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Background: Increasing evidence indicates that skin disorders may contribute to an increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). They can affect the quality of life, and they have an impact on social isolation, behavioral problems, cognitive scores, and some subscales of ASD. Methods: This study was an online questionnaire-based, observational, and cross-sectional study conducted during the period from August 2022 through January 2023 to examine dermatological manifestations among ASD individuals compared to controls. Descriptive and non-parametric tests were used for data analysis. Results: A total of 363 individuals with skin diseases were interviewed during the study period. In total, 189 (52.1%) of participants were autistic and 174 (47.9%) were controls. Asthma, anxiety, depression, and autoimmune disease were persistent in the ASD group compared to the controls (p < 0.001). The results also show that skin, food, and respiratory allergies were statistically significantly associated with ASD (50%, 22.2%, 14.8%, respectively) compared to the controls (26.4%, 10.3%, 7.5%, respectively) (p < 0.05). The most prevalent disease in the controls was eczema (15.5%), followed by dry skin (14.9%) and acne (10.3%). These diseases showed a statistically significant association with ASD compared to the controls (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that atopic disorders and comorbidities, including eczema, asthma, and allergies, are significantly associated with ASD. A large population-based study is warranted to clarify the prevalence of skin disorders among individuals with ASD, coupled with the study of the association between skin disorders and comorbidities to determine the relationship precisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the pattern of skin diseases among patients visiting the Pediatric outpatient department of tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Pediatric Outpatient, Combined Military Hospital, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Period: August 2023 to February 2024. Methods: Children up to age of 12 years, attending the outpatient department for skin disorders were included in the study. Consultants with Postgraduate qualifications in Pediatrics made the diagnosis & consultations from Dermatology department were also obtained. Results: A total of 300 patients were included in the study, consisting of 60% males and 40% females, with a mean age of 2.29 years (± 1.19 years). The age group distribution indicated that 34% of participants (n=102) were under 1 year of age, while 27.3% (n=82) were between the ages of 6 to 10 years. Infectious diseases and infestations were the most prevalent skin conditions, affecting 66.36% of participants. This was followed by eczema (n=46,15.33%), hypersensitivity (n=22,7.33%), and disorders of sweat and sebaceous glands (n=23,7.66). Among the infections, bacterial infections were the most common (23%), followed by fungal infections (18.33%) and viral infections (6.3%). Conclusion: Infections and infestations together constituted 66.36% of the cases. Bacterial infections, along with scabies and fungal infections were the most common disorders observed followed by eczematous disorders. Education regarding good hygiene and proper care can eventually help. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by a disrupted epidermal barrier, immune dysregulation, and genetic predisposition. Affecting individuals across all age groups, AD presents with recurrent flare-ups and varying clinical patterns depending on age. The pathophysiology involves key elements such as loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin (FLG) gene, overproduction of cytokines like IL-4 and IL-13, and skin colonization by Staphylococcus aureus. Management strategies include patient education, topical therapies (e.g., corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, crisaborole, and tapinarof), systemic treatments like dupilumab and methotrexate, and phototherapy for refractory cases. Preventive measures, including breastfeeding and probiotic supplementation, offer limited benefits, emphasizing the need for individualized approaches. Innovative therapies and further research into AD pathogenesis hold promise for more effective disease control and improved quality of life for patients.

Background: Vitiligo, an autoimmune skin disorder linked to hormonal and genetic factors, results in reduced pigmentation due to a gradual decline in melanocyte activity. This systematic review delves into the role of dietary intervention and nutrition in managing vitiligo. Methods: A comprehensive search on PubMed, Google Scholar, and European PMC identified 214 studies, with 14 meeting inclusion criteria post‐screening. The selected studies primarily explored the impact of dietary supplements on disease activity. Results: Heavy metal exposure, specifically Cd, Pb, and Hg, indicated potential links to heightened reactive oxygen species and vitiligo development. Conflicting evidence emerged regarding the role of trace minerals (Zn and Cu), with some studies suggesting deficiencies and others proposing excesses in vitiligo patients. Vitamins with anti‐inflammatory properties like vitamin C, D, and B12, along with antioxidants, were investigated for their potential in repigmentation strategies. Additionally, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially in varying types of fat consumption, were implicated. Emphasizing the need to reduce reliance on pharmacological and phototherapy interventions, the review uncovers novel roles for dietary supplements as adjuncts or flare reducers. Conclusion: While dietary interventions cannot be thought of as a standalone therapy, they still make a case for being used as adjuncts. Large scale clinical trials are warranted to establish strong evidence and protocols, and might also help reduce the dependency on pharmacological methods, which come with their adverse effect profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 35-year-old intramural male athlete presented to the athletic training staff with a 4.5- × 2.2-cm itchy, painful, swollen, and infected insidious skin lesion on his right lateral malleolus due to an underlying dermatologic deficiency. Suspecting infection, the patient was referred to his nurse practitioner and was diagnosed with atopic dermatitis caused by a ceramide deficiency. He was placed on cefalexin and mupirocin 2% ointment but returned due to the lesion increasing to 8.5 × 6 cm, although the infection seemed controlled. He was instructed to use Ceravé topical cream, clobetasol propionate 5%, and to consume foods rich in healthy oils (omega-3 fatty acids, olive oil). Unmitigated, this lesion could have resulted in severe infection and tissue damage. Atopic dermatitis is relatively common in the general population, but its appearance in healthy athletes highlights that athletic trainers need to be well versed in not just apparent causes of skin ailments (ie, infection) but also root causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acne vulgaris is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin disorders that affects almost 90% of the adolescents worldwide. Due to its effect on one’s appearance, it causes not only physical but also psychological consequences. The cause of acne involves increased sebum production, hyperkeratinisation of the follicle, bacterial colonization and inflammation, which result in formation of comedones, papules, pustules and nodules. Diet, Body Mass Index, hyperhidrosis and stress can be triggering factors. The pharmacological treatment of acne involves substances administered topically as well as orally. First line of treatment of mild-to-moderate acne involves topical benzoyl peroxide, retinoids, chemical peels, antibiotics and combinations of those agents. The treatment of moderate-to-severe or inflammatory acne consists of oral antibiotics, isotretinoin, oral contraceptives and spironolactone. New therapies are being investigated and show a great potential, however further research should be pursued in order to achieve long-lasting results of the treatment.

The article discusses granular parakeratosis (GP) and highlights the pathology of GP, emphasizing the presence of basophilic granules in the stratum corneum. A case series of 10 patients with GP is presented, all with a history of benzalkonium chloride exposure, showing clinical symptoms and treatment outcomes. The study suggests that patients with a history of allergic diseases may be more susceptible to GP, recommending discontinuation of disinfectants containing BAC. Further research is needed to explore noninvasive diagnostic methods for GP and its association with allergic conditions. [Extracted from the article]

This study presents the case of a 73-year-old male diagnosed with progressive nodular histiocytosis (PNH), a rare disorder characterized by disseminated nodules on the skin and mucous membranes. These nodules emerged eight months prior to presentation. A definitive diagnosis of PNH was established through skin biopsy. This case underscores the importance of further case reports to advance comprehension and management of this uncommon coexistence. Expanding the literature on PNH will contribute to improving diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficacy for patients presenting with similar manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Skin disorders are the most common side effect associated with epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR‐TKI) therapy. It is important to manage skin lesions. Adapalene has been used to treat skin lesions caused by EGFR‐TKIs in some cases. The aim of this study was to investigate the functional mechanism of adapalene in erlotinib‐induced skin disorder. Methods To analyze the effect of adapalene on skin rash, afatinib and adapalene were administered to mice. The relationship between the concentration of adapalene and skin disorders was also examined by analyzing AQP3 expression. A skin lesion model was experimentally established in human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT) by using erlotinib with TNF‐α and IL‐1β. We used qRT–PCR to analyze chemokine‐induced inflammation and western blotting to analyze the effects of adapalene on the NF‐κB signaling pathway. Antimicrobial peptides and adhesion factors were also examined using qRT–PCR. Results Mice administered 0.01% adapalene had less skin inflammation than mice treated with afatinib alone. The expression level of AQP3 decreased in an adapalene concentration‐dependent manner. The mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as CCL2 and CCL27 in HaCaT cells were significantly reduced by adapalene. The expression of an antimicrobial peptide, hBD3, was upregulated after adapalene treatment. Adhesion factors, such as E‐cadherin, were significantly downregulated by EGFR‐TKI and significantly upregulated by adapalene treatment. Western blot analysis suggested that erlotinib‐induced phosphorylation of p65 was decreased by adapalene. Conclusion We suggest that adapalene may be a possible treatment option for skin disorders induced by EGFR‐TKIs.

The skin is the body's largest organ. The epidermis and dermis make up the skin, and their primary purpose is to defend the body from adverse environmental factors like chemicals, allergens, toxins, and bacteria. Many different types of natural products have shown promise in the treatment of skin disorders. Multiple synthetic chemicals and environmental pollution have an impact on modern human existence. Therefore, nature has provided several essential ingredients for boosting skin health and shielding skin from environmental damage. The most significant in vivo and in vitro studies on the use of different natural products in inflammatory, cancerous, and skin infection disorders and their mechanisms of action were summarised in this review. The study also highlights the potential photoprotective effects of numerous herbal ingredients. Sunburn is caused primarily by the sun's ultraviolet rays, which can also cause cancer of the skin. Herbal ingredients with sunblocking properties can prevent the penetration of harmful ultraviolet radiation. Compared to their synthetic counterparts, herbal remedies have fewer adverse effects and are just as effective in treating chronic conditions. Flavonoids, polyphenols, carotenoids (Lycopene, carotene), and phenolic acids found in herbs rich in vitamins (A, C, and E) have antioxidant properties that increase photoprotection.

Background: Skin disorders are the most common side effect associated with epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR‐TKI) therapy. It is important to manage skin lesions. Adapalene has been used to treat skin lesions caused by EGFR‐TKIs in some cases. The aim of this study was to investigate the functional mechanism of adapalene in erlotinib‐induced skin disorder. Methods: To analyze the effect of adapalene on skin rash, afatinib and adapalene were administered to mice. The relationship between the concentration of adapalene and skin disorders was also examined by analyzing AQP3 expression. A skin lesion model was experimentally established in human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT) by using erlotinib with TNF‐α and IL‐1β. We used qRT–PCR to analyze chemokine‐induced inflammation and western blotting to analyze the effects of adapalene on the NF‐κB signaling pathway. Antimicrobial peptides and adhesion factors were also examined using qRT–PCR. Results: Mice administered 0.01% adapalene had less skin inflammation than mice treated with afatinib alone. The expression level of AQP3 decreased in an adapalene concentration‐dependent manner. The mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as CCL2 and CCL27 in HaCaT cells were significantly reduced by adapalene. The expression of an antimicrobial peptide, hBD3, was upregulated after adapalene treatment. Adhesion factors, such as E‐cadherin, were significantly downregulated by EGFR‐TKI and significantly upregulated by adapalene treatment. Western blot analysis suggested that erlotinib‐induced phosphorylation of p65 was decreased by adapalene. Conclusion: We suggest that adapalene may be a possible treatment option for skin disorders induced by EGFR‐TKIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biochemical characteristics of polyphenols contribute to their numerous advantageous impacts on human health. The existing research suggests that plant phenolics, whether consumed orally or applied directly to the skin, can be beneficial in alleviating symptoms and avoiding the development of many skin disorders. Phenolic compounds, which are both harmless and naturally present, exhibit significant potential in terms of counteracting the effects of skin damage, aging, diseases, wounds, and burns. Moreover, polyphenols play a preventive role and possess the ability to delay the progression of several skin disorders, ranging from small and discomforting to severe and potentially life-threatening ones. This article provides a concise overview of recent research on the potential therapeutic application of polyphenols for skin conditions. It specifically highlights studies that have investigated clinical trials and the use of polyphenol-based nanoformulations for the treatment of different skin ailments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation and pollutants causes several skin disorders, calling for protection methods such as sunscreen application. However, common sunscreen contains chemicals that have displayed toxicity when exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Therefore, alternatives approaches have been recently developed, such as the use of natural phytochemicals as active ingredients in photoprotection preparations. Here, we review skin protection with focus on the physics of ultraviolet radiation and photoprotection by ultraviolet filters. We present sensors for measuring ultraviolet radiation and ultraviolet radiation in ecosystems. We discuss the phototoxicity of drugs, preservatives, personal care products, and pollutants. Photocarcinogenesis, photoallergy, photostability, and toxicity of sunscreen ingredients and their impacts on human health and skin, are also reviewed. We observed that phytochemicals are promising for photoprotection due to their ability to absorb photon energy, and thus act as antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microneedle patches are attractive drug delivery systems that give hope for treating skin disorders. In this study, to first fabricate a chitosan-based low-cost microneedle patch (MNP) using a CO2 laser cutter for in vitro purposes was tried and then the delivery and impact of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract (GgE) on the cell population by this microneedle was evaluated. Microscopic analysis, swelling, penetration, degradation, biocompatibility, and drug delivery were carried out to assess the patch's performance. DAPI staining and acridine orange (AO) staining were performed to evaluate cell numbers. Based on the results, the MNs were conical and sharp enough (diameter: 400–500 μm, height: 700–900 μm). They showed notable swelling (2 folds) during 5 min and good degradability during 30 min, which can be considered a burst release. The MNP showed no cytotoxicity against fibroblast cell line L929. It also demonstrated good potential for GgE delivery. The results from AO and DAPI staining approved the reduction in the cell population after GgE delivery. To sum up, the fabricated MNP can be a useful recommendation for lab-scale studies. In addition, a GgE-loaded MNP can be a good remedy for skin disorders in which cell proliferation needs to be controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of autoimmune skin disorders on post-operative outcomes after TJA is conflicting and studies are limited by small sample sizes. The purpose of this study is to analyze a range of common autoimmune skin disorders and identify whether an increased risk of post-operative complication exists after total joint arthroplasty. Data was collected from NIS database for patients diagnosed with autoimmune skin disorder (psoriasis, lupus, scleroderma, atopic dermatitis) and who underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA), total knee arthroplasty (TKA), or other TJA (shoulder elbow, wrist, ankle) between 2016 and 2019. Demographic, social, and comorbidity data was collected. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to assess the independent influence of autoimmune skin disorder on each post-operative outcome including implant infection, transfusion, revision, length of stay, cost, and mortality. Among 55,755 patients with autoimmune skin disease who underwent TJA, psoriasis was associated with increased risk of periprosthetic joint infection following THA (odds ratio 2.44 [1.89–3.15]) and increased risk of transfusion following TKA (odds ratio 1.33 [1.076–1.64]). Similar analyses were performed for systemic lupus erythematosus, atopic dermatitis, and scleroderma, however no statistically significant associations were observed in any of the six collected post-operative outcomes. This study suggests psoriasis is an independent risk factor for poorer post-operative outcomes following total joint arthroplasty, however similar risk was not observed for other autoimmune skin disorders such as lupus, atopic dermatitis, or scleroderma. • The impact of autoimmune skin disorders on post-TJA outcomes is conflicting • 55,755 patients with autoimmune skin disease underwent TJA between 2016 and 2019 • Psoriasis was associated with increased odds of PJI following THA • No associations in outcomes among lupus, scleroderma, or atopic dermatitis TJA = total joint arthroplasty THA = total hip arthroplasty TKA = total knee arthroplasty [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson Disease (PD) is a neurological disorder, which have comorbidity with some skin disorders. Skin disorders in Parkinson can be divided into two main groups including 1) non-iatrogenic disorders: melanoma, seborrheic dermatitis, sweating disorders, pemphigoid, rosacea, and 2) Iatrogenic disorders due to anti-Parkinson drugs side effects (like: carbidopa/levodopa, rotigotine, other dopamine agonists, COMT inhibitors and SC Apo morphine). While seborrheic dermatitis is considered as a pre diagnostic sign, rosacea can be assumed as a warning sign of disease development. In addition, a strong correlation between PD and further bolus pemphigoid has been discovered. There might be a relation between melanoma and PD. It is important especially in patients with lighter skin with red and blond hair color. Hence, physicians should pay special attention in these patients and try to increase awareness in this population like reminding the importance of sun protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Necitumumab plus gemcitabine and cisplatin (GCN) is a standard therapy for patients with advanced lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSqCC). However, the efficacy and tolerability of GCN in second-line or later treatment for patients previously treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) remain unknown. Methods: This multicenter, retrospective, cohort study assessed the efficacy and tolerability of GCN initiated between November 1, 2019 and March 31, 2022 as second-line to fourth-line treatment in patients with advanced LSqCC who had been pretreated with ICIs. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Results: A total of 93 patients from 35 institutions in Japan were enrolled. The median PFS, median overall survival (OS), and objective response rate were 4.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.8–5.3), 13.3 months (95% CI: 9.6–16.5), and 27.3% (95% CI: 18.3–37.8), respectively. The median PFS, median OS, and objective response rate for second-line, third-line, and fourth-line treatment groups were 4.8 months, 3.8 months, and 4.3 months (p = 0.24); 15.7 months, 11.6 months, and 10.1 months (p = 0.06); and 31.0%, 13.6%, and 37.5% (p = 0.22), respectively. The severity of GCN-related skin disorders was associated with longer PFS (p < 0.05) and OS (p < 0.05). The frequencies of grade ≥3 skin disorders, hypomagnesemia, pneumonitis, and febrile neutropenia were 16.1%, 7.5%, 1.1%, and 4.3%, respectively. There were no treatment-related deaths. Conclusions: GCN for ICI-pretreated patients with LSqCC seems tolerable and offers promising efficacy regardless of treatment line, and ICI pretreatment might enhance GCN efficacy.

This document is an editorial published in the journal Frontiers in Cell & Developmental Biology. It discusses recent advances in understanding skin disorders and the development of therapeutic strategies to treat them. The editorial highlights research on wound healing, including the use of peptides derived from amphibians, and the potential of cyclic peptides to promote wound healing and tissue injury prevention. It also explores the gene expression profile of melanocyte regeneration and melanoma, as well as the role of the α7-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in skin cancer. Additionally, the document discusses the association between gut microbiota and inflammatory dermatoses, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. The editorial concludes by emphasizing the importance of further research in understanding the underlying mechanisms of skin disorders and developing effective treatments. [Extracted from the article]

This article presents a case study of a 37-year-old Sri Lankan man who was initially misdiagnosed with chronic urticaria but was later diagnosed with Lepromatous Leprosy. The patient had persistent facial swelling and other symptoms such as nasal bleeding and skin lesions. The diagnosis was confirmed through tests that showed the presence of acid-fast bacilli. The patient was then transferred to a specialized hospital for leprosy treatment. The article highlights the importance of considering leprosy as a differential diagnosis, especially in non-endemic regions. [Extracted from the article]

Background: The ichthyoses are a group of genetic skin disorders, characterized by excessive amounts of dry, thickened skin, which may be fragile, inelastic and prone to fissures and infection. Skin care is time consuming and demanding, and, usually performed by the parents.Methods: We aimed to explore parental experience of caring for a child with ichthyosis, and collected data using semistructured interview, and thematic analysis.Results: Our analysis revealed four main themes: Parents' and others' reactions to the child's difference, Experiences with healthcare services, It's all skin care, and Impact on relationships.Conclusion: After birth of a child with severe ichthyosis, the parents experienced emotional distress and stigmatization due to the different appearance of the skin and healthcare professionals' lack of knowledge. Skin care caused pain in the child, was time consuming, and caused financial burdens. This study can guide healthcare professionals on where to focus future efforts in meeting the clinical and psychological needs of parents caring for a child with ichthyosis.

Abstract Background Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products with biologically active components that have drug-like benefits. Cosmeceuticals are currently rapidly growing segments encompassing the personal care industry and numerous topical cosmetics-based therapies for treating different skin conditions. The barrier nature of skin causes limitations to topical treatment. The effectiveness of this cosmeceutical product has been enhanced a few folds by using nanotechnological modifications. Main body PubMed electronic searches for the literature were performed using combinations of the following terms: “cosmeceutical,” “liposome-based cosmeceuticals,” “acne and liposome,” “photo-aging and liposome,” “hyperpigmentation and liposome,” “wrinkles and liposome,” “fungal infections and liposome,” and “hair damage and liposome” from the earliest publication date available to January 5, 2022. Among the various nanotechnological approaches, liposomes offer numerous advantages such as topical cosmeceutical products, starting from improved moisturization, biodegradability, biocompatibility, enhanced permeation and retention, improved bioavailability of the active ingredients, increased esthetic appeal of cosmeceutical products, slow and extended dermal release. This review outlines various liposome-based cosmeceutical products that has been investigated to treat skin disorders such as photoaging, wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, hair damage and fungal infections. Conclusion Liposome-based cosmeceuticals provide a better opportunity to deliver therapeutic moiety for various skin conditions and offer potential promise for future clinical applications. Graphical Abstract

Microneedle patches are attractive drug delivery systems that give hope for treating skin disorders. In this study, to first fabricate a chitosan-based low-cost microneedle patch (MNP) using a CO2 laser cutter for in vitro purposes was tried and then the delivery and impact of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract (GgE) on the cell population by this microneedle was evaluated. Microscopic analysis, swelling, penetration, degradation, biocompatibility, and drug delivery were carried out to assess the patch’s performance. DAPI staining and acridine orange (AO) staining were performed to evaluate cell numbers. Based on the results, the MNs were conical and sharp enough (diameter: 400–500 μm, height: 700–900 μm). They showed notable swelling (2 folds) during 5 min and good degradability during 30 min, which can be considered a burst release. The MNP showed no cytotoxicity against fibroblast cell line L929. It also demonstrated good potential for GgE delivery. The results from AO and DAPI staining approved the reduction in the cell population after GgE delivery. To sum up, the fabricated MNP can be a useful recommendation for lab-scale studies. In addition, a GgE-loaded MNP can be a good remedy for skin disorders in which cell proliferation needs to be controlled.

Inherited ichthyosis is a heterogeneous group of rare cutaneous disorders characterized by hyperkeratosis and scaly skin. So far, only a few genetic studies on ichthyosis have been performed in Iran. Herein, we reported a family with two cases of ichthyosis and hypotrichosis that were investigated by whole exome sequencing. Targeted data analysis identified a novel nonsense variant c.1243C>T (p.Gln415Ter) located at exon 11 of the ST14 gene in the proband. Sanger sequencing showed co-segregation of this mutation with the disease in this family. Further studies are needed to develop knowledge about the spectrum of changes in this gene and their effects on protein function and disease phenotype.

This article discusses a case of disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) in a 48-year-old man with idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia. The man had been living in Dakar, Senegal, for 20 years and had traveled to over 80 countries. After hiking in the Amazonian forest of Bolivia, he developed numerous insect bites that progressed to ulceration. He received treatment with meglumine antimoniate, but the lesions reappeared. He was later diagnosed with Leishmania braziliensis and treated with liposomal amphotericin B, which resulted in complete healing. The article provides information on the causes, treatments, and outcomes of cutaneous leishmaniasis. [Extracted from the article]

Psoriasis is a persistent and mysterious autoimmune skin condition that affects 2-3% of the world's population. Currently, topical therapies, light therapy, and systemic drugs are the three main forms of treatment used to lessen inflammation and skin irritation/itching. However, all these treatments are only used to manage the disease each time it surfaces. Therefore, the main target of this work is to search for a safer and more effective remedy for psoriasis from the reservoir of phytochemicals present in Carica papaya via in silico studies due to its anti-psoriatic and anti-inflammatory properties. Reported phytochemicals isolated from Carica papaya were subjected to computational simulations using the PyRx docking tool and were docked against Janus Kinase 1 (JAK1) and Tumor necrosis factor ff (TNFff) target receptors. The results obtained were visualized using PyMol, and Biovia 2019. Analysis of the results identified both Chlorogenic acid and Coumaroylquinic-acid with docking scores (-8.6 kcal/mol and -7.9 kcal/mol) respectively as potential inhibitors for the JAK1 receptor. The identified compounds also possessed excellent ADMET, drug-likeness, bioactivity, and activity spectra for substances (PASS) prediction properties. Their binding mode and the molecular interactions with the targets also affirmed their potency. In comparison with the standards (Methotrexate and Cyclosporine), Chlorogenic acid and Coumaroylquinic-acid have better ADMET properties, binding affinities, drug-likeness, PASS properties, bioactivities, oral bioavailability, binding mechanism, and interactions with the active site of the target receptor and are hereby recommended for further analysis towards the development of a new therapeutic agent for psoriasis treatment and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several epidemiological studies have shown that psoriasis increases the risk of developing atrial fibrillation but evidence of this is still scarce. Aims: Our objective was to systematically review, synthesise and critique the epidemiological studies that provided information about the relationship between psoriasis and atrial fibrillation risk. Methods: We searched through PubMed, EMBASE and the bibliographies for articles published between 1 January 2000, and 1 November 2017, that reported on the association between psoriasis and atrial fibrillation. All abstracts, full-text articles and sources were reviewed with duplicate data excluded. Summary relative risks (RRs) with 95% CI were pooled using a random effects model. Results: We identified 252 articles, of these eight unique abstracts underwent full-text review. We finally selected six out of these eight studies comprising 11,187 atrial fibrillation patients. The overall pooled relative risk (RR) of atrial fibrillation was 1.39 (95% CI: 1.257–1.523, P < 0.0001) with significant heterogeneity (I² = 80.316, Q = 45.723, τ² = 0.017, P < 0.0001) for the random effects model. In subgroup analysis, the greater risk was found in studies from North America, RR 1.482 (95% CI: 1.119–1.964, P < 0.05), whereas a moderate risk was observed in studies from Europe RR 1.43 (95% CI: 1.269–1.628, P < 0.0001). Limitations: We were only able to include six studies with 11,178 atrial fibrillation patients, because only a few such studies have been published. Conclusion: Our results showed that psoriasis is significantly associated with an increased risk of developing atrial fibrillation. Therefore, physicians should monitor patient’s physical condition on a timely basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Emulgel is a novel formulation that improves drug's stability and topical administration by combining emulsion and gel matrix. Its special structure improves skin penetration and prolongs the release of therapeutic molecules. Emulgel is unique in the commercial market because of its therapeutic effects, convenience of usage, and versatility in both pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses. This report focuses on how it may improve user experience and transform topical treatments., Areas Covered: This review explores the commercial applicability of emulgels as a topical delivery system. Industrially applicable composition and manufacturing strategies have been discussed along with characterization techniques. The market landscape, being the most critical aspect, has been thoroughly discussed with recent case studies, clinical trials, patents, and commercial formulations. The compiled findings in this review are adapted from reputed databases like Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, NIH, ClinicalTrials.gov, Espacenet, and recent research articles published between years 2010-2024 that discussed the applications of emulgel., Expert Opinion: Emulgels have gained commercialization potential because of their efficient drug delivery and patient-friendly qualities. However, navigating regulatory complexity is important because imprecise classifications may affect market access. Sustained innovation will be essential for overcoming these obstacles and improving chances in future.

Nurul Amirah Mohd Zaid,1,&ast; Mahendran Sekar,1,&ast; Srinivasa Reddy Bonam,2,&ast; Siew Hua Gan,3 Pei Teng Lum,1 M Yasmin Begum,4 Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani,5 Jaishree Vaijanathappa,6 Yuan Seng Wu,7,8 Vetriselvan Subramaniyan,9 Neeraj Kumar Fuloria,10 Shivkanya Fuloria10 1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, 30450, Malaysia; 2Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; 3School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47500, Malaysia; 4Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University (KKU), Asir-Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia; 5Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, 30450, Malaysia; 6Faculty of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research Mauritius, Vacoas-Phoenix, Mauritius; 7Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia; 8Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia; 9Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Selangor, 42610, Malaysia; 10Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Kedah, 08100, Malaysia&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Mahendran SekarDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, 30450, Perak, MalaysiaTel +6016 – 3346653Fax +605 – 2536634Email mahendransekar@unikl.edu.myAbstract: The skin is the largest organ in the human body, composed of the epidermis and the dermis. It provides protection and acts as a barrier against external menaces like allergens, chemicals, systemic toxicity, and infectious organisms. Skin disorders like cancer, dermatitis, psoriasis, wounds, skin aging, acne, and skin infection occur frequently and can impact human life. According to a growing body of evidence, several studies have reported that natural products have the potential for treating skin disorders. Building on this information, this review provides brief information about the action of the most important in vitro and in vivo research on the use of ten selected natural products in inflammatory, neoplastic, and infectious skin disorders and their mechanisms that have been reported to date. The related studies and articles were searched from several databases, including PubMed, Google, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. Ten natural products that have been reported widely on skin disorders were reviewed in this study, with most showing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer effects as the main therapeutic actions. Overall, most of the natural products reported in this review can reduce and suppress inflammatory markers, like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), induce cancer cell death through apoptosis, and prevent bacteria, fungal, and virus infections indicating their potentials. This review also highlighted the challenges and opportunities of natural products in transdermal/topical delivery systems and their safety considerations for skin disorders. Our findings indicated that natural products might be a low-cost, well-tolerated, and safe treatment for skin diseases. However, a larger number of clinical trials are required to validate these findings. Natural products in combination with modern drugs, as well as the development of novel delivery mechanisms, represent a very promising area for future drug discovery of these natural leads against skin disorders.Keywords: natural products, skin disorder, dermatitis, psoriasis, skin cancer, anti-inflammatory, drug delivery

Acne scarring occurs in 95% of people with acne vulgaris due to collagen loss or gains when the body is healing the damages of the skin caused by acne inflammation. Accurate classification of acne scars is a vital factor in providing a timely, effective treatment protocol. Dermatologists mainly recognize the type of acne scars manually based on visual inspections, which are time- and energy-consuming and subject to intra- and inter-reader variability. In this paper, a novel automated acne scar classification system is proposed based on a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model. First, a dataset of 250 images from five different classes is collected and labeled by four well-experienced dermatologists. The pre-processed input images are fed into our proposed model, namely ScarNet, for deep feature map extraction. The optimizer, loss function, activation functions, filter and kernel sizes, regularization methods, and the batch size of the proposed architecture are tuned so that the classification performance is maximized while minimizing the computational cost. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method with accuracy, specificity, and kappa score of 92.53%, 95.38%, and 76.7%, respectively.

This article discusses the ineffectiveness of apremilast in treating moderate-to-severe cases of pemphigus, an autoimmune blistering disease. The authors present three cases of patients with pemphigus who did not respond to apremilast treatment. Despite its potential benefits in modulating inflammatory mediators and promoting the generation of regulatory T cells, apremilast did not alleviate symptoms in these patients. The authors suggest that further research is needed to validate these findings. [Extracted from the article]

Background: The ichthyoses are a group of genetic skin disorders, characterized by excessive amounts of dry, thickened skin, which may be fragile, inelastic and prone to fissures and infection. Skin care is time consuming and demanding, and, usually performed by the parents. Methods: We aimed to explore parental experience of caring for a child with ichthyosis, and collected data using semistructured interview, and thematic analysis. Results: Our analysis revealed four main themes: Parents' and others' reactions to the child's difference, Experiences with healthcare services, It's all skin care, and Impact on relationships. Conclusion: After birth of a child with severe ichthyosis, the parents experienced emotional distress and stigmatization due to the different appearance of the skin and healthcare professionals' lack of knowledge. Skin care caused pain in the child, was time consuming, and caused financial burdens. This study can guide healthcare professionals on where to focus future efforts in meeting the clinical and psychological needs of parents caring for a child with ichthyosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TRPV3, a non-selective cation channel known to be activated by physiological temperature, is expressed in skin and is involved in different skin functions. Point mutations in TRPV3 cause severe pathological condition, known as Olmsted Syndrome (OS). Now we demonstrate that two OS-inducing point mutations (G568C and G568D) located at the lipid-water-interface region joining TM4 with the loop4 of TRPV3 cause reduced cell size and major defects in lysosomal numbers, and distribution. We detected these two mutants in the lysosome. However, G568C and G568D mutants differ from themselves and also from Wild-type in terms of Ca2+-influx in response to activation by agonist (FPP). These two mutants fail to mobilise Ca2+ from intracellular stores, especially when cytosolic Ca2+ is chelated and/or in absence of extracellular Ca2+. We demonstrate that OS-mutants cause defective pH-maintenance at the lysosomes. We propose that G568C and G568D mutants most-likely act as Ca2+-leaky channels from lysosomes with different abilities. Mutations in TRPV3 at G568 position (G568C, G568D) lead to Olmested Syndrome due to abnormalities associated with maintenance of lysosomal pH and intracellular Ca2+-levels. [Display omitted] • TRPV3-Wt and TRPV3 mutants (G568C and G568D) are localized in the lysosome. • Presence of TRPV3 mutants (G568C or G568D) causes reduced lysosomes and defective lysosomal numbers. • TRPV3-Wt and TRPV3 mutants (G568C and G568D) have different intracellular Ca2+-levels and intracellular Ca2+-buffering capacity. • TRPV3 have unique capacity to sense intracellular pH and Ca2+-levels. • TRPV3-mediated lysosomal regulation is relevant for channelopathies and different lysosomal disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sang Trieutien,1,&ast; Tam Vu Van,2,3,&ast; My Tran Ngoc Thao,4 Son Trinh The,5 Khoa Tran Van,1 Tung Nguyen Thanh,5 Tuan Tran Van,5 Hanh Nguyen Thi6 1Department of Biology and Genetics, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, 12108, Vietnam; 2Director Office, Hai Phong Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haiphong, 40000, Vietnam; 3Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Haiphong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Haiphong, 40000, Vietnam; 4Département de formation Biologie moléculaire et cellulaire, Sorbonne University, Paris, 75006, France; 5Military Institute of Clinical Embryology and Histology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, 12108, Vietnam; 6Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 12108, Vietnam&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Son Trinh TheMilitary Institute of Clinical Embryology and Histology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, 12108, VietnamEmail trinhthesonart@gmail.comBackground: Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a disorder characterized by the appearance of blisters, erosions and wounds in response to minimal trauma. The disease manifests with noticeable symptoms ranging from mild to severe, classified into four major types: epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB), dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) and Kindler syndrome. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for the disease remains the only available option for families at risk for the recurrence of the disorder without having to terminate an ongoing pregnancy.Materials and Methods: A novel COL7A1 mutation was used to design primers for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the segment spanning the mutation in the family and their in-vitro fertilization (IVF) embryos. Then, the PCR products were sequenced with Sanger sequencing to detect the alteration in the allele, and some embryos would go through NGS-based preimplantation screening for chromosomal abnormalities.Results: The established protocol for EB detected mutant allele in 6/9 embryos (66.6%), while the remaining 3 embryos (33.4%) appeared to not carry any mutation. Only one among 3 embryos was recommended to be transferred into the mother’s uterus.Conclusion: The established preimplantation genetic diagnosis procedure is helpful to families affected by epidermolysis bullosa caused by COL7A1 mutations but wish to have healthy children.Keywords: epidermolysis bullosa, rare dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, EB, RDEB, skin disorder, COL7A1 gene mutation, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, PGD

Background: This study aimed to develop and describe a Cinnamon Oil-Salicylic Acid Blended Nanoemulsion (CSN) for topical use. Different ratios of oil, surfactants, and water were used to create the base for the nanoemulsions. Methods: To determine the nanoemulsion (NE) base regions, pseudo ternary phase diagrams were created. In addition, nine formulations containing mixes of Tween 80 and ethanol were examined for their droplet size, zeta potential, viscosity, pH, microscopy and spectroscopic technique. Results: As a result of the experiments, it was discovered that the nanoemulsion comprising cinnamon oil and salicylic acid had an average size of 103.55 ± 1.83 and excellent rheological properties. Results revealed that the nanoemulsion bases, including ethanol as a co-surfactant, produced a larger emulsion area in the phase diagram than the other nanoemulsion bases. The formulation exhibited homogeneity, stability, and viscosity. Spherical NE was observed in transmission electron microscopy photos of CSN, and the size distribution was very narrow. The results of the in vitro release investigation showed that the medicine was released at a 95.87% effective rate in 24 hr. At a temperature of 25°C, the results of the short-term stability research, which was carried out for six months, revealed that CSN is stable. When applied to the skin of animals, CSN showed no signs of skin toxicity or irritation. Conclusion: As a result, CSN is an excellent natural-based preparation that may be utilized topically against different kinds of skin conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xiaohua Wang,1,* Qingsong Lai,2,* Baoqing Zheng,1 Li Ye,1 Si Wen,1 Yunling Yan,1 Bin Yang,1 Mao-Qiang Man1 1Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510091, People’s Republic of China; 2Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control of Puning City, Puning, Guangdong, 515300, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Mao-Qiang Man; Bin YangDermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, 2 Lujing Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510091, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail mqman@hotmail.com; yangbin101@hotmail.comBackground: Although the characteristics of pruritus in some skin diseases are documented, characteristics of pruritus related to gender-, age-, and skin disorder have not yet been well defined.Objective: To characterize dermatosis-associated pruritus in Chinese patients.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a single center. The intensity of pruritus was evaluated using a 0– 10 visual analog scale (VAS). Skin disorders were diagnosed by dermatologists. The prevalence and intensity of pruritus were compared among skin disorders, and between males and females.Results: Valid questionnaires were obtained from 1,246 female and 864 male patients. Patients with acne, eczematous dermatitis, and urticaria accounted for 18%, 17%, and 14%, respectively. Both the prevalence and severity of pruritus varied greatly with skin disorders (p< 0.0001). Patients with either urticaria or eczematous dermatitis displayed a higher prevalence of pruritus (92% and 82%, respectively), while subjects with urticaria exhibited the highest VAS in comparison to those with other skin disorders (p< 0.05 to p< 0.001 vs the others). Moreover, both the prevalence and severity of pruritus were positively associated with age in both males and females (p< 0.0001). Furthermore, 60 out of 77 patients (78%) with topical glucocorticoid-induced dermatitis experienced pruritus, with a VAS of 2.03± 0.21. Finally, a lower VAS was found in subjects with oily skin than those with either dry or normal skin.Conclusion: The prevalence and severity of pruritus vary with skin disorders, skin type, age, and gender in Chinese patients.Keywords: skin disorder, pruritus, prevalence, severity, gender, age

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) is a rare drug-related adverse skin reaction caused mainly by antibiotics. Erlotinib is an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) used to treat lung cancer. A 69-year-old woman with primary lung cancer (adenocarcinoma, cT3N1M1b, stage IVB) developed erythema and multiple skin pustules on her abdomen and both thighs after 7 weeks of erlotinib treatment. She also had fever and general fatigue. Histological examination of a skin biopsy specimen showed intraepidermal pustules with neutrophil and eosinophil infiltration. She was diagnosed with erlotinib-induced AGEP. AGEP resolved by erlotinib discontinuation and systemic corticosteroid treatment. The lung cancer progressed when erlotinib was discontinued, so afatinib, a second-generation EGFR-TKI, was administrated without any skin adverse effects. Afatinib successfully decreased the lung cancer, and maintained the disease stable for 1 year. Although acneiform rash was the most common skin adverse event caused by EGFR, AGEP rarely occurred. The present case also demonstrated that it is possible to switch agents, from erlotinib to afatinib, even though they have the same pharmacological effects. Although AGEP is a rare drug-related skin disorder, physicians should be aware that erlotinib may induce AGEP.

Abstract Background Skin lesions and dermatoses in cattle are often associated with infections due to bacteria, fungi or environmental risk factors. Dermatoses with genetic etiology have been described in cattle. Among these rare disorders, there are primary congenital dermatoses that are associated with inherited nutritional deficiencies, such as bovine hereditary zinc deficiency or zinc deficiency-like syndrome. This study presents three cases of Holstein cattle with congenital skin lesions observed on a single farm that resemble zinc deficiency-like syndrome. Close clinical and pathological examinations took place in two cases. Pedigree analysis indicated autosomal recessive inheritance and whole-genome sequencing of both affected calves was performed. Results The two calves showed retarded growth and suffered from severe ulcerative dermatitis with hyperkeratosis, alopecia furunculosis and subcutaneous abscess formation. Blood analysis showed correspondent leukocytosis with neutrophilia whereas minerals, macro- and micronutrients were within the reference ranges. Variant calling and filtering against the 1000 Bull Genomes variant catalogue resulted in the detection of a single homozygous protein-changing variant exclusively present in both sequenced genomes. This single-nucleotide deletion in exon 3 of IL17RA on bovine chromosome 5 was predicted to have a deleterious impact on the encoded protein due to a frameshift leading to a truncated gene product. Genotyping of the affected cattle family confirmed recessive inheritance. Conclusions A loss-of-function mutation of the IL17RA transmembrane protein could be identified as most likely pathogenic variant for the psoriasis-like skin alterations observed in the two affected Holstein calves. In man, rare recessive diseases associated with IL17RA include immunodeficiency 51 and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. This supports the observed immunodeficiency of the presented cases. This study reports the first naturally occurring IL17RA-associated animal model.

Trichotillomania is a disorder of chronic hair pulling classified as an impulse control disorder that causes essential stress and leads to difficulties in functionality and severe alopecia. This is the case of a 43-year-old male without a serious medical history who was hospitalized with a large ulcerated plaque with smooth margins covering almost the entire occipital area. He received antibiotic and antidepressant treatment, after which he appeared to be improving. Psychotherapy with behavioral techniques and medication treatment may be effective. The case of a patient with trichotillomania is presented as psychiatric comorbidities on treatment outcomes., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent for treatment and open access publication was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Kontoangelos et al.)

In the present study, molecular docking studies of some selected natural products were carried out to identify the potential inhibitors and subsequently to suggest their mechanism of action in relation to P38α mitogen-activated protein kinases (P38α MAPK) enzyme. Psoriasis is an inflammatory disorder characterized by skin hyper-proliferation, differentiation in keratin expression, and increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Increased expression of phosphorylated P38α MAPK in the cytoplasm and nucleus is observed in psoriatic lesions. Twelve natural antipsoriatic agents were included in the study and their molecular docking studies were carried out using AutoDock 4.2 simulator using a Lamarckian genetic algorithm. The crystal structure of P38α MAPK was retrieved from the protein data bank and threedimensional chemical structures of natural ligands were prepared using ChemSketch 2015. Results indicated that all the natural ligands were fitted into the active site. Hypericin and Catechin (-9.00 and -8.05 kcal/mol, respectively) have shown good binding efficacy among other ligands. However, only Epicatechin interacted with residues in the enzyme required for enzyme inhibition. The study concludes that the Epicatechin effectively inhibited the enzyme and proved itself to be a type-I1/2 inhibitor of the enzyme among other natural ligands and responsible for the treatment of psoriasis preclinically through this mechanism of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) is an autosomal recessive skin disorder with defective adhesion of dermal- epidermal within the lamina lucida region of the basement membrane zone. The main characterization of JEB is blistering and fragile skin and mucous membrane. Laminins are noncollagenous part of basement membrane and classified as a family of extracellular matrix glycoprotein. Laminins contain three chains: Laminin α, Laminin β and Laminin γ. LAMC2 (laminin subunit gamma 2) gene encodes γ subunit of laminin and its mutation contributes to JEB. Here, we report a disease-causing nonsense mutation and a large deletion mutation in LAMC2 gene in two families affected by JEB. Methods: Whole exome sequencing (WES) was carried out on the mother of patient in family I and the patient himself in family II to detect the underlying mutations. Then, sanger sequencing was performed to confirm the identified mutations. Results: Next generation sequencing (NGS) data analysis of the first family showed a novel, nonsense mutation in LAMC2 gene (LAMC2: NM_005562: exon14:c.C2143T: p.R715X). The heterozygous state of the mutation was confirmed by sanger sequencing in the parents and unaffected brother. In Family II, NGS data had no coverage in the large area of LAMC2 gene. Thus, to confirm the possible deletion sanger sequencing was done and blasting of sequence showed the deleted region of 9.4 kb (exon10-17) in LAMC2 gene. Conclusions: In summary, current study reported a novel disease-causing premature termination codon (PTC) mutation in LAMC2 gene and a large deletion mutation in patients affected by JEB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Objectives. Although discovered in the late 19th century by the American physician Robert F Weir, lichen sclerosus is still a condition not fully understood. Initially considered a simple skin disorder, it mainly affects the genital regions of both men and women, producing white hypomelanotic lesions, that if left untreated tend to evolve into more serious health related problems. In this paper we conducted a thorough review of the literature in order to assess the current level of knowledge of lichen sclerosus of the male genitalia, to identify its etiology, clinical presentation and diagnostic methods, and establish the main treatment options. Materials and Methods. So far a total of five etiologic factors have been considered for lichen sclerosus: autoimmunity, genetics, hormonal infiuence, repeated microtrauma and infections. As only empirical observations sustain each of them, and none alone can explain or predict lichen sclerosus, it is assumed that this condition has a multifactorial origin, and the precise appearance mechanism has yet to be determined. Regarding the lichen sclerosus of the male genitalia, four distinct clinical stages of presentation have been described, based on the extent of the disease and the complications it produces. During the first stage the white hypomelanotic lesions can be observed at the level of the prepuce, that gets scarred and brittle, and can lead to phimosis. For the second stage the lichen lesions also affect the glans of the penis, that can fuse with the phimotic prepuce. The third stage marks the involvement of the urethra, patients exhibiting stenoses and strictures, of various degrees of severity. And the fourth and most dangerous stage represents the malignant transformation of the involved tissues, resulting in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis or urethra, verrucous carcinoma of the penis, and erythroplasia of Queyrat. While definitive diagnosis is obtained after a histopathological examination of a removed specimen, the clinical presentation can often be enough to identify lichen sclerosus. Imaging like ultrasound, computed tomography or magnetic resonance is also required to correctly assess the extent of the complications. Results. Various treatment options have been employed for lichen sclerosus thus far, ranging from local ointments and creams to surgical excision and correction in the complicated cases. Some, like the revulsives and X-rays, retain only historic value, having been already abandoned. Out of the topical treatments used nowadays, meant to alleviate the symptoms and reduce the lichen affected areas, the most common are corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, hormonal creams and retinoids. The same effects have been obtained with some forms of phototherapy. But when lichen sclerosus evolves beyond simple skin lesions, surgery is required in order to correct the acquired complications. If phimosis is associated, a complete circumcision of the involved tissue is needed. For the second stage, if the prepuce is fused to the glans, a restoration of lost obscured coronal sulcus procedure achieves the best results. In the third stage, when urethral strictures develop, various forms of urethroplasties are necessary to restore normal micturition, and even perineal urethrostomies are considered in cases of panurethral strictures. The fourth and most severe stage of lichen sclerosus, marked by the malignant transformation, imposes an oncologic treatment catered to the extent of the disease, from a simple excision of a prepuce or penile tumor, to complete emasculation and ilio-inguinal lymph node dissection, or even palliative chemotherapy in metastatic cases. Conclusions. Although known for almost 150 years, lichen sclerosus is still not a fully understood disease. Being considered a simple skin disorder for a long time, it's been overlooked by both patients and physicians, and its true incidence is underestimated. Only recently, after all the evolutive complications of lichen sclerosus have been identified, more effort has been invested in the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. While uncomplicated lichen sclerosus can be managed by topic therapies, advanced forms require complex surgical interventions and experienced physicians in order to achieve the best results. But further research is still needed to clarify the etiology and evolution risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While mucocutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 have been frequently reported and added to our knowledge every day during the pandemic, another issue is the COVID-related diseases that can present as intensified lesions of underlying diseases, a new disease, or changes in the behavior of an old lesion. Given that immune system overreaction and cytokine storm are among the most prominent events in COVID-19, the incidence of autoimmune diseases is expected to increase after COVID-19, as confirmed in several reports. To increase the body of knowledge about short- and long-term outcomes of COVID-19 for specialists, it is essential that similar cases be reported and collected for years to come. The present study investigated a case of pansclerotic morphea that rapidly progressed a few weeks after infection with COVID-19 in a 57-year-old woman with no history of any autoimmune skin or rheumatic diseases. She was prescribed outpatient COVID-19 treatment of azithromycin, vitamins D and C, and then quarantined for 2 weeks. The manifestations of the disease were exacerbated at each follow-up and sampling visit at short intervals. This kind of pansclerotic morphea is reported for the first time.

Background: As individuals live longer, elderly populations can be expected to face issues. This pattern urges researchers to investigate the aging concept further to produce successful anti-aging agents. In the current study, the effects of Zingerone (a natural compound) on epidermal tissues were analyzed using a bioinformatics approach. Methods: For this purpose, we chose the GEO dataset GSE133338 to carry out the systems biology and systems pharmacology approaches, ranging from identifying the differentially expressed genes to analyzing the gene ontology, determining similar structures of Zingerone and their features (i.e., anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and skin disorders), constructing the gene–chemicals network, analyzing gene–disease relationships, and validating significant genes through the evidence presented in the literature. Results: The post-processing of the microarray dataset identified thirteen essential genes among control and Zingerone-treated samples. The procedure revealed various structurally similar chemical and herbal compounds with possible skin-related effects. Additionally, we studied the relationships of differentially expressed genes with skin-related diseases and validated their direct connections with skin disorders the evidence available in the literature. Also, the analysis of the microarray profiling dataset revealed the critical role of interleukins as a part of the cytokines family on skin aging progress. Conclusions: Zingerone, and potentially any constituents of Zingerone (e.g., their similar compound scan functionality), can be used as therapeutic agents in managing skin disorders such as skin aging. However, the beneficial effects of Zingerone should be assessed in other models (i.e., human or animal) in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the potential of certain lactic acid bacteria—classified as probiotics and known to be antimicrobially active against pathogens or food-poisoning microorganisms—was evaluated with respect to their activity against bacterial skin pathogens. The aim of the study was to develop a plaster/bandage for the application of inhibitory substances produced by these probiotics when applied to diseased skin. For this purpose, two Streptococcus salivarius strains and one Lactobacillus plantarum were tested for production of antimicrobials (bacteriocin-like substances) active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens using established methods. A newly designed membrane test ensured that the probiotics produce antimicrobials diffusible through membranes. Target organisms used were Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, the L. plantarum 8P-A3 strain was tested against additional bacteria involved in skin disorders. The Lactobacillales used were active against all potential skin pathogens tested. These probiotics could be enclosed between polymer membranes—one tight, the other permeable for their products, preserved by vacuum drying, and reactivated after at least three months storage. Importantly, the reactivated pads containing the probiotics demonstrated antibacterial activity on agar plates against all pathogens tested. This suggests that the probiotic containing pads may be topically applied for the treatment of skin disorders without the need for a regular antibiotic treatment or as an adjunctive therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is known and Objective: Cancer drug treatment is often discontinued because of skin disorder aggravation. However, information on risk factors for skin disorders caused by anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody drugs is limited. The aim of this study was to analyse the factors associated with skin disorders caused by anti‐EGFR antibody drugs and establish a method to minimize such aggravations. Methods: We retrospectively examined 67 colorectal cancer patients treated with anti‐EGFR antibody drugs for the first time. Results and discussion: A higher proportion of males than females experienced drug withdrawal, dose reduction or treatment discontinuation. The multiple logistic regression analysis revealed body weight as a risk factor affecting drug withdrawal, dose reduction or treatment discontinuation because of an acneiform rash. An examination of methods to avoid the aggravation of skin disorders revealed the acneiform rash grade in patients who received prophylactic minocycline was significantly lower than that in patients who did not receive prophylactic minocycline. Furthermore, among patients with grade 1 acneiform rash at the initiation of minocycline, the proportion of those who withdrew, required dose reduction or discontinued treatment was lower than that among patients with grade 2 acneiform rash. What is new and Conclusion: High body weight was identified as a novel factor for skin disorder aggravation caused by anti‐EGFR antibody drugs. The aggravation of skin disorders during cancer treatment with anti‐EGFR antibody drugs can potentially be avoided by carefully observing the onset of acneiform rash in affected patients with high body weight and using minocycline prophylactically or as an early‐stage intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]