factors (overweight, history of hypertension, and education level) and children’s blood pressure status. Further, we evaluated to what extent the potential association could be interpreted by children’s adiposity indices. Methods The current study included 3316 Chinese school students (1579 girls and 1737 boys, aged 6–14 years) and their parents. Parents reported information on their height, body weight, history of hypertension, and the highest education level. Trained medical staff measured children’s blood pressure, height, body weight, waist circumference (WC), and percentage of body fat (PBF, assessed by bio-impedance method). Z-score of all three indices were calculated and used in the analysis. We used generalized linear model to evaluate the association between parental information and z-score of children’s blood pressure. Meditation analysis was used to evaluate the proportion contributed by z-score of children’s adiposity indices (BMI, WC, and PBF). Results We found that parental overweight and hypertension, but not parental education level, were significantly associated with children’s systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P

The measurement of anthropometric indices can be used to promote early prevention of Diabetes mellitus (DM) in the Filipino population. This study aims to compare the recommended anthropometric measurements namely body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio (WHR), skin fold thickness, and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) of two groups, those with diabetes and those without (control), to predict the health risk status of the Filipino adult population. The results suggest that the parameters such as BMI, waist circumference, and WHR in females proved to be the most accurate to predict the diabetes risk among Filipino females. On the other hand, using the logistic regression model, the BMI, MUAC, and waist circumference indices collectively were found to have significant bearings with regard to the risk of acquiring DM. The Asian cut-off values of 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 for BMI, and < 90cm and < 80cm for waist circumference of male and female respectively, as recommended according to Taiwanese standards, are also said to apply to the Filipino population. This study is perhaps the first study in the Philippines that has relied on actual data gathering instead of using meta-analysis as done in earlier studies. In the wake of higher mortality in the diabetic COVID 19 positive patients, the gathering of baseline data of potential DM patients will help the government/stakeholders to efficiently strategize public health policies related to future preparedness for such pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundThe association between obesity and lung cancer (LC) remains poorly understood. However, other indices of obesity on the basis of body shape instead of body size have not been examined yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between different indices of body size and body shape and the risk of LC. In particular, this study examined the association between A Body Shape Index, a more precise indicator of abdominal fat than traditional anthropometric measures, and the risk of LC.MethodsIn the prospective cohort the Rotterdam Study, we analysed data of 9,689 participants. LC diagnoses were based on medical records and anthropometric measurements were assessed at baseline. Cox-regression analyses with corresponding Hazard Ratios were used to examine the association between the anthropometric measurements and the risk of LC with adjustment for potential confounders. Potential non-linear associations were explored with cubic splines using the Likelihood ratio (LR) test.ResultsDuring follow-up, 319 participants developed LC. Body mass Index (BMI) was inversely associated with the risk of lung cancer (HR 0.94, 95% CI: 0.91–0.97) and persisted after excluding lung cancer cases during the first 10 years of follow-up. There was evidence for a non-linear association between BMI and the risk of lung cancer (0,04, df = 1), which indicated that the inverse association between BMI and lung cancer was mainly present in non-obese participants. Waist circumference (WC) (HR 1.03 95% CI: 1.01–1.05), Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR) (HR 1.23 95% CI: 1.09–1.38) and ABSI (A Body Shape Index) (HR 1.17 95% CI: 1.05–1.30) were positively and linearly associated with the risk of lung cancer.ConclusionsBody shape rather than body size may be an important risk indicator of LC. Future research should focus on the role of visceral fat and the risk of LC as well as the underlying mechanisms.

Objective: To study impact of dietary intervention and counseling on weight and anthropometric indices of obese females. Study Design: Prospective randomized controlled trial. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at Pakistan Navy Ship (PNS) Shifa, from Feb 2014 to Sep 2014. Patients and Methods: Study subjects were 320 obese females from Karachi, Pakistan, aged 20 to 40 years. Before randomization all baseline anthropometric measurements were recorded. After that females were randomly placed into intervention and control groups. Anthropometry and 24-hour dietary recall were used for nutritional assessment. Intervention strategy was individualized diet plan by registered dietitian according to base line body weight and anthropometric indices of study subject. Primary outcome was the change in body weight and body mass index. Results: The final analysis was run on 280 participants (intervention=127, control=153). Both intervention and control group were comparable with respect to anthropometric variables at start except intervention group had more body mass index (BMI) (28.024 ± 3.561). A significant change was observed in body weight (p=0.001), BMI (p=0.001), waist circumference (p=0.001), hip circumference (p=0.01), waist hip ratio (p=0.04) in an intervention group while control group only showed significant reduction in waist circumference (p=0.041). Intervention group showed significant improvement in dietary behavior which was depicted by increased intake of fruit and fiber consumption (p=0.001), reduction in consumption of simple carbohydrates (p=0.001), animal protein (p=0.001) and fatty food (p=0.001). Control group showed decrease in waist circumference in response to reduction in dietary fat intake and increase intake of fruits (p=0.001) and vegetables (p=0.042). Conclusion: The results of our study have positively demonstrated that nutritional intervention among obese females was successful in reducing weight and BMI. Reduction inwaist and hip circumference and change in diet behavior were also observed as secondary outcome variable.

Background: The association between obesity and lung cancer (LC) remains poorly understood. However, other indices of obesity on the basis of body shape instead of body size have not been examined yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between different indices of body size and body shape and the risk of LC. In particular, this study examined the association between A Body Shape Index, a more precise indicator of abdominal fat than traditional anthropometric measures, and the risk of LC. Methods: In the prospective cohort the Rotterdam Study, we analysed data of 9,689 participants. LC diagnoses were based on medical records and anthropometric measurements were assessed at baseline. Cox-regression analyses with corresponding Hazard Ratios were used to examine the association between the anthropometric measurements and the risk of LC with adjustment for potential confounders. Potential non-linear associations were explored with cubic splines using the Likelihood ratio (LR) test. Results: During follow-up, 319 participants developed LC. Body mass Index (BMI) was inversely associated with the risk of lung cancer (HR 0.94, 95% CI: 0.91–0.97) and persisted after excluding lung cancer cases during the first 10 years of follow-up. There was evidence for a non-linear association between BMI and the risk of lung cancer (0,04, df = 1), which indicated that the inverse association between BMI and lung cancer was mainly present in non-obese participants. Waist circumference (WC) (HR 1.03 95% CI: 1.01–1.05), Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR) (HR 1.23 95% CI: 1.09–1.38) and ABSI (A Body Shape Index) (HR 1.17 95% CI: 1.05–1.30) were positively and linearly associated with the risk of lung cancer. Conclusions: Body shape rather than body size may be an important risk indicator of LC. Future research should focus on the role of visceral fat and the risk of LC as well as the underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: There is metabolic heterogeneity in normal-weight individuals, however, there has been limited research in the Chinese population. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, distribution and epidemiological determinants of metabolically obese but normal-weight (MONW) in a Chinese population.Methods: A total of 17,876 normal-weight individuals were recruited from 37,815 individuals in Zhejiang province in southeastern China. Normal-weight was defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 18.5-23.9 kg/m2. Metabolically abnormal traits were assessed by metabolic syndrome criteria from the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) in 2015. MONW was defined as individuals who had at least two metabolically abnormal trait but normal weight. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate MONW risk factors, adjusting for potential confounders.Results: The prevalence of metabolic abnormality was 34.1% in normal-weight individuals, and the overall prevalence of MONW was 16.1% in the general population. Different MONW distributions were found between men and women depending on age. Compared with women, men had a significantly higher MONW prevalence among those aged < 45 years old, and there was a lower prevalence for those aged ≥50 years old. Higher BMI or waist circumference (WC), central obesity, menopause, and family histories of hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, increased MONW risk. Higher education levels, regular alcohol drinking, and balanced or vegetarian food preferences reduced MONW risk.Conclusions: Normal-weight individuals have metabolic heterogeneity in China. The MONW distribution between men and women depends on age. BMI, WC, dietary factors, and family history of chronic diseases, are associated with metabolic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The obesity-hypertension pathogenesis is complex. From the phenotype to molecular mechanism, there is a long way to clarify the mechanism. To explore the association between obesity and hypertension, we correlate the phenotypes such as the waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SB), and diastolic blood pressure (DB) with the clinical laboratory data between four specific Chinese adult physical examination groups (newly diagnosed untreated just-obesity group, newly diagnosed untreated obesity-hypertension group, newly diagnosed untreated just-hypertension group, and normal healthy group), and the results may show something. Objective: To explore the mechanisms from obesity to hypertension by analyzing the correlations and differences between WC, BMI, SB, DB, and other clinical laboratory data indices in four specific Chinese adult physical examination groups. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2012 to July 2014, and 153 adult subjects, 34 women and 119 men, from 21 to 69 years, were taken from four characteristic Chinese adult physical examination groups (newly diagnosed untreated just-obesity group, newly diagnosed untreated obesity-hypertension group, newly diagnosed untreated just-hypertension group, and normal healthy group). The study was approved by the ethics committee of Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention. WC, BMI, SB, DB, and other clinical laboratory data were collected and analyzed by SPSS. Results: Serum levels of albumin (ALB)，alanine aminotransferase (ALT), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), uric acid (Ua), and TC/HDLC (odds ratio) were statistically significantly different between the four groups. WC statistically significantly positively correlated with BMI, ALT, Ua, and serum levels of glucose (GLU), and TC/HDLC, and negatively with ALB, HDLC, and serum levels of conjugated bilirubin (CB). BMI was statistically significantly positively related to ALT, Ua, LDLC, WC, and TC/HDLC, and negatively to ALB, HDLC, and CB. DB statistically significantly positively correlated with ALP, BMI, and WC. SB was statistically significantly positively related to LDLC, GLU, serum levels of fructosamine (FA), serum levels of the total protein (TC), BMI, and WC. Conclusion: The negative body effects of obesity are comprehensive. Obesity may lead to hypertension through multiple ways by different percents. GGT, serum levels of gamma glutamyltransferase; ALB, serum levels of albumin; ALT, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase; LDLC, serum levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, serum levels of triglyceride; HDLC, serum levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol; FA, serum levels of fructosamine; S.C.R, serum levels of creatinine; IB, serum levels of indirect bilirubin; ALP, serum levels of alkaline phosphatase; CB, serum levels of conjugated bilirubin; UREA, Urea; Ua, serum levels of uric acid; GLU, serum levels of glucose; TC, serum levels of the total cholesterol; TB, serum levels of the total bilirubin; TP, serum levels of the total protein; TC/HDLC, TC/HDLC ratio.

Huiloo Won,1 Zahara Abdul Manaf,2 Arimi Fitri Mat Ludin,3 Mohd Azahadi Omar,4 Rosdinom Razali,5 Suzana Shahar2 1Nutrition Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2Dietetics Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 3Biomedical Science Program, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 4Centre for Burden of Disease Research, Institute for Public Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 5Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Purpose: Older adults are at risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and simple anthropometric measurements can be used to screen for this condition. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the cut-off values of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) for predicting the risk of MCI in older Malaysian adults.Methods: A total of 2,240 Malaysian older adults aged ≥60 years were recruited using multistage random sampling in a population based cross-sectional study. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the cut-off values of BMI and WC with optimum sensitivity and specificity for the detection of MCI. Age, gender, years of education, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, depression, and medical conditions were used as confounding factors in this analysis.Results: A BMI cut-off value of 26 kg/m2 (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] 0.725; sensitivity 90.5%; specificity 38.8%) was appropriate in identifying the risk of getting MCI in both men and women. The optimum WC cut-offs for likelihood of MCI were 90 cm (AUC 0.745; sensitivity 78.0%; specificity 59.8%) for men and 82 cm (AUC 0.714; sensitivity 84.3%; specificity 49.7%) for women. The optimum calf circumference (CC) cut-off values for identifying MCI were 29 cm (AUC 0.731; sensitivity 72.6%; specificity 61.1%) for men and 26 cm (AUC 0.598; sensitivity 79.1%; specificity 45.3%) for women.Conclusion: The cut-off values could be advocated and used as part of the screening of MCI among older Malaysian adults. There is a need to further determine the predictive values of these cut-off points on outcomes through longitudinal study design. Keywords: body mass index, BMI, cut-off values, MCI, older adults, waist circumference, WC

Background: Reportedly, there is a clear correlation between waist circumference (WC) and atrial fibrillation (AF). However, there is no specific discussion about the relationship between WC and non-valvular AF (NVAF) patients with heart failure. Our main purpose was to study the relationship between WC, central obesity (CO), and NVAF patients with heart failure., Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study. A total of 3,435 patients with NVAF in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2015 to December 2017 were enrolled. The targeted independent variable and the dependent variable were WC and CO and the presence of NVAF with heart failure, respectively. Univariate, multiple regression, and subgroup analyses were used to analyze their relationship. We used the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to choose the better predictor of NVAF with heart failure between WC and CO and calculated the proposed cut-off value of WC in males and female separately., Results: The identified risk factors of NVAF with heart failure were sex, height, WC, CO, body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), homocysteine (HCY), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), stroke, vascular disease, and plaque. Then, a binary logistic regression model indicated that the occurrence of NVAF patients with heart failure increased 10% with WC increasing 1 cm and had a 2.8-fold increased risk with CO compared to those without. The predictive value [area under the ROC curve (AUC)], specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of WC for the disease risk of NVAF with heart failure were higher than those of CO. The proposed cut-off value of WC was 91.85 cm for males and 93.15 cm for females. The diagnostic value of WC for NVAF with heart failure was higher for females than it was for males., Conclusions: Our research found that WC is related to the presence of heart failure in the patients with NYAF and can predict the presence of NVAF with heart failure. Our findings may help to improve the treatment and care strategies of NVAF individuals with abdominal obesity., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://jtd.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/jtd-24-170/coif). C.E. received honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Pfizer, outside the submitted work. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (2024 Journal of Thoracic Disease. All rights reserved.)

Background: The anemia is the one of the biggest burden of diseases worldwide, peculiarly in developing world, it is more commonly found in women as compared to men. The anthropometric indicators like BMI, waist circumference or waist to hip ratio has been associated with cardiovascular risk factors, diabetes, blood pressure and cholesterol profile. The current literature survey reveals that BMI could be the possible anemic indictor, however a comprehensive study pinpointing on anemia and its anthropometric indicators is not available yet, especially in young girls. The present work thus focuses on whether the anthropometric indicators could be the potential indicators of anemia or not. Methodology: A case control was performed through a random sampling method for the time period of (04) four months. The sample comprised of 86 females. The complete blood count (CBC) was measured in aseptic condition. Anthropometric indices were measured and analyzed statistically. Results: Weight, waist circumference (WC), BMI (Body mass index), WHR (waist to hip ratio) and WHtR (Waist to height ratio) were observed significantly reduced (P=0.06, P=0.006, P= 0.02, P= 0.007, P= 0.0007) in anemic (50.86kg ± 12.9, 71.13cm ±16.49, 20.85Kg/m2 ± 5.16, 0.77 ± 0.05, 0.44±0.07) as compared to non anemic females (53.65kg ± 8.43, 92.18cm ± 11.16, 23.40 Kg/m2 ± 3.49, 0.83 ± 0.16, 0.49 ± 0.06). Conclusion: The anthropometric indices were observed significantly decreased in anemic as compared to non-anemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the influence of overweight and obesity on general performance and mortality in seniors. Design: Cross-sectional multidisciplinary study on ageing of the Polish population. Setting: Community-dwelling individuals aged 65 years or older, selected using three-stage stratified, proportional draw. Participants: 4944 Polish Caucasian seniors, aged 65 years or older recruited between October 2007 and October 2010. Measurements: All study subjects underwent measurement of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and arm circumference (AC). The physical and cognitive performance was evaluated using the Katz Activities of Daily Living (ADL) score and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), respectively. Morbidity data were obtained from a medical questionnaire. Mortality data were obtained from the Population Register of Poland between October 2015 and October 2018. Results: Increasing age was associated with a decreased prevalence of obesity (all p<0.001). Higher BMI, WC and AC values were associated with higher ADL and MMSE scores (all p<0.001). On multivariate analysis, all three body measurements in women remained independent predictors of the ADL score (BMI p=0.002, WC p=0.005, AC p<0.001) and MMSE score (p<0.001, p=0.003, p<0.001). In men, physical functioning was associated with AC (p=0.003), and cognitive status was associated with AC (p<0.001) and BMI (p=0.013). There was no association between general obesity, abdominal obesity, or AC with several aging-related adverse conditions. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that overweight and obesity were associated with the lowest mortality. On multivariate analysis, BMI and AC values remained independent predictors of mortality. In successfully aging individuals, neither BMI, WC, nor AC remained such predictors. Conclusions: Overweight and obesity in Caucasian seniors are not associated with deterioration of physical and cognitive function or with increased mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: We evaluated the association between parental obesity and their children's obesity parameters [e.g., percentage of body fat (PBF)] over time.Methods and Results: The study included 2066 Chinese parents-children trios (n = 1001 girls and 1065 boys, aged 6-14 years). Children's height, weight, waist circumference (WC) and PBF (bioelectrical impedance analysis) were annually assessed from 2014 (baseline) to 2016. Information on parental height and body weight, and children's diet and physical activity was collected in 2014. The association between parental obesity and changes in their children's PBF during follow-up was analyzed using a mixed effects model. We also examined changes in children's BMI and WC in secondary analyses. Baseline mean BMI, WC, and PBF for children were 17.6 ± 3.5 kg/m2, 60.5 ± 9.6 cm, and 16.6 ± 6.5%, respectively. We observed that maternal, but not paternal, obesity was associated with a greater increase in children's PBF during the follow-up. An adjusted mean difference in annual increase of PBF was 0.41% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.01%, 0.84%] for children with obese mothers, compared with those with normal-weight mothers. Both maternal and paternal obesity was associated with a greater increase in their children's BMI and WC (p trend<0.01 for both); however, the associations were stronger in mother-children pairs than those in father-children pairs.Conclusions: Maternal obesity was associated with a greater increase in PBF in Chinese school-aged children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study impact of dietary intervention and counseling on weight and anthropometric indices of obese females. Study Design: Prospective randomized controlled trial. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at Pakistan Navy Ship (PNS) Shifa, from Feb 2014 to Sep 2014. Patients and Methods: Study subjects were 320 obese females from Karachi, Pakistan, aged 20 to 40 years. Before randomization all baseline anthropometric measurements were recorded. After that females were randomly placed into intervention and control groups. Anthropometry and 24-hour dietary recall were used for nutritional assessment. Intervention strategy was individualized diet plan by registered dietitian according to base line body weight and anthropometric indices of study subject. Primary outcome was the change in body weight and body mass index. Results: The final analysis was run on 280 participants (intervention=127, control=153). Both intervention and control group were comparable with respect to anthropometric variables at start except intervention group had more body mass index (BMI) (28.024 ± 3.561). A significant change was observed in body weight (p=0.001), BMI (p=0.001), waist circumference (p=0.001), hip circumference (p=0.01), waist hip ratio (p=0.04) in an intervention group while control group only showed significant reduction in waist circumference (p=0.041). Intervention group showed significant improvement in dietary behavior which was depicted by increased intake of fruit and fiber consumption (p=0.001), reduction in consumption of simple carbohydrates (p=0.001), animal protein (p=0.001) and fatty food (p=0.001). Control group showed decrease in waist circumference in response to reduction in dietary fat intake and increase intake of fruits (p=0.001) and vegetables (p=0.042). Conclusion: The results of our study have positively demonstrated that nutritional intervention among obese females was successful in reducing weight and BMI. Reduction inwaist and hip circumference and change in diet behavior were also observed as secondary outcome variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: We prospectively examined the association between three adiposity indices, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and percentage of body fat (PBF), and risk of hypertension in normal-weight Chinese children.Methods and Results: The current study included 1526 (713 boys and 813 girls) normal-weight Chinese children (age 6-14 years old), who were free of hypertension at baseline (2014). Heights, body weight, WC, and PBF (estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis) were measured at the baseline. Blood pressure was repeatedly measured in 2014, 2015 and 2016. Hypertension was defined as either high systolic blood pressure and/or high diastolic blood pressure, according to age- and sex-specific 95th percentile for Chinese children. We used Cox proportional hazards model to calculate the association between exposures and hypertension. We identified 88 incident hypertension cases during two years of follow up. High BMI was associated with high risk of developing hypertension after adjusting for potential confounders. The adjusted hazard ratio for hypertension was 2.88 (95% CI: 1.24, 6.69) comparing two extreme BMI quartiles. Each SD increase of BMI (≈1.85 kg/m2) was associated with a 32% higher likelihood to developing hypertension (Hazard ratio = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.003, 1.73). In contrast, we did not find significant associations between WC or PBF and higher hypertension risk (p-trend >0.2 for both).Conclusion: High BMI, but not WC and PBF, was associated with high risk of hypertension in normal-weight Chinese children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity is a major modifiable cardiovascular risk factor as studied by American Heart Association. Aim of present study was to determine the prevalence of generalised and central body obesity among Medical Students and association of obesity measured by body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with health risk factors. Material and methods: The present study was conducted on 200 medical students including 102 males and 98 females in the age group of 18-23 years in the Department of Physiology, Govt. Medical College, Amritsar. For generalised obesity (BMI> 25 kg/m² and abdominal or central obesity (WC 94>cm in males and 80 >cm in females) were used. Results: The prevalence of generalised obesity in males and females was 75.51% (males 50.0%, females 25.51%) and abdominal or central obesity 82% (males 14% and females 68%). Isolated generalised obesity (BMI increased and WC normal) in males and female was 62.96% and 37.04% and isolated abdominal obesity (WC increased and BMI normal) in males and females 17.28% and 82.72%. Combined obesity (BMI and WC both increased) in males and females 40.12% and 59.88%. Conclusion: Prevalence of combined obesity was found high among both sexes. While isolated generalised obesity was more common in males and isolated abdominal obesity more common in females. However, these prevalence rates vary markedly depending on cut points used. WC is a better marker of obesity related risk than BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: Over a period of time great emphasis has been made to prevent diabetes and its complications, and BMI have evolved into a reliable indicator for predicting the incidence of diabetes mellitus. But for a common man BMI is difficult to understand and calculate and there is a need for a more easily acceptable, understandable and measurable parameter as a predictor for diabetes risks. WC is one such parameter and the study tries to establish a correlation between (WC) and FBS with an aim to establish WC as a predictor of diabetes risks. Methods: From our ongoing diabetes screening study 220 Hindu priests were selected. This includes 55 newly diagnosed diabetes, 55 newly diagnosed pre-diabetes and 110 age matched controls. BMI, WC and FBS were calculated. A statistical correlation was established between BMI and FBS and between WC and FBS. The upper limit above which the risk association became statistically significant (P < 0.005) with pre-diabetes and diabetes were considered to be the cutoff for normal values. Results & Conclusion: The WC was 31.77 ± 2.63, 35.82 ± 1.04 and 41.07 ± 2.24 inches in controls, pre-diabetes and diabetes respectively. A statistically significant difference (P < 0.005) for WC was found between controls and pre-diabetes and diabetes. Normal cut off for waist circumference among the Hindu priest is

Background: The obesity-hypertension pathogenesis is complex. From the phenotype to molecular mechanism, there is a long way to clarify the mechanism. To explore the association between obesity and hypertension, we correlate the phenotypes such as the waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SB), and diastolic blood pressure (DB) with the clinical laboratory data between four specific Chinese adult physical examination groups (newly diagnosed untreated just-obesity group, newly diagnosed untreated obesity-hypertension group, newly diagnosed untreated just-hypertension group, and normal healthy group), and the results may show something.Objective: To explore the mechanisms from obesity to hypertension by analyzing the correlations and differences between WC, BMI, SB, DB, and other clinical laboratory data indices in four specific Chinese adult physical examination groups.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2012 to July 2014, and 153 adult subjects, 34 women and 119 men, from 21 to 69 years, were taken from four characteristic Chinese adult physical examination groups (newly diagnosed untreated just-obesity group, newly diagnosed untreated obesity-hypertension group, newly diagnosed untreated just-hypertension group, and normal healthy group). The study was approved by the ethics committee of Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention. WC, BMI, SB, DB, and other clinical laboratory data were collected and analyzed by SPSS.Results: Serum levels of albumin (ALB)，alanine aminotransferase (ALT), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), uric acid (Ua), and TC/HDLC (odds ratio) were statistically significantly different between the four groups. WC statistically significantly positively correlated with BMI, ALT, Ua, and serum levels of glucose (GLU), and TC/HDLC, and negatively with ALB, HDLC, and serum levels of conjugated bilirubin (CB). BMI was statistically significantly positively related to ALT, Ua, LDLC, WC, and TC/HDLC, and negatively to ALB, HDLC, and CB. DB statistically significantly positively correlated with ALP, BMI, and WC. SB was statistically significantly positively related to LDLC, GLU, serum levels of fructosamine (FA), serum levels of the total protein (TC), BMI, and WC.Conclusion: The negative body effects of obesity are comprehensive. Obesity may lead to hypertension through multiple ways by different percents. GGT, serum levels of gamma glutamyltransferase; ALB, serum levels of albumin; ALT, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase; LDLC, serum levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, serum levels of triglyceride; HDLC, serum levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol; FA, serum levels of fructosamine; S.C.R, serum levels of creatinine; IB, serum levels of indirect bilirubin; ALP, serum levels of alkaline phosphatase; CB, serum levels of conjugated bilirubin; UREA, Urea; Ua, serum levels of uric acid; GLU, serum levels of glucose; TC, serum levels of the total cholesterol; TB, serum levels of the total bilirubin; TP, serum levels of the total protein; TC/HDLC, TC/HDLC ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective: Breast-feeding is associated with maternal health, such as electrolyte metabolism, lipid profile and body component change. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between duration of breast-feeding and obesity in postmenopausal women.Methods: We analyzed data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010-2012, a cross-sectional study in a Korean population. A total of 6621 postmenopausal women were analyzed.Results: Body mass index and waist circumference were greater in women who had breast-fed for 6 months or more than in those who had not (BMI: 23.7±0.1 vs 24.5±0.1, P<0.0001; WC: 80.6±0.4 vs 82.8±0.3, P<0.001). This association persisted after adjustment for confounding factors (BMI: odds ratio[OR]1.54, 95% confidence interval[CI] 1.19-2.0; WC: OR1.67, 95% CI 1.29-2.17). The duration of breast-feeding tended to increase with increasing BMI and WC (P for trend, 0.001 for each). The proportions of women with greater BMI and WC increased with increasing duration of breast-feeding (27.3% in ≤6 months vs 41.2% in >18months, P<0.0001).Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that prolonged breast-feeding may be associated with greater BMI and WC among postmenopausal women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The association between obesity and albuminuria in the general population remains unclear. We aimed to identify the association between obesity and albuminuria as well as sex differences regarding the associations using several obesity indices, including waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), and waist-to-height ratio (WHR). Methods: This study included 3841 subjects (1730 males and 2111 females; age 20-80 years) who participated in the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 2011. Subjects with hypertension, diabetes, renal failure, or a malignant tumor and those who were pregnant or menstruating were excluded. Albuminuria was defined as a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g. Anthropometric parameters were categorized into sex-specific quartiles. Logistic regression models were used to assess the associations between each anthropometric parameter and albuminuria. Results: All of the obesity indices of the fourth quartile group of females showed a twofold higher risk for albuminuria than the second quartile group, and it was persistently significant after adjusting for age, smoking, and physical activity. After further adjustment for high blood pressure and impaired fasting glucose and triglyceride levels, WC and BMI of the fourth quartile group of females still showed a significantly higher risk for albuminuria than the second quartile group (odds ratios 1.96 and 2.24; 95 % confidence intervals 1.03-3.74 and 1.15-4.37). None of the associations between albuminuria and the obesity indices were significant in males. Conclusion: Higher WC and BMI were significantly associated with the risk of albuminuria among females, but not males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This cross-sectional study was carried out from January to June 2006 to find out the anthropometric profile of the urban seniors living in three selected areas (Nakhal Para, Badda and Mirpur) of Dhaka city. A total of 317 individuals of both sexes aged 60 years and above were recruited by convenient sampling. Data were collected by a pre-tested questionnaire and a check list. Mean body mass index, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio were 17.8 ± 4.0, 75.5 ± 12.5 cm and 0.87 ± 0.12, respectively. Although only 3% elderly were obese, substantial proportion of the sample were overweight. Females were more prone to health risks than male. Measures should be taken to create awareness amongst these populations for controlling their health risk. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 59-62

Objective: To determine the frequency of knee osteoarthritis in adult patients with Diabetes mellitus and its association with body mass index (BMI) in kg/m2 and waist circumference (WC). Methods: This is a cross-sectional comparative study at a tertiary hospital based in an industrial area of Karachi. Patient population comprised of all adult diabetic subjects. Clinical and demographic data was obtained with detailed musculoskeletal examination on all patients. BMI and WC were measured as kg/m2 and cm respectively. Data was analyzed on SPSS version 15. Results: A total of 413 subjects were recruited. Among them diabetic and non-diabetic subjects were 210 and 203 respectively. Mean age of diabetics was 50.7+-10.2 years as compared to non-diabetic subjects i.e. 49.5+-10.5 years. Proportion of male subjects was 72(34.3%) and 71(35.0) respectively in both groups. Mean duration of diabetes was 6.2 years. Frequency of knee osteoarthritis (OA) was found to be 52(24.8%) and 54(26.6%) in diabetic and non-diabetic respectively. Among the diabetic group 6 (18%) subjects with OA had normal BMI (18.5-22.9) whereas 4 (16%) were overweight (BMI 23-24.9) and 41(27.5%) were obese(BMI ⩾25). Near 98% (n=51) of the diabetic patients with OA had high waist circumference. Females (n= 42, 31.1%) were more frequent than males (n=9, 16%) in the diabetic subjects with OA and a higher WC. Conclusion: Both diabetic and non diabetic group did not show any difference in the frequency of knee OA. However, frequency of knee OA showed a significant difference between overweight and obese category of BMI.WC appears as a strong predictor of knee osteoarthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Self-reported height, weight, and waist circumference (WC) are widely used to estimate the prevalence of obesity, which has been increasing rapidly in China, but there is limited evidence for the accuracy of self-reported data and the determinants of self-report bias among the general adult Chinese population. Methods: Using a multi-stage cluster sampling method, 8399 residents aged 18 or above were interviewed in the Jiangsu Province of China. Information on self-reported height, weight, and WC, together with information on demographic factors and lifestyle behaviors, were collected through structured face-to-face interviews. Anthropometrics were measured by trained staff according to a standard protocol. Results: Self-reported height was overreported by a mean of 1.1 cm (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.0 to 1.2). Self-reported weight, body mass index (BMI), and WC were underreported by -0.1 kg (95 % CI: -0.2 to 0.0), -0.4 kg/m² (95 % CI: -0.5 to -0.3) and -1.5 cm (95 % CI: -1.7 to -1.3) respectively. Sex, age group, location, education, weight status, fruit/vegetable intake, and smoking significantly affected the extent of self-report bias. According to the self-reported data, 25.5 % of obese people were misclassified into lower BMI categories and 8.7 % of people with elevated WC were misclassified as normal. Besides the accuracy, the distribution of BMI and WC and their cut-off point standards for obesity of a population affected the proportion of obesity misclassification. Conclusion: Amongst a general population of Chinese adults, there was rather high proportion of obesity misclassification using self-reported weight, height, and WC data. Self-reported anthropometrics are biased and misleading. Objective measurements are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity has become a major health problem in contemporary society and it is closely related to many chronic diseases, so it is an important issue for measuring adiposity accurately and predicting its future. Prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity has become one of the key prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders. Objective: In this study, we compared the ability of the four anthropometric indicators (body mass index, waist circumstance, waist--height ratio, waist-to-hip ratio) to identify metabolic disorders (hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, hyperglycemia and hyperuricemia) by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses and to provide evidence for clinical practice. Methods: In this large scale cross-sectional study, 13,275 Han adults (including 7595 males and 5680 females) received physical examination between January, 2009 and January, 2010 in Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University were investigated by the means of questionnaire, Meanwhile, the physical examination and serological results were recorded. A package known as Statistical Package for Social Scientist (SPSS) was employed to analyse the responses while t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), ROC analysis and chi-square statistical methods were used to test the hypotheses. Results: WC, WHtR, WHR and BMI were all significantly (P < 0.001) correlated with all metabolic risk factors regardless of gender. And the area under the curve (AUC) of WHtR was significantly greater than that of WC, BMI or WHR in the prediction of hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, hyperglycemia and hyperuricemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]