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Procedural defence of the defendant in bill of exchange proceedings Abstract This work deals with the issue of a bill of exchange and bill of exchange proceedings, and especially the procedural defence of the debtor arising from the bill of exchange. The aim of this work is the issue of the bill of exchange and bill of exchange proceedings, or more precisely the procedural defence of the debtor from the bill of exchange. The whole work is divided into a theoretical part and a practical part, while the theoretical part is further divided into substantive and procedural principles of bill of exchange proceedings as such. The theoretical part concerns the current state of knowledge, substantive legal bases are important mainly because they are the subject of this work to examine whether it could be challenged in bill of exchange proceedings for its defect. The procedural subchapter is then a key part of the whole work, because in addition to the list of available defences of the debtor from the bill of exchange, it also offers the case law of courts, which deals with these means and tests their success in practice. The practical part focuses on three hypotheses that have been proven to some extent. The first hypothesis states that bill of exchange proceedings offer the creditor a certain advantage over the...

V exekučním řízení je vymáhána celá řada exekučních titulů. Exekuční řízení, která mají základě závazku směnečného, pak mají řadu svých specifických problémů a praktických výzev. Jednou z nich je právě otázka, zda oprávněný je povinen k exekučnímu návrhu přikládat originál směnky. Tento příspěvek se podrobněji věnuje teoretickým otázkám i praktickým důsledkům dosavadní aplikované praxe. There is quite a number of execution titles that can be enforced in the execution proceedings. Execution proceedings based on the bill of exchange obligation have a lot of specific problems and practical challenges. One of them is a question whether the creditor is obliged to present the original bill of exchange together with the motion to commence execution proceedings. This article in detail addresses the theoretical issues and practical consequences of existing legal practice. There is quite a number of execution titles that can be enforced in the execution proceedings. Execution proceedings based on the bill of exchange obligation have a lot of specific problems and practical challenges. One of them is a question whether the creditor is obliged to present the original bill of exchange together with the motion to commence execution proceedings. This article in detail addresses the theoretical issues and practical consequences of existing legal practice.

Bill of exchange order for payment Abstract The subject of this thesis is the bill of exchange payment order and the proceedings leading to its issuance, as well as the proceedings following its issuance if objections are filed against the bill of exchange payment order. The bill of exchange order procedure is an institute of civil procedural law that has not undergone fundamental changes, and therefore it is possible to draw on older sources. The author uses case law and scientific literature while attempting to highlight the problematic aspects related to the issuance of a bill of exchange payment order and providing a comparison of individual opinions on the issue, including her own. The thesis is divided into six chapters, further divided into subchapters. The content of each chapter is outlined below. First, the history of the substantive and procedural bill of exchange law in the Czech Republic is briefly mentioned, followed by a chapter devoted to the general characteristics of warrant proceedings and other types of payment orders in the Czech legal system, emphasizing their mutual comparison. The third chapter focuses on the bill of exchange order itself, the conditions for its issuance, its content and particulars, and its delivery to the defendant. In the next chapter, the author deals with the...

Článek se zabývá problematikou možnosti vyloučení odpovědnosti indosanta vůči indosatáři v případě, kdy indosatář nedosáhne uspokojení směnečné pohledávky po směnečném dlužníkovi. Zejména je uvedená situace řešena s ohledem na judikaturu obsahující výklad připouštějící možnost exonerační doložky mimo samotnou směnku. The article deals with the issue of the possibility of excluding the liability of the transferor towards the acquirer in the event that the acquirer does not achieve the satisfaction of the bill of exchange receivable from the bill of exchange debtor. In particular, with regard to the case-law containing an interpretation which allows the possibility of an exoneration clause outside the bill of exchange itself. The article deals with the issue of the possibility of excluding the liability of the transferor towards the acquirer in the event that the acquirer does not achieve the satisfaction of the bill of exchange receivable from the bill of exchange debtor. In particular, with regard to the case-law containing an interpretation which allows the possibility of an exoneration clause outside the bill of exchange itself.

The Status and Particularities of a Bill of Exchange Proceeding Abstract The thesis deals with a bill of exchange proceedings as a specific kind of civil procedure. This specific kind of proceedings is used for making a claim to a bill of exchange by its owner. The first chapter contains a definition of the character and purpose of the bill of exchange proceedings. The second chapter defines one of the general conditions of the procedure - jurisdiction. The second part of this chapter defines the preconditions for issuing a specific kind of judgement in the bill of exchange proceedings, the order for payment. The third chapter contains a definition of standing and a specific group of litigants in the bill of exchange relation followed by the party dispositions of the claimants for changes in the party to the proceedings. The fourth chapter deals with the party dispositions of the claimants for changes in the object of the proceedings. This chapter also includes the determination of the relevant point in time for issuing the order for payment in a bill of exchange proceedings. The fifth and sixth chapters contain two specific components of the bill of exchange proceedings, namely special kind of appeal known as objections and the concentration of proceedings. There are also mentioned the objection to set-off...

and keywords Causal objections to a bill of exchange and a promissory note, their types and proceedings related to them The subject of this thesis are causal objections to bill of exchange and promissory note, their types and proceedings related to them. The aim of the thesis is to provide a comprehensive overview of causal objections as a defense against produced bill of exchange (promissory note) based on an analysis of prosessional literature on the topic and the relevant case law. Thus, the thesis deals both with causal objections as substantive law institute and their practical application through procedural law institute of objections against bill of exchange (promissory note) payment order. The thesis consists of the preface, three chaptes and the conclusion. The first chapter deals with basic aspects of the term of "bill of exchange" (or the "promissory note"). The chapter is devided into four subchapters. The first subchapter analyses different definitions of the bill of exchange (promissory note) as they can be found in the professional literature and the case law and these definitons are compared to one another. The second subchapter deals with typical signs of bills of exchange (promissory notes) as a security. The essentials of such a security are described in the third subchapter. The...

The diploma thesis deals with the current legislation of a payment order procedure. It is focused on issues for which legislation does not have an explicit answer. The thesis in particular with the help of generalized conclusions from more significant court decisions tries to find solutions for situations that occur more or less often during the payment order procedure, but are not dealt with uniformly in the practice of lower courts. The existing legislation is also compared with a possible future modification in the new civil procedure code. At first, the concept of the payment order procedure and its basic principles are defined. Furthermore, the importance of this form of procedure for the current Czech judiciary is evaluated, as it helps to speed up and simplify activities of judiciary. This is also achieved by involving court emloyees in decision-making acitivity, whose specifics are also described by the thesis. The following sections are focused on a payment order, an electronic payment order, a payment order under a bill of exchange or a cheque and a European order of payment. The conditions for issuing a given type of decision, its content and the defense options of the defendant are always interpreted. The differences between each sub-type of payment order procedure from general civil proceedings...

Autor se v článku zabývá problematikou obsahu oprávnění vyplnit blankosměnku. Nejdříve mapuje kontraktační proces, v jehož rámci je obsah vyplňovacího práva vymezován, následně se věnuje samotnému obsahu tohoto práva, když dospívá k závěru, že obsah vyplňovacího oprávnění určuje, jak má být blankosměnka vyplněna. Článek obsahuje úvahu, zda může vzniknout vyplňovací oprávnění, jehož obsah není výslovně deklarován, což se děje zpravidla tehdy, když je dohoda o udělení vyplňovacího práva uzavírána konkludentně. Autor dospívá k závěru, že oprávnění vyplnit blankosměnku, jehož obsah nebyl smluvně vymezen, není neurčité, v důsledku čehož jeho vzniku nic nebrání. Není-li obsah vyplňovacího práva kontrahován, je určen kauzou směnky nebo směnečného závazku. Autor se v článku zabývá problematikou obsahu oprávnění vyplnit blankosměnku. Nejdříve mapuje kontraktační proces, v jehož rámci je obsah vyplňovacího práva vymezován, následně se věnuje samotnému obsahu tohoto práva, když dospívá k závěru, že obsah vyplňovacího oprávnění určuje, jak má být blankosměnka vyplněna. Článek obsahuje úvahu, zda může vzniknout vyplňovací oprávnění, jehož obsah není výslovně deklarován, což se děje zpravidla tehdy, když je dohoda o udělení vyplňovacího práva uzavírána konkludentně. Autor dospívá k závěru, že oprávnění vyplnit blankosměnku, jehož obsah nebyl smluvně vymezen, není neurčité, v důsledku čehož jeho vzniku nic nebrání. Není-li obsah vyplňovacího práva kontrahován, je určen kauzou směnky nebo směnečného závazku. The author focuses on the problematics of the basis of a right to complete a blank bill of exchange in the paper. First he deals with the contractual process (negotiation) through which the content of the right is defined, then he deals with the content of that right itself – he concludes that the content of the right to complete a blank bill of exchange determines how the blank bill of exchange should be completed. The paper includes consideration of whether a right to complete a blank bill of exchange can be created while the content of which is not expressly declared, which is usually the case when the agreement on the grant of the right is concluded implicitly. The author concludes that the right to complete a blank bill of exchange whose content was not contractually defined is not vague, as a result of which nothing hinders its creation. If the content of the right is not contracted, it is determined by the cause of the bill of exchange or by the cause of the obligation arising from the bill of exchange.

Směnečné právo vykazuje celou řadu specifik. Mezi tyto zvláštnosti patří i možnost emitovat blankosměnky - neúplné směnky, které lze následně dotvářet doplněním chybějícího textu. Jedním z esenciálních předpokladů emise blankosměnky je udělení oprávnění vyplnit uvedený zárodek směnky (blankosměnku) na směnku úplnou. Autor se v článku zabývá problematikou vzniku oprávnění vyplnit blankosměnku (vyplňovacího oprávnění). Článek je zaměřen na vyjasnění otázky, jakým právním jednáním vyplňovací oprávnění vzniká, jaký je obsah a jaká je forma takového právního jednání, jakož i kdo se na uvedeném jednání podílí, a jaký má uvedené jednání vztah k emisi blankosměnky. Poměrně výrazným subtématem úvahy o vzniku vyplňovacího práva je problematika kumulace vyplňovacího oprávnění. Vyplňovací oprávnění vzniká smlouvou o udělení vyplňovacího práva. Tato smlouva může být uzavřena výslovně (písemně i ústně), vyplňovací oprávnění však může být uděleno i konkludentně. Autor v článku přichází s myšlenkou, že na vzniku vyplňovacího práva se mohou podílet dvě smlouvy – smlouva o udělení vyplňovacího práva, kterou je vyplňovací oprávnění udělováno, a smlouva o vyplnění blankosměnky, kterou je kontrahován obsah vyplňovacího práva. Autor v článku vyjasňuje možný počet oprávnění, jež mohou vzniknout k vyplnění jedné blankosměnky, když dovozuje, že k vyplnění jedné blankosměnky může vzniknout, a poměrně často i vzniká, několik vyplňovacích oprávnění. Směnečné právo vykazuje celou řadu specifik. Mezi tyto zvláštnosti patří i možnost emitovat blankosměnky - neúplné směnky, které lze následně dotvářet doplněním chybějícího textu. Jedním z esenciálních předpokladů emise blankosměnky je udělení oprávnění vyplnit uvedený zárodek směnky (blankosměnku) na směnku úplnou. Autor se v článku zabývá problematikou vzniku oprávnění vyplnit blankosměnku (vyplňovacího oprávnění). Článek je zaměřen na vyjasnění otázky, jakým právním jednáním vyplňovací oprávnění vzniká, jaký je obsah a jaká je forma takového právního jednání, jakož i kdo se na uvedeném jednání podílí, a jaký má uvedené jednání vztah k emisi blankosměnky. Poměrně výrazným subtématem úvahy o vzniku vyplňovacího práva je problematika kumulace vyplňovacího oprávnění. Vyplňovací oprávnění vzniká smlouvou o udělení vyplňovacího práva. Tato smlouva může být uzavřena výslovně (písemně i ústně), vyplňovací oprávnění však může být uděleno i konkludentně. Autor v článku přichází s myšlenkou, že na vzniku vyplňovacího práva se mohou podílet dvě smlouvy – smlouva o udělení vyplňovacího práva, kterou je vyplňovací oprávnění udělováno, a smlouva o vyplnění blankosměnky, kterou je kontrahován obsah vyplňovacího práva. Autor v článku vyjasňuje možný počet oprávnění, jež mohou vzniknout k vyplnění jedné blankosměnky, když dovozuje, že k vyplnění jedné blankosměnky může vzniknout, a poměrně často i vzniká, několik vyplňovacích oprávnění. Law for bills of exchange has a number of specifics. Among these, a right to issue a blank bill of exchange – a non-complete bill of exchange which can be completed by adding the missing text. One of the essential preconditions of the issue of a blank bill of exchange is a grant of a right to complete the “fetus” of a bill of exchange (a blank bill of exchange). The author deals with the issue of the establishment of the right to complete a blank bill of exchange. The paper focuses on the clarification of the question of what is the nature of a legal act that establish the right to complete a blank bill of exchange, what is its content and its form, and also who are the actors participating on it and what is the connection between the legal act and the issue of a blank bill of exchange. A rather significant subthesis of reasoning on the establishment of the right to complete a blank bill of exchange is the issue of the cumulation of the rights to complete a blank bill of exchange. The right to complete a blank bill of exchange is established by an agreement (contract) for a grant of a right to complete a blank bill of exchange. This agreement can be concluded explicit (in writing or orally), a right to complete a blank bill of exchange can be also granted implicitly. The author comes up with an idea that an establishment of the right to complete a blank bill of exchange may be subject to two agreements – an agreement on the grant of the right to complete a blank bill of exchange (the right is granted by this agreement) and an agreement on the completion of a blank bill of exchange (which deals with the content of the right to complete a blank bill of exchange). The author clarifies the issue of the number of rights which can be granted regarding one blank bill of exchange – concludes that several rights to complete one blank bill of exchange can be established.

Směnky jsou cennými papíry v České republice hojně využívanými. Z této skutečnosti vyplývá, že je vedeno i mnoho soudních sporů o zaplacení směnečného nároku. Tato soudní řízení vykazují poměrně významná specifika a jsou pro jejich účastníky, ať už na straně žalující či žalované, plné potenciálních nástrah, které mohou zhatit jejich úspěch v řízení. Publikace je věnována specifikům a problémovým aspektům soudních řízení vedených při uplatnění směnečného nároku v prostém nalézacím řízení, a zejména pak ve směnečném rozkazním řízení. Směnečné rozkazní řízení je podle aktuálně platné a účinné právní úpravy velmi striktní, a to zejména vůči žalovanému, který je nucen drtivou část svojí obrany uplatnit ve velmi krátké námitkové lhůtě, a co více, v precizní formě a s kvalifikovaným obsahem. Autor se v publikaci věnuje podrobné analýze směnečného rozkazního řízení, zabývá se samotnou podstatou tohoto řízení, když kritizuje jeho koncepční nevyváženost, jež rezultuje v kolizi právní úpravy s právem na spravedlivý proces. Další aspekt směnečného rozkazního řízení, jenž autor podrobně analyzuje a následně hodnotí, je intenzivní uplatnění koncentračního principu v tomto řízení. Autor se problematikou koncentrace směnečného rozkazního řízení zabývá v rovině analýzy jejích projevů a vlivu na práva a povinnosti účastníků řízení. Kritickému rozboru směnečného rozkazního řízení předchází ucelený podrobný popis tohoto řízení. Ve vztahu k prostému nalézacímu řízení, v němž je uplatněn směnečný nárok, se autor zaměřuje na rozbor specifik soudního řízení. Publikace obsahuje pojednání o důkazním břemenu v řízení o zaplacení směnečného nároku a pasáž věnovanou problematice míry důkazu ve směnečných sporech. Kniha obsahuje rovněž exkurs do zahraniční právní úpravy civilních řízení Rakouské republiky a Spolkové republiky Německo, v nichž jsou uplatňovány směnečné nároky, když podává přehled jednotlivých druhů řízení, ve kterých je v těchto zemích možné směnku uplatnit a rozebírá klady a zápory uvedených řízení. Jedná se o rakouské směnečné rozkazní řízení, německé směnečné upomínací řízení, německé směnečné řízení a německé listinné řízení. Autor se nevyhýbá polemice s rozhodovací praxí soudů. Autor v publikaci reaguje na návrh právní úpravy směnečného rozkazního řízení, jenž je obsažen ve věcném záměru připravovaného civilního řádu soudního, když tato reakce vyúsťuje do úvah de lege ferenda. V rámci úvah o možné budoucí podobě směnečných sporů předkládá svůj pohled na nové koncepční uchopení právní úpravy směnečného rozkazního řízení. Publikace vychází z hlubšího teoretického základu, obsahuje však i praktický výklad směnečných sporů. Kniha je určena zejména odborným čtenářům, kterým vyloží teoretická východiska pohledu na řízení o zaplacení směnečného nároku, provede je však i průběhem soudního řízení o zaplacení směnečného nároku, a to z pohledu teoretika působícího v akademické sféře (na právnické fakultě Masarykovy Univerzity v Brně), současně však i praktika – advokáta, který se směnečným právem zabývá již více než 25 let. Směnky jsou cennými papíry v České republice hojně využívanými. Z této skutečnosti vyplývá, že je vedeno i mnoho soudních sporů o zaplacení směnečného nároku. Tato soudní řízení vykazují poměrně významná specifika a jsou pro jejich účastníky, ať už na straně žalující či žalované, plné potenciálních nástrah, které mohou zhatit jejich úspěch v řízení. Publikace je věnována specifikům a problémovým aspektům soudních řízení vedených při uplatnění směnečného nároku v prostém nalézacím řízení, a zejména pak ve směnečném rozkazním řízení. Směnečné rozkazní řízení je podle aktuálně platné a účinné právní úpravy velmi striktní, a to zejména vůči žalovanému, který je nucen drtivou část svojí obrany uplatnit ve velmi krátké námitkové lhůtě, a co více, v precizní formě a s kvalifikovaným obsahem. Autor se v publikaci věnuje podrobné analýze směnečného rozkazního řízení, zabývá se samotnou podstatou tohoto řízení, když kritizuje jeho koncepční nevyváženost, jež rezultuje v kolizi právní úpravy s právem na spravedlivý proces. Další aspekt směnečného rozkazního řízení, jenž autor podrobně analyzuje a následně hodnotí, je intenzivní uplatnění koncentračního principu v tomto řízení. Autor se problematikou koncentrace směnečného rozkazního řízení zabývá v rovině analýzy jejích projevů a vlivu na práva a povinnosti účastníků řízení. Kritickému rozboru směnečného rozkazního řízení předchází ucelený podrobný popis tohoto řízení. Ve vztahu k prostému nalézacímu řízení, v němž je uplatněn směnečný nárok, se autor zaměřuje na rozbor specifik soudního řízení. Publikace obsahuje pojednání o důkazním břemenu v řízení o zaplacení směnečného nároku a pasáž věnovanou problematice míry důkazu ve směnečných sporech. Kniha obsahuje rovněž exkurs do zahraniční právní úpravy civilních řízení Rakouské republiky a Spolkové republiky Německo, v nichž jsou uplatňovány směnečné nároky, když podává přehled jednotlivých druhů řízení, ve kterých je v těchto zemích možné směnku uplatnit a rozebírá klady a zápory uvedených řízení. Jedná se o rakouské směnečné rozkazní řízení, německé směnečné upomínací řízení, německé směnečné řízení a německé listinné řízení. Autor se nevyhýbá polemice s rozhodovací praxí soudů. Autor v publikaci reaguje na návrh právní úpravy směnečného rozkazního řízení, jenž je obsažen ve věcném záměru připravovaného civilního řádu soudního, když tato reakce vyúsťuje do úvah de lege ferenda. V rámci úvah o možné budoucí podobě směnečných sporů předkládá svůj pohled na nové koncepční uchopení právní úpravy směnečného rozkazního řízení. Publikace vychází z hlubšího teoretického základu, obsahuje však i praktický výklad směnečných sporů. Kniha je určena zejména odborným čtenářům, kterým vyloží teoretická východiska pohledu na řízení o zaplacení směnečného nároku, provede je však i průběhem soudního řízení o zaplacení směnečného nároku, a to z pohledu teoretika působícího v akademické sféře (na právnické fakultě Masarykovy Univerzity v Brně), současně však i praktika – advokáta, který se směnečným právem zabývá již více než 25 let. Bills of exchange are securities widely used in the Czech Republic. It follows from this that a number of lawsuits have been brought against the payment of the bill of exchange. These lawsuits show quite significant specifics and are full of potential pitfalls for their participants, whether they are the plaintiff or the defendant, which can ruin their management success. The publication is devoted to the specifics and problematic aspects of court proceedings conducted in the exercise of a bill of exchange claim in a simple inquiry procedure, and in particular in a bill of exchange proceedings. The bill of exchange proceedings are, according to the currently applicable and effective legislation, very strict, especially against the defendant, who is forced to exercise a vast part of his defense in a very short opposition period, and moreover, in precise form and with qualified content. The author deals with a detailed analysis of the bills of exchange order, deals with the very essence of the proceedings, criticizing his conceptual imbalance, resulting in a conflict of law with the right to a fair trial. Another aspect of the bills of exchange order, which the author analyzes in detail and then evaluates, is the intense application of the concentration principle in this proceeding. The author deals with the issue of concentration of bills of exchange order at the level of the analysis of its manifestations and the influence on the rights and obligations of the parties to the proceedings. Critical analysis of the bill of exchange procedure is preceded by a comprehensive detailed description of this procedure. In relation to the simple civil procedure in which a bill of exchange is claimed, the author focuses on the analysis of the specificities of the proceedings. The publication contains a treatise on the burden of proof in proceedings for the payment of a bill of exchange and a passage on the issue of the level of evidence in litigation. The book also includes an excursion into the foreign law of civil proceedings of the Republic of Austria and the Federal Republic of Germany, in which promissory notes are claimed by reviewing the various types of proceedings in which the bill of exchange can be applied in these countries and analyzing the pros and cons of those proceedings. The author does not avoid controversy with the decision-making practice of the courts. The author responds to the draft legal regulation of bills of exchange order, which is contained in the substantive intent of the forthcoming civil court order, when this reaction results in de lege ferenda. As part of its consideration of the possible future form of bills of exchange, it presents its view on the new conceptual grasp of the legal regulation of bills of exchange. The publication is based on a deeper theoretical basis, but also contains a practical interpretation of bills of exchange. The book is intended mainly for professional readers, who will explain the theoretical basis of the view on the procedure for the payment of the bill of exchange, but will also do so during the course of court proceedings for the payment of bill of exchange, from the perspective of a theoretician working at the Faculty of Law of Masaryk University in Brno, but at the same time a practitioner - a lawyer who has been dealing with bill of exchange law for more than 25 years.

Within this thesis, I analyze my knowledge of the bill of exchange, especially the development of the bill of exchange and the current law in action practise. The main part of this thesis is devoted to the security function of the bill of exchange, which is currently the dominant. But I also paid attention to other bill of exchange instruments. The thesis is divided into five chapters. In the first chapter I discuss the historical development of the bill of exchange, focusing on the development in the Czech lands, with emphasis on the period 1918-1938, called The First republic. The second chapter is devoted to the characteristics of bills of Exchange law and its status in the legal system of the Czech Republic. The third chapter deals with the individual bill of exchange functions. The major part of this chapter is being devoted to the security function, which is recently the most frequent in action. Here I describe the effect and purpose for which they are issued, following the features of the bill of Exchange. Nescience of those features often results to the duty to fulfill the debt two times, however there is no substantive basis for such an action. This chapter also contains the proceeding of crooked endorsement, accompanied by jurisprudence in this matter. In conclusion, I complete the...

This Thesis concentrates on special instruments of the Bill of Exchange - aval, protest and domicile. The Paper describes their legal framework and currentcase law.The Thesis is divided into three parts, each of which is dedicated to one of the above mentioned institutes of the Bill of Exchange. A case fom author's law practice is included in the chapter dedicated to aval. It specifically elaborates on particularities of the Bill of Exhange avalation. The chapter about protest analyses the author's survey (2013)in which a couple of Czech municipal administrations were requested to certify a protest of a Bill of Exchange.

A bill of Exchange was originally used as payment instrument. Recently, it is mostly used as securing instrument. This purpose was mainly evolved by legal practice and its legislation could be problematic and unclear for laymen. The main aim of this thesis is to analyze a bill of exchange as a securing instrument. Further attention is paid to the function of payment. However, the bill of exchange and check are both regulated in identical law, so to some of its institutes I also describe a checks. The main attention of my thesis is devoted to the securing purpose of the bill of exchange. There I describe the specifics of this instrument in the comparison of other civil securing instruments. Due to this contrast, it can be said, that the bill of exchange gives the creditor some significant advantage on one hand, but finds some insuperable limits on the other hand. My thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter describes the historical development of bills of exchange and check, and the circumstances under which these institutions were created. The second chapter deals with the exchange and check law, their rules, the systematic inclusion of this branch of law and the basic peculiarities are defined. The third chapter is devoted to a general definition of the bill of exchange, describes...

This Thesis has focused on the topic of "The bill of exchange and its application in practice". This work is devided into chapters and sub-chapters. After the introduction there is a literature search in which it was necessary to deal with the historical development of the bills of exchange and their regulations. In the second part of the literature search there are briefly introduced basic kinds of bills of exchange charged in Czech law. The another part of the literature review is devoted to a brief characteristics of the participants of bills of exchange relations. The conclusion of the literature review focuses on disposition of bills, characteristic of court proceedings and the issue of application of the objections in this proceeding. The practical part continues these problems. Its first chapter deals with the definition of the bills for accounting and processing of application examples on accounting bills. Finally there is a chapter on the tax implications of the depository and non-depository bills of exchange. In the second main section are demonstrated specific examples of bill of exchange aplication in business relations. Also, there is indicated the process of exchange proceeding and the way of enforcement the exchange sum including the issue of application of objections.

The submitted thesis deals with legal questions which are arising in connection with the use of promissory notes in consumer relations, and is especially focused on conflict between rigor cambialis and consumer protection policy. The thesis is especially working with today's judicature, analyzing and comparing it with doctrine, former judicature, and principles of fairness.

This thesis named "Bill of exchange proceedings in the Czech Republic" describes the course of bill of exchange proceedings under the Czech law from its commencement, issuing of a decision on merits till the enforcement of the decision. The thesis focuses on the specifics of the bill of exchange proceedings as a summary proceedings and issues which arise out of it. It deals with problems connected with the new legislation governing from January 1, 2014 the delivery of the judicial order to pay in a form of bill. It looks on the position of a drawee in the hearing where his objections against the judicial order to pay in form of a bill are considered. The thesis deals with the issue of admissibility of objections and the 15 days period to file the objections. It considers the position of drawees - defendants which are in separate joinder of parties on the side of defendants. If also focuses on new institutes connected with deciding about costs of the proceedings. The first chapter discuss a bill of exchange as a security. The following chapters (second till sixth) in accordance with the course of the proceedings deals with the action with a motion to issue a judicial order to pay in a form of bill, its issuance, delivery and with the hearing of the objections. The activity of the court before...

A bill of exchange was historically used for payment purposes. However, over time it was figured out that it can designate as a securing instrument. Such a usage of a bill of exchange brings as well a series of theoretical and practical confusions. Therefore, one of the main aims of this thesis is to analyze a securing bill of exchange and examine and describe the different attributes and specifics that bind to it. Another main aim of this thesis is securing bill of exchange to be compared with another hedging instruments which are provided by civil law, such as the pledge and the suretyship. Because of this comparison it is easier to show if the bill of exchange is an appropriate securing instrument, and what are its strengths and weaknesses. As a working method is using analysis and comparison. The thesis is divided into nine chapters. The first chapter sets out the aims and the direction which the thesis will take and further outline of the content of each chapter. The second chapter deals with the general definition of a bill of exchange, lists the types of a bill of exchange that exist. It also defines the functions of a bill of exchange, where these functions are meant a tender, payment tool or securing instrument. The third chapter describes the essence of a securing bill of exchange, which...

The aim of the thesis is to provide a wide treatise about specific use of bill of exchange as a securing instrument. The promissory note as a debtor security may take various economic life functions. Since the inception of law of exchange it was primarily the medium of payment, whereas the securing function was developed much later. Actually a relative novelty of securing function of bill of exchange leads to a wide range of issues that need to be resolved in connection with its use. In particular, it is absolutely necessary to realize that the obligation incorporated into promissory note will be regardless of its function always the obligation abstract and individual. The above mentioned abstract and individual obligation is mainly manifested in a different connection to the secured obligation, which is much more fragile than in case of use of standard securing obligations that are on the contrary characteristic by accesority and subsidiarity. As an introduction is included a passage in which the author attempts to summarize the major changes brought by the new private law in relation to bill of exchange as securing instrument, including a brief consideration of the terminology of the new Civil Code in relation to the confirmation and security of obligations . In spite of the fact that the aim of...

Je-li popřenou pohledávkou pohledávka směnečná, požadují soudy od věřitele v následných incidenčních sporech vysvětlení kauzy směnky a okolností souvisejících s vyplněním směnky. Tento postup soudů nelze považovat důvodný. If the denied claim happens to be a bills of exchange, the courts requires the lender in subsequent incidental disputes an explanation of the case notes and circumstances relating to the bill of exchange. This approach of courts can not be justified.

The concept and types of bill of exchange The topic of this thesis is "The concept and types of bill of exchange". The reason for choosing this topic has been my interest in bill of exchange law, which was awaken by my own experience with a bill of exchange on one hand and by the gripping seminars of subject called "Bills of Exchanges", which is taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences of the Charles University in Prague, on the other hand. The aim of the thesis is to characterize the bill of exchange and promissory note, to define their basic characteristics, to explain, what kind of them exist and to analyze their basic requirements. The thesis is composed of six chapters. The first chapter discusses the history of bill of exchange and promissory note. It is divided into three sections that deal with the origin and both national and international development of bill of exchange law. The second chapter is devoted to the current legislation of bill of exchange law. It introduces the sources of bill of exchange law and relations between them and the most specific characteristics of the bill of exchange law, which is rigor cambialis. The third chapter, which consists of three sections, defines the concept of bill of exchange and promissory note, provides a list of their features and the most...

The aim of this diploma thesis is to determine the nature of the securing bill of exchange through the analysis of professional literature and relevant case law. The thesis is composed of eight chapters. The first chapter deals with the issue of securing instruments in general. It presents the main amendments which have been brought to the law of obligations by the recent recodification of the private law, especially to the securing instruments. This chapter mentions the characteristics and functions of the general securing instruments. This is followed by the presentation of the bill of exchange as a specific type of the securing instrument. The second chapter is completely devoted to the bill of exchange. It examines the functions of a bill of exchange in legal relations. This chapter also contains more detailed description of an agreement that provides the bill of exchange the disposition of the securing instrument. The following chapter not only defines the term bill of exchange but also concerns with the definition of security in view of the fact that this part of the law was amended by the recodification of the private law. This passage classifies the bill of exchange into the system of securities and emphasises especially the characteristics connected with its transfer. Chapter four...

The position of a guarantor (avalist) in relations regarding the bill of exchange Aval is connected with a security called a bill of exchange. Besides the possibility to use the bill of exchange to secure debts, it is possible to ensure the debt embodied in the bill of exchange charter and increase its value. It is meant aval as the main theme of the thesis. The main aim of the thesis is to introduce aval from a legal point of view and assess the status of the guarantor in bills of exchange relations from the point of view of his rights and duties, especially against s and debtors (in the case of regression) in different situations and phases. The special source of legislation is the law of bills of exchange and checks that permeates the entire structure of the work. Structurally this work consists of two main parts. The first part is focused on legal formalities on bills of exchange charter and consequences in case of the absence of one of these essential formalities for the position of guarantor. The second part is devoted to aval In addition to development, formal and material conditions necessary for the origin of the bill of exchange is considerable space devoted to characteristics of aval . Another important part of this work represents creditors negotiations towards guarantor and vice versa, which...

This Bachelor´s Thesis has focused on the topic of "Security Institutes of Civil Law" and deals with security institutes like a contractual fine, surety, lien and securing bill of exchange. This work is devided into chapters and sub-chapters. After the introduction there is a literature search, that contains the characterization of the contractual legal relationship and the definition of the basic concepts of the law of contract. In the second part of the literature search there are selected security institutes, that are used in the Czech law. Individual sub-chapters of the comparative part are devoted to comparing of security institutes mentioned in the literature search from the standpoint of the legislation in effect prior to 1.1.2014, and from that date. The practical part continues these problems. Here we can find the process of the accounting of contractual penalties and interest rates for late payment. This chapter also deals with the definition of bills of exchanges from the standpoint of accountancy their accounting and writing own bills and someone else's bills.

Vrba, F.,. Bachelor thesis. Brno: Mendel University in Brno, 2013 The thesis is focused on the practice of the bill in the Czech Republic. It is divided into two parts - a literature review and practical. The first part describes the characteristics of bills and identifies critical features that allow its misuse. The practical part is focused on consequences that bring Act No. 43/2013 Coll., An amendment to the Consumer Credit Act. Result of this work is to describe and evaluate the consequences of the amendment bill into law brings experience.

Blank Note This thesis deals with blank note (incomplete instrument) as a particular subset of promissory notes/bills of exchange. It is comprised of a brief introduction on history of securities followed by a summarization of development of prommisory note, including its legislative history in the Czech Republic. International conferences aiming to unify the subject matter are also considered. The main body of the text aims to define the incomplete instrument; the definitions itself subsequently subdivided to provide comprehensive description of form, minimal content of the instrument, demands placed on signature and on the intent of parties to create an inchoate note. A whole individual chapter investigates one of the crucial elements typical of incomplete instrument, which is authority to fill in empty spots as given by the signee to a holder. Thus, its goal is to illustrate its nature and the ways it can originate and terminate. It being the crucial issue of many litigations concerning a once incomplete promissory note, particular attention is given to termination of such authority while the largest part of this chapter looks at application of licence to fill in violation of the authority given. In this context, a brief description of possible penal repercussions follows. The thesis also...

The topic of this thesis is bill formalism and development of its concept in the judicature. The thesis deals mainly with requirements of a bill of exchange, which are set by law, as well as with the effect of the failure to meet the correct form of these requirements on validity of bills of exchange. This issue is analysed especially with regard to its concept in the Czech judicature. The first chapter deals with theoretical aspects of the topic, namely with description of the basic legal regulation of exchange law, the characteristics of a bill of exchange and defining the kinds of bills and special types of them. The second chapter focuses on basic requirements of a bill of exchange set by law, which are analysed in particular with regard to their impact on the validity of the bill of exchange. Individual parts of the chapter deal with the following requirements of bills of exchange: 1.indication that it is a bill of exchange, included in the text of the instrument, expressed in the language in which the instrument is drawn up, 2. unconditional order (promise) to pay a certain financial sum, 3. the name of who is to pay, 4. information on maturity, 5. information on the place where payment is to be, 6. the name of the person to whom or to whose order payment is to be, 7. date and place of issue of bill of exchange, 8. signature of the drawer. The third chapter contains issue that is closely connected with the introduction of the above-mentioned requirements on a bill of exchange and which also reflects the formal character of a bill of exchange. The first part of this chapter concentrates on the bill forms, with whose character certain specific problems are related. The second part of this chapter deals with issues of graphic layout of a bill, which has also significant importance in terms of bill formalism.

This bachelor thesis characterizes a specified field of the law of bills of exchange that deals with the concept and the nature of the bill of exchange, especially from the point of view of its classification into the system of securities, with more detailed focusing on the requirements of the bill of exchange, its parties and its classes through the analysis of professional literature and relevant case law. The thesis points out the main amendments which have been brought to the law of bills of exchange and the law of securities by the recodification of the private law that has been in effect in Czech Republic since 1. 1. 2014. The thesis was composed by the method of description with elements of analysis and synthesis. The individual legal institutes are described, analytically examined and evaluated. There are presented their mutual connections and the view of the problematic as a whole as well.

The thesis is divided into two parts -- theoretical and practical. In first part hedging instruments, namely the Letter of Credit, Documentary Collection, Bill of Exchange, Factoring, Forfaiting and Bank Guarantee are analyzed. The aim of analysis is to describe the basic characteristics of instruments and course of these instruments. Subsequently, the instruments are compared to each other on the basis of the advantages and disadvatages they bring to participants. The next part is devoted to an analysis of charges associated with the use of particular hedging instruments in selected banks and the comparison of instruments based on selected criteria. The specific use of the hedging instrument is shown in the case study.

Incomplete instrument is an institution in practice quite often used, but which raises a number of issues stemming mainly from its fragmentary legislation. The aim of my work is primarily to explore related issues, to confront conflicting views of theorists, to deal with the mismatch between theory and conclusions of the courts and in a case I find such to add my own opinion in a contentious area. The result should be a comprehensive presentation of incomplete instrument including the benefits and risks which this certainly interesting institute holds. Admissibility of incomplete instrument has been controversial issue for a long time. Especially the business practice established the existence of deeds that are not rightful Bills of Exchange or other securities as they don't contain all the particulars required by law, yet give its owner confidence that, if effort is made, they can be transformed into the proper Bills of Exchange. These documents are called Incomplete instruments. If we search for the essence of incomplete instrument, then it can be relatively easily determined even from its very name of which can be seen that this is a deed containing white spaces intended for later additions. Incomplete instrument is a precursor of future Bills. It is a deliberate deed issued in incomplete form,...

The aim of the thesis is to give reader a treatise about specific use of bill of exchange as a securing instrument. The promissory note as a debtor security may take various economic life functions. Since the inception of law of exchange it was primarily the medium of payment, whereas the securing function was developed much later. Actually a relative novelty of securing function of bill of exchange leads to a wide range of issues that need to be resolved in connection with its use. In particular, it is absolutely necessary to realize that the obligation incorporated into promissory note will be regardless of its function always the obligation abstract and individual. The above mentioned abstract and individual obligation is mainly manifested in a different connection to the secured obligation, which is much more fragile than in case of use of standard securing obligations that are on the contrary characteristic by accesority and subsidiarity. In spite of the fact that the aim of the thesis is concentrated on bill of exchange as securing instrument, the first chapter is devoted to issues of law of exchange in general. Within particular subchapters there is outlined the historical development of law of exchange in our country, including the sources of current legislation. Furthermore author explains...

in English The thesis aims especially on questions concerning law of exchange which are not satisfactorily answered yet neither by academical community nor by judicial decisions made by the Czech courts and those which should be, from the point of my view, answered differently. In the first chapter, I tried to critically review various doctrinal definitions of bill of exchange and to draw up my own definition which affects bill of exchange complexly in its entireness. Second chapter is divided into three subdivisions chronologically. First subdivision refers to proofs of ancient documents congenial to contemporary bills of exchange. I have come to conclusion that the existence of bills of exchange can be proven as far as the beginning of the first millenium. Institute simmilar to the one of bill of exchange may be found in the Roman civil law. The second subdivision of second chapter assays medieval bills of exchange very thoroughly more than any other thesis on the same subject. All my ideas given are supported by quotations. The third subdivision briefly explains development of law of exchange in the modern period. The third chapter is dedicated to the general purpose of law of exchange and its modern usage with extra amount of attention paid to blank bills of exchange and collateral drafts....

The objective of this thesis is to analyze the functioning of bills of exchange/promissory notes in selected areas of international business, with an emphasis on their security and credit functions. The subject of the first chapter is the introducing the parties involved in bills of exchange, then the specification of the essentials of this instrument and the description of the main effects resulting from the use of clauses. The core of this chapter is the analysis of bills of exchange transactions. The second chapter deals with possibilities of using this commercial paper in the following banking products -- documentary credit, documentary collection, discount credit and forfeiting. The last chapter is dedicated to the analysis of a blank bill, with particular emphasis on the risks connected with this security instrument.

Bill of Exchange Procedure Litigation in which the receivable, arising from the bill of exchange, is applied has its natural features resulting from substantial law aspects determined by abstract bill of exchange obligation. These natural features are not established by procedure as such, they take their origin in substantial law. While non-bill-of-exchange disputes are related to solely one level of relevant facts (level of casual facts) in bill of exchange dispute there is another level of relevant facts to be always present, no matter whether in addition to such casual level or, eventually, solely. We call this (additional) level of facts the bill-of-exchange level of facts. It is the distinctive feature of bill of exchange dispute that such dispute may be substantially ruled even upon this bill-of-exchange level of facts only. This bill-of-exchange level of facts is, by its substance, significantly more simple than the casual level of facts. Thus, the court may not realize any casual findings in the bill of exchange dispute and yet such dispute may be adjudicated correctly. In respect of limited number of bill of exchange necessities there is usually poor hope for success on the part of the defendant in bill-of-exchange level of facts. Thus, the defendants often have to refer to casual facts...

This bachelor thesis focuses on bills of exchange. It presents specific cases of their utilization in business relations and points to their advantages and disadvantages and to the related risks. An emphasis is put on and the own research that is based on the actual current practice. Four cases of bill utilization were examined, that finally lead to judicial recovery of the bill amount. Methods of qualitative research and non-standardized interviews were used. The results were subsequently processed in the form of descriptions of the individual cases and the individual cases were evaluated. The thesis also includes examples of the specific bills of exchanges discussed in the individual cases. The research has shown, among other things, that a bill of exchange can be a very effective tool to secure receivables, however it can be also very treacherous. The law of bills of exchange is not a simple one. Entrepreneurs who decide to participate in relations involving bills of exchange, either as bill holders or drawees, should very well consider whether they have all the information about what it actually means to issue a bill of exchange or to accept it, what are the particulars of a bill of exchange to be valid and which other risks are associated with the relations involving bills of exchange. As demonstrated by the presented cases, it is recommendable to turn to experts specializing in bills of exchange law and thus to eliminate potential risks in the future. Among other things, this bachelor thesis also proves that, although business partners are equal in business relations, in relations involving bills of exchange the bill holder has, as a rule, a slight advantage over the drawee. This naturally applies only on the condition that the concerned bill of exchange is valid.

This diploma thesis is dedicated to the practical application of the bill of exchange and cheque law from 1950. In the introduction is mentioned the meaning and main functions of payment condition in sales cantract in general. Following chapters contens description of bill of exchange and cheque as payment instruments and especially their usage in the practice and explication of the law from the 1950.

This thesis focuses on the application of bill of exchange as a security for a debt and tries to give an extensive review of a judicature, relevant to this theme. First part of the thesis is providing information about essentials of bill of exchange. The thesis body offers the view on issue, acceptance, co acceptance, transfer of a bill of exchange and claiming the creditor's rights. In conclusion the thesis compares various ways of recovery of creditor's claims.

The first part of the thesis deals with a description of legal relationships in the international trade and explains the term "international element." Further there is a short description of private international law and international trade law. The second part of the thesis is focused on securing of contractual obligations in the international trade. The third part concerns with explanation of the basic forms of legal relationships in the international trade regulation with regard to securing of contractual obligations. The final part of the thesis deals with a description of securing instruments used in the international trade. At the end of this part there are listed factors which influence the choice of a suitable securing instrument.

The aim of my thesis was to find out which role do the short term credits play a in the market economy. Then I wanted to describe which kinds of risks have to manage the trade partners, if they decide to give a credit. And the major part of my work was about the credit risks management. I tried to describe the ways, how the companies can secure themselves against risks.

This bachelor´s thesis focuses on the use of the bills in these days. It regards the differences between theoretical possibilities in the usage of bills and the actual usage in reality. The thesis defines the bill as a type of stock, describes historical and legislative aspects of its usage, summarizes the terms of use of the bill and describes its functions. The applied part of the thesis focuses on the premises and terms of use of the bills in these days. Using a questionnaire, the thesis identified the level of knowledge about bills among public, based on a discussion with an expert it tries to point the future of the bills.

International trade goes hand in hand with the humankind since man discovered the fact that some items could be exchanged for others. It is the same with risks which are bounded with international trade since its beginning. The thesis is divided into three main parts. The first part is focused on defining and characterizing risks of international trade according to their origin. The second part describes the most common ways how to avoid these risks. The third part contains detailed analysis of two transactions of the company SOMA spol. s.r.o. on which is this knowledge demonstrated.

This bachelor thesis characterizes securities themselves. It deals with accounting, reporting and valuation of securities according to Czech legislation and International Financial Reporting Standards. The first part is mostly theoretical. The second part focuses on shares, bonds and bills of exchange and is supplemented with factual examples.

I focussed my bachelor{\crq}s thesis on a topic related to the use of bills of exchange in obligatory relations. Although there is no definition of a bill of exchange by law, the law does stipulate the requirements for its contents to make such bill of exchange valid. Contractual relations, properly set up, can not only ease the potential standing of the participants before the court, but are even capable of preventing this. In my work, I address the issue of the bill of exchange, its history, types, functions, form, substance, acts in law and other issues related to bills of exchange.

Práce se soustřeďuje na zmapování vývoje směnek a jejich užití v bankovnictví České republiky, a to nejen na úrovni obchodních bank (směnečné úvěry, forfaiting, produkty exportního financování - dokumentární akreditivy a inkasa, depotní a depozitní směnky), ale také České národní banky (úvěry na zástavu směnek, eskont exportních směnek, reeskont směnek).